Heterophyllus Seeds Research Articles

Drying of Artocarpus Heterophyllus and is application in treating dye wastewater

Coagulation is a common technique used in wastewater treatment plants to remove dissolved chemicals, turbidity, and colours. Aluminium sulphate (alum), the most common coagulant, has recently been connected to both Alzheimer’s disease and environmental issues. In order to deal with these issues, researchers are considering the possibility of developing a natural coagulant that is safe for both humans and the environment. In this research, Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seeds were used to make a natural coagulant, and their use in the treatment of coloured wastewater was implemented. This study examined the effects of hot air-drying temperatures on the Jackfruit seed moisture content. Jackfruit seed application in dye wastewater treatment was also optimised via several experiments with varying coagulation parameters generated via central composite response surface design (CCD). Jackfruit seed drying and protein extraction are two crucial steps in making natural coagulants. Jackfruit seeds were dried in an oven at 40°C, 50 °C and 60°C to collect drying data. Drying information for the optimum air-drying temperature that produces the shortest drying time was used to generate five drying kinetic models. Based on the results of this research, 60°C hot air-drying temperature was chosen as the optimal drying temperature for Jackfruit seeds, resulting in the shortest total drying time of just 5 hours. Once the optimum hot air-drying temperature was recorded, five thin drying kinetic models were used to determine which module best explained the drying kinetics at the optimum hot air-drying temperature. Microsoft Excel solver was used to calculate the values of X2, R2, and RMSE. The kinetic model with the lowest X2 and RMSE was selected. The modified Midilli model was chosen as the best kinetic model for representing the drying performance of Jackfruit seeds, as it had the lowest X2 and RMSE. After that, the protein was extracted from jackfruit seeds that had been dried at 60°C for 5 hours. In order to extract the protein from jackfruit seeds, 2 g of dry seeds were dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water, blended, and filtered before being used in the Jar test. The initial concentration of dye wastewater, the pH of the wastewater, and the coagulant dosage were the main parameters in the jar test. Maximum colour removal of 85.81% was attained during Jackfruit seed-based dye wastewater treatment when the initial concentration of dye wastewater was 400 ppm; the coagulant dosage was 100mg/L, and the pH was 2. Therefore, these were chosen as the optimum parameters for treating dye wastewater with Jackfruit seeds.

Physical and chemical characterization of oil extracted from Citrofortunella microcarpa, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds

Consumable plant oils had been related with highly nutritional content and antioxidant source that provide crucial health benefits. Hence, in this study a series of experimental work and analysis were conducted to evaluate the practicability and the properties of oil extraction from seeds of calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The yield, antioxidant activities, iodine value, saponification value, and peroxide value of extracted seed oils were studied. Results obtained shown that among the three seeds species, calamansi seeds resulted in the highest yield of 32.7%, followed by roselle seeds with a yield of 11.00% and lastly, jackfruit seeds with the highest yield obtained was only 0.60%. Antioxidant activities conducted has shown that roselle with EC50 of 49.04 mg/mL has greater antioxidant properties as compared with calamansi with EC50 of 109.74 mg/mL. Iodine value determined for unheated oil has resulted in a value of 100.83 g I2/100g oil and 110.60 g I2/100g oil that has classified roselle and calamansi seeds oil under the non-drying oil categories and heating effect shown a slight decrease in the iodine value due to loss of unsaturation within the oil. Both calamansi and roselle seed oils did not show significance reduction in saponification value upon heating. Peroxide value for roselle and calamansi seeds oil under unheated condition was determined to be 10.36 meq/kg and 24.86 meq/kg respectively.

Treatment of Greywater by Using Artocarpus Heterophyllus Seeds as A Natural Coagulant

In this study, Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds is used to treat the greywater. The objectives are to characterize the functional group, zeta potential and the protein content of Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds and to examine the performance of the seeds in treating greywater by changing the pH, coagulant dose, and mixing effect, as well as comparing them to Aluminium Sulphate (Alum). The functional groups presence in Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds are hydroxyl group (O-H), amine group (N-H) and carboxylic group (C-O). The zeta potential of Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds is averaged at -4.14 mV and protein concentration is at 0.294 mg/L. It was found out that Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds work best at pH 3, 800 mg/L of coagulant dosage and 20 rpm for slow mix and 70 rpm for rapid mixing which resulted in 95.11%, 80.4% and 92.73% removal efficiencies of turbidity, COD and TSS respectively. At pH 6, 200 mg/L of alum coagulant, 40 rpm for slow mix and 150 rpm for quick mix, turbidity, COD, and TSS removal efficiencies were 90.15%, 55.35%, and 96.92%, respectively. Therefore, it shows that Artocarpus Heterophyllus seeds is a better coagulant to treat greywater compared to alum. It has the potential to replace the conventional chemical coagulant.

