Heterogeneous Fenton Process Research Articles

Removal of Amitraz insecticide by heterogeneous UV‐Fenton process using metals supported on chitosan beads as a catalyst

AbstractPhotocatalytic degradation of Amitraz insecticide in a heterogeneous phase was studied at neutral pH using several types of metals supported on chitosan beads (Fe‐CS, Fe3O4‐CS, Mn‐CS, MnO2‐CS, and TiO2‐CS). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis were used to characterize the prepared catalysts. Parameters, including the type of catalyst, UV irradiation, the method of hydrogen peroxide addition, and the presence of dissolved oxygen were investigated in order to evaluate the performance of the heterogeneous Fenton process. The optimal conditions were achieved when using 1 g L−1 of Fe3O4‐CS catalyst under UV irradiation with the sequential addition of 12 mM of H2O2 and a continuous bubbling of air in the reactional medium. The degradation of the pollutant follows a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic. The catalyst stability was evaluated and confirmed in four repeated runs with a control of the amount of leached iron in the aqueous solution.

Drastically inhibited nZVI-Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants by cysteine: Multiple roles in the nZVI/O2/hv system

The influence of l-cysteine, a common aliphatic amino acid, on the zero-valent iron (nZVI)/O2 photo-Fenten degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated in this study. The oxidation rate of RhB in the nZVI/O2/hv system was 91.2% after 40 min under the illumination and oxygen conditions and pH of 3, but when cysteine was introduced into the system, the oxidization process was inhibited. The removal of RhB was only about 50% after 40 min at a cysteine concentration ≥50 μM. It was shown experimentally that, under dark conditions, only 40.5% and 19.8% RhB was removed by the nZVI/O2 and nZVI/O2/cysteine systems, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and iron dissolving experiments revealed that the addition of cysteine clearly reduced the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and Fe2+ and Fe3+. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that cysteine could form hydrogen bonds on the iron surface. These results indicated that the main inhibition mechanism of cysteine was the alleviation of the oxidation of nZVI to Fe2+ and Fe3+ through wrapping the nZVI particles. Moreover, cystine (the oxidized form of CYS) could partly react with OH to regenerate cysteine, which resulted in competition with RhB for OH. Another possible reason for the inhibitory effect of cysteine was the prevention of light utilization. These findings indicate a non-negligible inhibitory trait for heterogeneous Fenton process in wastewater treatment when amino acids are present.

Degradation of chloramphenicol by pulsed discharge plasma with heterogeneous Fenton process using Fe3O4 nanocomposites

Pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) was coupled with Fe3O4 nanocomposites for promoting degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP) based on Fenton reaction. The prepared Fe3O4 nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The results showed that Fe3O4 could be successfully prepared by hydrothermal method with reasonable composition. The magnetic intensity reached 71.99 emu/g, which could be easily separated from the solution when an external magnet was applied. Compared to PDP alone, the removal efficiency, kinetic constant and energy efficiency enhanced when Fe3O4 was added. Synergetic effect was achieved between PDP and Fe3O4. The optimal catalytic performance was obtained when the dosage was 0.26 g/L. CAP was beneficial to decomposition with higher peak voltage, lower initial solution concentration and lower initial pH value. With increasing air flow rate, the removal efficiency enhanced firstly and then declined. Although four times use, Fe3O4 still maintained a higher stability. The concentration of H2O2 and O3 generated by PDP were all declined when Fe3O4 was added. With the treatment time prolonged, the pH value declined but conductivity improved. The conjugate heterocyclic structures were destroyed during CAP degradation. The degradation pathway mainly related to the cleavage of phenyl-nitryl, COH, CCl and CN bonds, resulting in the formation of intermediates containing benzene ring. The benzene ring of intermediates were underwent rupture and transformed to small organic acids and inorganic acids, which were mineralized into Cl−, NO3−, CO2 and H2O finally. The toxicity of CAP was alleviated after plasma-catalytic treatment. The overall findings provided a new insight into wastewater treatment by PDP with heterogeneous Fenton catalyst.