Phenolics, proteins, antioxidant activity and GC – MS analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam seeds

Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds are available in larger quantity and are good source for many phytochemicals. The seeds are rich in proteins and low in fat content. The present study was carried out to analyse the phenolics, proteins and antioxidant activity of A. heterophyllus seeds. Different aqueous solvents such as acetate buffer pH 5.0, phosphate buffer pH 7.0, tris buffer pH 8.5, different concentration of sodium hydroxide (0.05M, 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M), sodium chloride, water and organic solvents like ethanol, methanol and acetone were used for extraction. Sodium hydroxide (0.1M) showed maximum extraction efficiency. Among the organic solvents, ethanol showed maximum phytochemical extraction. Different concentrations of ethanol (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) containing 0.1M NaOH were also used for extraction and maximum extraction was found in 40% ethanol containing 0.1M NaOH. GC – MS analysis was carried to identify various bioactive compounds present in the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) of the seeds.

Impact of Traditional Treatments on the Nutritional Value of Seeds of Jack Fruit (<i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>)

Impact of traditional treatments on the nutritional value of Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds was evaluated. Four traditional processing methods were used (boiling, roasting, soaking and fermentation). Boiled A. heterophyllus (BAH) samples were boiled in water for 60 minutes, roasted A. heterophyllus (RAH) samples were roasted in fine sand, soaked A. heterophyllus (SAH) were soaked in clean water for 48 hours before boiling while the fermented A. heterophyllus (FAH) samples were boiled and wrapped in black bag for 48 hours. The mean proximate content (%) of the unprocessed A. heterophyllus (UAH) seeds was; protein (15.88 ± 0.08), fibre (10.04 ± 0.09) ash (5.05 ± 0.07), moisture (29.25 ± 0.35), fat (10.26 ± 0.35) and carbohydrate (29.52 ± 0.4). Processing affected the proximate and mineral composition of A. heterophyllus seeds. All the processing methods used reduced the protein content. There were significant increases (p A. heterophyllus seeds are rich in nutrient and can serve as an alternative source of nutrients for both man and animals.

The influence of seed morpho-physiological and meristematic cell wall traits on seed desiccation sensitivity in three angiosperm tree species

The structure and composition of physical barriers to water loss such as the seed coat and embryo meristematic cell walls (CWs) can potentially affect the rate and topographical patterns of water loss and consequently desiccation sensitivity in recalcitrant seeds. This study provides insights into the phenomenon of seed recalcitrance, by investigating the influence of seed morpho-physiological and (root) meristematic CW structure and composition on seed desiccation sensitivity in three recalcitrant-seeded angiosperm tree species, viz. a mangrove tree, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Acanthaceae); a sub-tropical forest tree, Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae); and a tropical fruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (Moraceae). Whole seed water content (WC), dry mass (DM), seed coat ratio (SCR), and root meristem CW thickness and composition were related to embryo desiccation sensitivity and drying rate in each of the three species. The embryos of the heavier A. marina and A. heterophyllus seeds were faster drying and more desiccation sensitive than the relatively lighter T. dregeana seeds. The apportioning of more water towards the embryo in A. marina and A. heterophyllus than in T. dregeana, may be an evolutionary consequence of their faster drying rate and greater desiccation sensitivity. In both A. marina and A. heterophyllus, the ratio of highly esterified to unesterified pectins was lower, and the meristem CW thickness was greater than in T. dregeana. The thick, rigid CWs of A. marina and A. heterophyllus probably contributes to their greater desiccation sensitivity, since desiccation tolerance in vegetative tissues has previously been associated with thin flexible CWs. Seed water distribution patterns and CW thickness and rigidity may be useful indicators of seed desiccation sensitivity. The degree and nature to which these morpho-physiological and ultrastructural traits influence seed desiccation sensitivity in individual species may be a consequence of habitat-specific evolutionary pressures.