Removal of methyl orange by heterogeneous fenton process using iron dispersed on alumina pillared bentonite pellet

Introduction: Heterogeneous Fenton is one of the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and has been proven to be effective on azo dye degradation. However, a low-cost catalyst and factors affecting the processes of this system were further investigated.
 Methods: In this study, pellets of iron alumina pillared bentonite (PFeAPB) were prepared by dispersing iron ions on alumina pillared bentonite pellet. Catalyst activity and lifetime were investigated via efficiencies of Methyl Orange (MO) decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal, a typical dye type of textile wastewater. Characteristics of the PFeAPB catalyst were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF).
 Results: Results of batch experiments showed that specific surface area of the PFeAPB catalyst was 111.22 m2/g higher than its precursor by 2 times (57.79 m2/g). Goethite, Hematite and Maghemite phases with approximately 11.5% of iron elements containing in the catalyst were detected via XRD and XRF. Experimental conditions of pH, initial MO solution, Hydrogen Peroxide concentration, reaction time and catalyst loading were 2.0 ± 0.1, 12.7 mmol/L, 150 min and 20 g/L, respectively, to achieve 88.68 ± 5.69% of MO decolorization and 50.27 ± 6.05% of COD removal while dissolved iron in this heterogeneous Fenton process was below standard limit (2 ppm). Catalyst activity decreased by 5.22% in decolorization efficiency after the two first reusages.
 Conclusion: These primary results showed the potential of applying PFeAPB catalyst in heterogeneous Fenton process with low iron leaching into water.

Effects of catalyst preparation method and reaction parameters on the ultrasound assisted Photocatalytic oxidation of reactive yellow 84 dye.

In this study, the Heterogeneous Sono-photocatalytic Process was used to degrade Reactive Yellow 84 (RY 84) dye dissolved in water over iron containing TiO2 and TiO2-Ce catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by sol-gel and incipient wetness impregnation methods and characterized using XRD, SEM, Nitrogen adsorption, UV-Vis DRS and ICP-AES measurements. The TiO2 catalyst containing 1% (in weight) iron, prepared by incipient wetness impregnation technique and calcined at 300°C (1%Fe/TiO2-300°C (IW)) was found to be the most effective catalyst. Parametric study was carried out over this catalyst and COD removal of 55% and TOC removal of 38% were achieved while the decolorization efficiency reached 100% after 45min of reaction at the optimum conditions of, (25mg/L of RY 84 solution, 0.5g/L of catalyst, 5mM of H2O2, a temperature of 25°C, pH = 6 and US at a power of 40W). Decolorization of RY 84 obeyed the first order kinetics with an activation energy of 20.7kJ/mol. Sonication increased the decolorization efficiency of the heterogeneous Fenton process (UV + Catalyst+H2O2) from 92.7% to 97.5% after 30min of reaction, with the COD and TOC reductions increasing from 87% to 90% and 48% to 57% after 120min of reaction, respectively. US also decreased the toxicity of the RY 84 dye. The results obtained from this study show that, iron containing TiO2 and TiO2-Ce catalysts could be efficiently used in the hybrid process of ultrasound assisted heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation in a wide range of experimental conditions.

Internal-micro-electrolysis-enhanced heterogeneous electro-Fenton process catalyzed by Fe/Fe3C@PC core–shell hybrid for sulfamethazine degradation

Core-shell structured hybrid octahedron, which contained a Fe-based nanoparticle core (Fe/Fe3C) and a graphitized porous carbon (PC) shell (Fe/Fe3C@PC), prepared through one-pot pyrolysis using MIL-101(Fe) as the sacrificial template, was used as a novel catalyst for the degradation of sulfamethazine (SMT) by heterogeneous electro-Fenton (Hetero-EF). Fe/Fe3C@PC outperformed common heterogeneous catalysts such as Fe0, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 due to the synergistic effect between Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles and PC. The rate constant for SMT degradation in the Hetero-EF process was 7.17-folds of that in the heterogeneous Fenton (Hetero-F) process. The plausible catalytic mechanism and degradation pathway for mineralization of SMT by this Hetero-EF process were proposed, confirming the main role of surface-bound hydroxyl radical (OHads) oxidation. Moreover, internal-micro-electrolysis (IME)-enhanced Hetero-EF reaction was verified by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fe/Fe3C@PC could be easily recycled due to magnetism and well recovered via a simple thermal treatment in H2 atmosphere. This work enlightened metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derived core–shell structured hybrids to be ultra-efficient heterogeneous catalysts and their catalytic mechanism promoting promising utilization in the Hetero-EF process for organic pollutants removal.

Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process: an innovative approach

With indiscriminate use and disposal, antibiotics enter the water bodies and thus are categorized as emerging pollutants. We report the studies on the degradation of norfloxacin, a well-known antibiotic, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) by heterogeneous Fenton process in the presence of sunlight. We fabricated ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The geometry of norfloxacin was optimized using Hartree–Fock density functional theory. We used UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques to determine various crystal properties, i.e., structure, morphology, size and shape of the ZnO nanoparticles. However, we evaluated the crystal size, particle size and their distribution employing Debye–Scherrer equation and ImageJ processing. The catalytic efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed by the abatement of norfloxacin at pH 10. The activity and stability of used ZnO catalyst for norfloxacin degradation were established. The recovered catalyst is reusable up to six times without activity loss. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of various intermediates. A probable reaction mechanism for degradation of norfloxacin is proposed. The ZnO-catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton process proves to be the ideal approach for the degradation of antibiotics in wastewater. Herein, we report that generation of hydroxyl radical by the action of sunlight along with ZnO nanoparticles from hydrogen peroxide effectively degrades norfloxacin. Its structure has been optimized by density functional theory using Gauss view computational software. ZnO nanoparticles have been characterized by various techniques, e.g., XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. Various intermediate products have been recognized by LCMS analysis.

Zinc oxide nanoparticle incorporated on graphene oxide: an efficient and stable photocatalyst for water treatment through the Fenton process

Textile industries release a huge amount of wastewater that holds a very high ratio of toxic contaminants, such as dyes and various organic compounds. These are harmful to the environment, and their treatment is very much required for a clean and safe environment. So, our work explains the enhanced degradation of dye by heterogeneous Fenton process using zinc oxide-graphene oxide nanohybrid (ZnG) to generate hydroxyl radical from hydrogen peroxide. Initially, ZnG nanohybrid was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal process; later on, UV-visible spectroscopy is employed for absorption spectra and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction pattern is employed for determining the crystal structure and phase identification of nanoparticles. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) helped to find out the morphology. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to get an average particle size (4.36–9.77 nm). Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to find electron-hole pair combination in nanohybrid compared to individual ZnO and GO. Finally, the catalytic activity of ZnG was successfully studied for brilliant green (BG) degradation via a heterogeneous Fenton process.

Iron precursor salt effect on the generation of [rad]OH radicals and sulfamethoxazole degradation through a heterogeneous Fenton process using Carbon-Fe catalysts

The influence of the iron precursor salt on the preparation of Carbon-Fe catalysts was evaluated based on the generation of OH radicals in a heterogeneous Fenton process applied to the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Carbon catalysts were obtained with 9% Fe by weight using three iron salts: iron acetate (C-AC-AFe), iron sulfate (C-AC-SFe) and iron nitrate (C-AC-NFe). Characterization of catalysts was evaluated by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, EDX, XPS); these properties were related to the OH generation kinetics and to SMX degradation rate. The iron precursor salt favors the anchoring of the metal in different oxidation state on the catalyst in a proportion of: Fe2+ / Fe3+ = 4.1 for C-AC-AFe, 1.5 for C-AC-SFe and 1.7 for C-AC-NFe, which is related to the OH generated: 53.8 μM g−1, 37.9 μM g−1 and 42.4 μM g−1, respectively. The OH generation kinetics were described by a pseudo-first-order model with rate constants of 0.0252 and 0.0299 min−1 for C-AC-AFe and C-AC-SFe respectively, which coincide with the kinetic constants for the degradation of SMX (0.0262 and 0.0297 min−1), therefore, the oxidation process is carried out by OH. In the case of C-AC-NFe, Fe was fixed within the texture of the carbon and the OH generation was the lowest (0.0005 min−1), explaining the reaction is limited by diffusion. For SMX, the degradation percentage achieved for 20 mg L−1 was: 98.2 % in 120 min for C-AC-AFe, 98.1 % in 180 min for C-AC-SFe and 92.8 % in 210 min for C-AC-NFe.