The Potential of Breadfruit Seed and Jackfruit Seed as Alternative Replacement Medium of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) with Seedling F0 Mushrooms

Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) is the most media to grow the mushrooms, but the price of this media is expensive. Thus we need alternative media that easy and cheap to get it. This study aims to determine the growth of Aspergillus niger in alternative Artocarpus communis and Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds media. This research was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) one factor was the type of media is PDA (M0), Artocarpus communis seed media (M1), Artocarpus heterophyllus seed media (M2) and using the test mushrooms A. niger (J1). Inoculation of A. niger used agar block method for 3 days with a temperature of 28°C. Parameter of research was colony diameter and sporulation of A. niger. Data obtained with qualitative and quantitative methods. The result of this research showed that the best growth for Aspergillus niger was after 72 hours incubation. Colony diameter continually in PDA media, Artocarpus communis media, and Artocarpus heterophyllus media is 4.7 cm, 4.3 cm, and 4.1 cm with heavy sporulation. Therefore, Artocarpus communis and Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds media can be utilized as a substitution of PDA media for the growth of mushrooms.

Acute and subacute (28 days) toxicity, hemolytic and cytotoxic effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts.

Plants and their parts are a part of life in many Brazilian communities, as observed in the jackfruit. The jackfruit seeds are consumed, usually, as roasted, boiled, steamed, and are eaten as a snack. The present study was carried out to identify the Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds toxicity and cytotoxic activity. The extracts were tested in toxicity assays like, brine shrimp lethality assay, hemolysis assay, and effect of seed extracts on T47D, TH29 and B16F10 cancer cell lines, and in acute and subchronic toxicity in mice. Artocarpus heterophyllus seed presents no toxic effects in brine shrimp, no hemolytic activity, and was effective in cancer cell lines like T47D, TH29 and B16F10. IC50 obtained from extracts was 46.67 μg/ml of chloroform extract in T47D cells, 23.42 μg/ml of ethanolic extract in HT29 cells, and 74.31 μg/ml of ethyl acetic extract in B16F10 cells. Ethanolic extract presented zero lethality index and was able to reduce the level of glycemia in females (32.3%) in the subchronic test. With this results we can conclude that Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds presents no toxicity, and is very effective in determinated cancer cell lines, requiring further studies to validate their use as active natural product against cancer cells.

Production, physico-chemical and functional characterization of a protein isolate from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds

ABSTRACTProteins from jackfruit seed defatted flour were fractionated, characterized and extracted using an alkaline solution and isoelectric precipitation, which was followed by an ultrasound treatment, for preparation and determination of the physicochemical and functional properties of a protein isolate. Glutelins were the dominant fraction, which are composed of 15–20 kDa polypeptides. The protein content, water and oil absorption capacity and least gelation concentration of the jackfruit seed protein isolate were 952.1 g/kg (dry basis), 6.42 ml water/g protein and 6.07 ml oil/g protein and 9% (at pH 6), respectively, whereas the greatest protein solubility, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity and stability were 94.4%, 127%, 127%, 254% and 164%, respectively, and depended on the pH; the predicted PER was 2.36. In light of the functional and nutritive properties determined in this study, jackfruit seed protein isolate could be a novel protein source for use in food systems.

Anti-angiogenic effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed methanolic extract in ex ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane

ObjectiveTo examine the anti-angiogenic potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus (A. heterophyllus) seed extract in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). MethodsThis study used chicken CAM ex ovo culture to examine the potential anti-angiogenic activity of A. heterophyllus seed methanolic extract. Basic fibroblast growth factor was used to induce the ectopic formation of blood vessels on CAM treated with extract. Blood vessel number was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic observation, and compared and analyzed for all treatments and controls. ResultsMacroscopic observation revealed that a dose of 35 μg/mL of methanolic extract of A. heterophyllus seeds could inhibit basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis by 61% in chicken CAM ex ovo culture. This concurred with microscopic observations on the histological structure of blood vessels, which indicated that extract treatment repressed the formation of new blood vessels. ConclusionsThis is the first study to report the anti-angiogenic effect of methanolic extract derived from A. heterophyllus seeds and its potential as a candidate for future anticancer therapy.