Removal of emerging pollutants in aqueous phase by heterogeneous Fenton and photo-Fenton with Fe2O3-TiO2-clay heterostructures.

Fe2O3-TiO2-clay heterostructures have been prepared using an organo-bentonite as support, which organophilic character favored the fixation of TiO2. Furthermore, Fe2O3 was successfully anchored by wet impregnation. The resulting materials are characterized by a disordered layered structure and a mesoporous texture. The heterostructures were employed as catalysts for the removal of two pharmaceuticals, acetaminophen (ACE) and antipyrine (ANT), by heterogeneous Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. ACE removal under different operation conditions was studied in detail to establish structure-performance relationships, being the TiO2 formation and the developed texture the main factors controlling the activity. ANT showed a higher refractory behavior in oxidation by Fenton. Among the technologies studied, heterogeneous photo-Fenton achieved the best catalytic performance and higher kinetic rate and mineralization degree. Iron leaching was very low, lower than 5% of the initial iron load in all cases. This work demonstrates the potential application of these heterostructures for the removal of emerging pollutants of different nature.

Synthesis of iron modified sugarcane bagasse activated carbon for oxidation degradation of malachite green

Iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), activated carbon (AC) and Fe3O4/AC composites at various weight ratios (1:1, 3:1 and 1:3) were synthesised successfully using chemical impregnation method. The synthesised composite samples were then analysed by using scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Heterogeneous photo Fenton and Fenton-like processes were applied in degrading malachite green. Fe3O4/AC composite samples showed higher catalytic activity as compared to pure Fe3O4 and AC. The composite of Fe3O4/AC at weight ratio of 1:1 (FeAC11) was determined to be the optimal mixing weight ratio as it possessed the highest heterogeneous photo Fenton and Fenton-like degradation efficiency of malachite green. The highest degradation efficiency of malachite green was achieved at initial dye concentration of 30 ppm, FeAC11 dosage of 0.8 g/L, solution pH of 5, 4 mM of H2O2 with the degradation efficiency of 89.22 % after 3 min. The composite sample FeAC11 depicted high stability as only little amount of leached iron (about 4 mg/L) was detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pseudo second-order kinetic was best fitted to the reaction kinetic of heterogeneous photo Fenton and Fenton-like on the degradation of malachite green at different solution pH.

A Highly Stable Metal-Organic Framework-Engineered FeS2/C Nanocatalyst for Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Treatment: Validation in Wastewater at Mild pH.

Herein, the novel application of FeS2/C nanocomposite as a highly active, stable, and recyclable catalyst for heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) treatment of organic water pollutants is discussed. The simultaneous carbonization and sulfidation of an iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) yielded well-dispersed pyrite FeS2 nanoparticles of ∼100 nm diameter linked to porous carbon. XPS analysis revealed the presence of doping N atoms. EF treatment with an IrO2/air-diffusion cell ensured the complete removal of the antidepressant fluoxetine spiked into urban wastewater at near-neutral pH after 60 min at 50 mA with 0.4 g L-1 catalyst as optimum dose. The clear enhancement of catalytic activity and stability of the material as compared to natural pyrite was evidenced, as deduced from its characterization before and after use. The final solutions contained <1.5 mg L-1 dissolved iron and became progressively acidified. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis demonstrated the large mineralization of all wastewater components at 6 h, which was accompanied by a substantial decrease of toxicity. A mechanism with •OH as the dominant oxidant was proposed: FeS2 core-shell nanoparticles served as Fe2+ shuttles for homogeneous Fenton's reaction and provided active sites for the heterogeneous Fenton process, whereas nanoporous carbon allowed minimizing the mass transport limitations.

Mineralization of stabilized landfill leachate by heterogeneous Fenton process with RSM optimization

ABSTRACT Iron Molybdophospahate (FeMoPO) was used as a catalyst in heterogeneous Fenton process for the treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. COD removal efficiency of 84.9% and TOC removal of 71% was obtained with operating parameters of pH 2, H2O2 9mM, and FeMoPO 1.75 g/L at 90 min. Biodegradability increase (0.03 to 0.38) and SUVA254 value decrease indicated the breakdown of large organic matter. To optimize the Fenton process 4-factor 3-level Box-Behnken response surface design was adopted. Significant quadratic model was generated with R2 of 0.9920. Predicted response for COD removal was 86.44%, which found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental result.

Remediation of organic arsenic contaminants with heterogeneous Fenton process mediated by SiO2-coated nano zero-valent iron

Given their considerable solubility in water and potentially high toxicity to human health, organoarsenic compounds have become an emerging contaminant. Herein, a heterogeneous Fenton process mediated by SiO2-coated nano zero-valent iron (SiO2-nZVI) was employed to simultaneously remove the p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA, a typical organoarsenic compound) and the released arsenic. The initial pH value significantly influenced on the degradation of p-ASA and at the optimal pH (3.0), p-ASA (10mgL-1) could be completely oxidized to As(V), NH4+, and plentiful phenolic compounds such as phenol and p-hydroquinone via the cleavage of C-N and C-As bonds within 60min in pure water. Meanwhile, although the formed lepidocrocite and magnetite on the surface of SiO2-nZVI significantly limited the reutilization, they played a vital role in the adsorption of the released As(V) and the residual arsenic levels in the effluent were as low as 0.031mgL-1, meeting both the drinking water standard of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the surface water standard of China (0.05mgL-1). Furthermore, high-level dissolved organic matters (DOM) (> 2mg C L-1) exhibited strong interference with both the oxidation of p-ASA and adsorption of arsenic, but the interference could be eliminated by increasing the SiO2-nZVI dosage or adding H2O2. Importantly, this system could completely remediate p-ASA in a short time and simultaneously avoid the secondary pollution caused by inorganic arsenic, which was significant for the remediation of organoarsenic pollutants in swine wastewater.

Fenton and Photo-Fenton Nanocatalysts Revisited from the Perspective of Life Cycle Assessment

This study provides an overview of the environmental impacts associated with the production of different magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) based on magnetite (Fe3O4), with a potential use as heterogeneous Fenton or photo-Fenton catalysts in wastewater treatment applications. The tendency of Fe3O4 NPs to form aggregates in water makes necessary their decoration with stabilizing agents, in order to increase their catalytic activity. Different stabilizing agents were considered in this study: poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polyethylenimine (PEI) and silica (SiO2), as well as the immobilization of the magnetite-based catalysts in a mesoporous silica matrix, SBA-15. In the case of photo-Fenton catalysts, combinations of magnetite NPs with semiconductors were evaluated, so that magnetic recovery of the nanomaterials is possible, thus allowing a safe discharge free of NPs. The results of this study suggest that magnetic nanoparticles coated with PEI or PAA were the most suitable option for their applications in heterogeneous Fenton processes, while ZnO-Fe3O4 NPs provided an interesting approach in photo-Fenton. This work showed the importance of identifying the relevance of nanoparticle production strategy in the environmental impacts associated with their use.