English

Plants and their parts are a part of life in many brazilian communities, as observed in the jackfruit. The jackfruit seeds are consumed usually as roasted, boiled, steamed, and are eaten as a snack. The present study was carried out to identify the antioxidant, radical scavenging activity and total phenolic compounds of Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds using different screening tests. Total antioxidant activity was determined by ferric thiocyanate method (FTC), which was shortly followed by complexing of fosfomolybdenium method (FSB) determined in sequence with total reductive capability (TRC), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPS), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and Total phenolic content (TPC) by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay method. The percentage of inhibition linoleic acid peroxidation by CEE (ethanolic extract), HF (hexanic extract), CHLF (chloroform extract) and EAF (ethyl acetate extract) (90.53, 70.23, 68.72 and 92.03%, respectively), in method using prussian blue antioxidant potential for EAF (89,05%) presented antioxidant activity greater than the standard rutin (82.3%). Highest total antioxidant activity was exerted by the ethanolic extract of A. heterophyllus seeds, and lowest by its EAF (188.83%). In evaluating the antioxidant activity by the hidrogen peroxide scavenging activity, it was observed that the CHLF and HF extracts showed scavenging activity above 50% (83.3 and 83.5%, respectively). The EC50 (free radical scavenger) values of CEE, HF, CHLF and EAF were 76.71, 399.64, 534.83 and 65.51 μg/ml, respectively, and the highest total phenolic content appeared to be present in 125 µg/ml of EAF. The results of all the sources were found to be highly significant. Further investigation for isolation and identification of the phytoconstituents responsible for antioxidant activity is desirable. A. heterophyllus seeds in the regular diets could improve the antioxidant status of human beings. Key words: Jackfruit, antioxidant activity, DPPH radical, radical scavenging, seeds.

Evaluation of In Vitro Invertase Inhibitory Activity of M anilkara zapota Seeds - A Novel Strategy to Manage Diabetes Mellitus

Artocarpus heterophyllus (jack fruit), Manilkara zapota (sapota), Mangifera indica (mango), Vitis vinifera (grapes), Citrus sinensis (orange) and Syzygium cumini (jambul) seeds were selected to evaluate the in vitro invertase inhibitory activity. M. zapota (shake flask method: 98.7%) and A. heterophyllus (shake flask method: 35.6%) seeds recorded the highest and lowest in vitro invertase inhibitory activity, respectively. The two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and two-dimensional preparative thin-layer chromatography (2D PTLC) analyses have demonstrated the presence of polyphenols in M. zapota and A. heterophyllus seeds. The 2D PTLC eluate of M. zapota has recorded a significant invertase inhibitory activity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry photo diode array analysis of M. zapota has exhibited the presence of four different polyphenols such as benzoyl hexosyl methyl luteolin sulfate (m/z 662.1), 6C/8C hexosyl, 6C/8C pentosyl apigenin (m/z 568), one unknown carboxylated flavonol glycoside (m/z 484.7) and one unknown flavone derivative (m/z 473.8). Practical Applications The fruits of Manilkara zapota and Artocarpus heterophyllus have been consumed for their sweet delicious nature by most Asian community. Ethnobotanically, many parts of the above said species have been taken orally to treat various ailments. In the current scenario, appropriate food formulation as a health mix may be tried along with the seeds of M. zapota and/or A. heterophyllus to have a balanced glycemic control in the biological system.

Effect of Lectin from Artocarpus Heterophyllus Seed on Cancer Cell Lines

The objective of this paper to present cytotoxic effect of jacalin, a purified protein and crude protein from A.heterophyllus seed against cancer cell, human breast cancer (MCF7) and non-small lung carcinoma (H1299). The extraction and purification were carried out by phosphate buffer precipitation and reverse miceller, respectively. MTT and trypan blue exclusion methods were performed to study the cytotoxic activity. Jacalin and crude protein was compared in cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and H1299 cancer cells and the result showed jacalin more effective than crude protein, 64.73 and 75.54 percent for MCF7 and 67.71 and 68.39 percent for H1299, respectively. Jacalin also found very active against MCF7 compared to H1299 cancer cells and expected IC50 for both cancer cells would be reached if concentration of jacalin will extended in cytotoxic activity analysis. Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus, jacalin, crude protein, cytotoxicity,cancer cell, MCF7, H1299

Optimizing Drying Processes Using a Structural Transition Model and Entropy Change Maximization

We describe a new approach for drying optimization based on a structural transition model involving species with distinct degrees of hydration α, the ratio between the water content and the sample mass. The raw material used consisted of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds that were cooked and then dried at five temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80, and 110°C). The drying process could be described as the material possessing two predominant structures concerning the drying behavior. The resulting curves furnished thermodynamic parameters as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of the drying process, which allowed optimization of the energy and time required for drying.