Enhanced ibuprofen removal by heterogeneous-Fenton process over Cu/ZrO2 and Fe/ZrO2 catalysts

The aim of this work is to develop new heterogeneous catalysts for the mineralization of Ibuprofen, a pharmaceutical compound commonly found in wastewaters, using a Fenton like process. Copper and Iron catalysts supported over zirconia, eventually doped with strontium were developed. Structural and morphological properties of the materials were investigated by conventional techniques and Fenton-like reactions were carried out in a batch system. Copper/iron-doped zirconia samples exhibited a promising activity in terms of Ibuprofen degradation and mineralization. The best catalyst, copper supported over zirconia, achieved an almost complete degradation of ibuprofen (98 %) with 50 % of mineralization. Optimization of the reaction variables (oxidant dose, pH, catalyst loading and temperature) led to increase process efficiency. Moreover, these catalysts do not produce toxic metabolites which is important when considering the degradation of water pollutants. The present study highlights the potential of copper/iron supported catalysts for the removal of organic compounds in wastewaters via heterogeneous Fenton-like process.

Study on using modified laterite in the heterogeneous Fenton process for removing dye compound

Study on using modified laterite in the heterogeneous Fenton process for removing dye compound

Ascorbic acid promoted magnetite Fenton degradation of alachlor: Mechanistic insights and kinetic modeling

In this study we constructed a heterogeneous Fenton system with ascorbic acid (AA), magnetite (Fe3O4) and H2O2 for the alachlor degradation, aiming to clarify the heterogeneous Fenton mechanism. The addition of AA could significantly accelerate the Fenton reaction by promoting the surface Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle (iron cycle) of Fe3O4. A kinetic model was successfully developed to quantitatively describe the complicated reactions in the Fe3O4/AA/H2O2 system. We thus employed this model to identify the individual contributions of surface and homogeneous Fenton reactions to the overall alachlor degradation in the Fe3O4/AA/H2O2 system, and found the surface Fenton reaction was mainly responsible for the alachlor degradation with more than 62.6% of contribution. This work offers a new strategy to improve the heterogeneous Fenton activity via promoting surface Fenton reaction, and sheds light on the possibility to quantitatively describe and predict the heterogeneous Fenton processes with first principle kinetic models.

The Preparation of Cu-Modified Cryptomelane Type-Manganese Oxide Catalysts by one Step sol-gel Synthesis for Decomposition of Methylene Blue

The cryptomelane manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) and Cu-modified cryptomelane octahedral molecular sieve (Cu-OMS-2) with different Cu concentrations (1, 5, 10%) were successfully prepared by one-step sol-gel synthesis. The XRD patterns of OMS-2 and Cu-OMS-2 remain unchanged, indicating the Cu ions are well incorporated within OMS-2, except the peak due to (101) plane appears and grows significantly until 5% Cu incorporation. The SEM images revealed that the additions of Cu ions in the OMS-2 have a remarkable impact on the Cu-OMS-2 morphologies, especially for 10% Cu incorporation. The bulk analysis by AAS showed the steady decreases in K+ and Mn concentrations, and increase in Cu concentrations, suggesting that some Cu2+ ions are replacing K+ in the tunnel and Mn in the framework of OMS-2. The catalytic tests for the degradation methylene blue (MB) by heterogeneous Fenton processes revealed that the catalytic performance of Cu-OMS-2 increases remarkably with the increased concentrations of Cu doping. The increased catalytic activities for Cu-OMS-2 are associated with the smaller particles sizes are revealed by SEM results.

Decolorization of Acid Red 1 using natural zeolite via heterogeneous fenton-like oxidation

Fenton process can be regarded as powerful and effective method in decolorization and mineralization of dye pollutants. However, this method is restricted with the generation of iron waste sludge which require secondary treatment. This limitation can be overcome by utilizing heterogeneous Fenton process where iron ions are immobilized onto the catalyst support. In the present study, the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation using Fe-natural zeolite (Fe-NZ) was investigated in decolorization of azo dye Acid Red 1 (AR1). The effects of iron ions loading, catalyst dose and initial pH on the decolorization of AR1 were evaluated. The maximum decolorization efficiency of 99.60% was achieved at 0.80 wt% of iron ions loading, 5.0 g/L of catalyst dose, and at 2.5 initial pH. The Fe-NZ showed high catalytic performance for decolorization of AR1 and could be regarded as a suitable low-cost catalyst in heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction.