Heroic Deeds Research Articles

Неизвестный Головницкий. Творческий поиск в станковых произведениях скульптора

The article analyzes the formal stylistic characteristics of the easel works of the National Artist of the Russian Federation, academic, Lev Nikolavich Golovnitskiy (1929–1994). Our study allowed us to identify the variations in the sculptor’s compositional genius reflected in the easel art genre. This field was not subject to political and ideological biases, allowing artists to experiment with form and sculpture. We noted a constant cycle of themes characteristic of Golovnitskiy: vast human and civilian themes, heroic deeds and events of the time. We analyzed easel works stored in Russian museum collections. Photographs of Golovnitskiy’s unpreserved easel works are introduced into the literature for the first time. These rare images confirm the breadth of the sculptor’s knowledge in creating forms and are close, stylistically, to the modernist pursuits. Complex methods of analysis allowed us to determine that Golovnitskiy actively used graphic techniques and methods of styling, generalization, and intercompositional rhythmic constructions. The article stresses the importance of studying the artist’s sketches alongside his sculptures, as many graphic and rhythmic findings are reflected in the plastic medium. Specialattention is paid L.N. Golovnitsky’s work as a mentor, having trained well-known Buryat sculptor, B.D. Namdakov, using his own unique approaches to compositions.

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ВОЕННОЙ УКРЕПЛЕННОЙ ЛИНИИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПАВЛОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ В XVIII В. И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РУССКОЙ ТОПОНИМИИ В КРАЕ

The settlement of the northeastern region by the non-ethnic Russian population was a long process, which included the systematic advance of the Cossack and peasant population into the Kazakh steppe, which led to the appearance of specifc Slavic toponyms. Toponymic names refect these processes as in a mirror. So already in the frst quarter of the XVIII century. a number of military fortifcations were built in the Irtysh region, which became part of the Irtysh military line. By the middle of the XVIII century, the Russian Empire had built entire lines of military fortifcations that covered the Kazakh Steppe with a huge horseshoe: Guryev - Uralsk - Verkhneuralsk - Troitsk - Zverinogolovskaya - Omsk - Ust-Kamenogorsk, which opened up opportunities for further advancement into the depths of the steppe. This article discusses some problems: geographical names are evidence and chronicle of historical events. They refect and capture the history of the settlement of the territory and the economic activity of people, ancient migrations and interethnic contacts, the areas of ethnic groups, historical milestones of the protection of territories from external enemies, heroic deeds of ancestors who defended their native land, etc.

The image of Life in the epic “Mastorava” by A. M. Sharonov

Introduction. Folklore often expresses images of Life and Death in a specific historical context as well as in the context of “big time”. The heroic epic depicts Life and Death over the course of the life of a nation which is part of the “big” Life that incorporates past, present and future. The national epic, however, with its collective consciousness is able to organize the themes of Life and Death and give them philosophical and social meaning. The academic novelty of this article is its analysis of the image of Life in the epic “Mastorava” by A. M. Sharonov. The object of study is the epic “Mastorava”. The subject of the research is the image of Life in the epic “Mastorava”. The purpose of the study is to consider the uniqueness of the image of Life presented in “Mastorava” as an endless creative process: life as creativity. This article uses scholarly literature and the epic “Mastorava” to show the poetic, figurative and expressive means which are used to create the image of Life. Materials and Methods. The material of study is the epic “Mastorava” by A. M. Sharonov. The goals and objectives of the study are to explain the choice of research methods: historical-literary, descriptive, and genetic, which are used to analyze the image of Life in the epic “Mastorava”. In the methodology, special attention is paid to the detailed analysis of “Mastorava”, along with observations and conclusions. Close attention is paid to the text as “illustrative” material and to analyzing it on different levels in accordance with the stated research model. Results and Discussion. The category of Life in “Mastorava” is cosmological, philosophical, and sociological in addition to being biological. It is associated with Light which comprises the realms of the earth, sky, and man where Life is embedded in the idea of divine creation. However, the main character of Life is a human collective for whom the entire earth is created. In the epic the human collective is personified by Heroes (Damai, Kudaday, Tekshon, Tyushtyan, Arsai, Kanyava, etc.) who represent ordinary people in the epic and in history. These people think, perform heroic deeds, organize their families and social lives, and introduce order, harmony and beauty. Conclusion. The image of Life in “Mastorava” includes everyday and eternal life, the ordinary and existential, and the beautiful and tragic. The image of Life also shows the fundamental forms of relations between man and the world, between people and nations, and how each of them has a unique character, mentality, and psychology. The image of Life is presented as a universal phenomenon. In “Mastorava’ the Erzyans and Mokshans call their land the “Land of the Living” in which Life almost always defeats Death. A man realizing himself as one of the people is proud of belonging and gains his strength from their strength. And a woman just because she is born a woman possesses heroic and creative qualities and can choose her own destiny.

THE FIGURE OF A TRUE COMMANDER-LEADER

The Russo-Ukrainian war intensified the issue of leadership among officers and commanders, encouraged them to show their best qualities and show a high level of professionalism on the battlefield. The article deals with the portrait of a true commanderleader, clarifies his/her main characteristics and skills that ensure the effective implementation of military and professional tasks and leadership of subordinate personnel, in particular in combat situations. A true commander-leader, capable of leading personnel, making difficult decisions and acting effectively in the face of challenges and threats, motivating subordinates to purposeful actions and heroic deeds, today is a symbol of faith, trust and victory. A true commander-leader is described as a combatant who is always close to his men in battle, is tested in battle, and able to overcome fear and failure of subordinates, strengthens their mental stability, instills in them faith in victory, purposefully moves to success, achieving tactical and strategic goals with his team. The ability of the commander-leader to work under conditions of uncertainty and new challenges, in particular during hostilities, possession of undisputed leadership qualities, oratory is described. It has been found that a true commander-leader is able to train new leaders, he knows and understands that the success of a combat mission is not only the result of his command of the unit, but also the work of the entire team. It is proved that the commanderleader bears full responsibility and makes effective decisions, enjoys considerable respect among subordinates and is fully committed to his work. The article gives examples of real commander-leaders who today successfully manage personnel on the battlefield and lead Ukraine step by step to victory. It is emphasized that the commander’s possession of these qualities and skills allows an officer to be an effective leader and leader in a military unit, to form a team led by him in order to ensure successful combat missions, including in direct threat to life and health of servicemen.

A Narration of the Battlefield in Jayamkondar’s Kalingattuparani

Among the Parani texts studied in ancient times, the first one that comes to us is Jayamkondar’s Kalingattuparani. This book is a song in praise of Karunakara Tondaiman, the minister of Mudugalothungan, who went to war against Kalinga Vendan Anantavarman and defeated him. In the last part of the thirteen parts of the book, "Of the heroic deeds on the battlefield," the author has shown heroism while referring to the scenes of the battlefield in order to give pleasure to the readers and stimulate the imagination. The way such and such multi-flavored songs are sung together is an ominous reference to ghosts who may be in the field cooking gruel and adorning themselves with the bodies of fallen soldiers, elephants, and horses. The manner in which the events of the story have been described in many categories, such as location, scene, performance, character appearance, and nature, is admirable. The strategy employed by the author plays an important role in crafting a piece of literature in a refined manner. In this way, the purpose of this article is to explore the expressiveness of Kalingattupparani, which has been used by Jayamkondar to bring together various flavours and portray the events of the story.

تفنيد الروايات التوراتيّة الخاصّة ببدايات التواجد اليهودي "في مدينة القدس في التاريخ القديم"

Throughout the ages, the history of any country has not been subjected to forgery and distortion, as has the history of Palestine, with the city of Jerusalem at its heart, according to the whims of the researchers who dealt with it, whether they were politicians, Archaeologists, or educated, in the service of the Zionist project of the need for the Jews to return to what is they called it (the Promised Land), and the rebuilding of what they called (the Temple of Solomon). It seems that the writings of these researchers were based mainly on what was mentioned in the books of the Old Testament, especially the books that were added to the Old Testament after the death of Moses, peace be upon him, and which were codified by the priests of the Children of Israel several centuries after his death. In these books, especially the second book of Samuel and the first book of Kings, their writers baptized fabricated heroic deeds that were attributed to David and his son Solomon, peace be upon them. It was attributed to David taking possession of the city of Jerusalem and taking it as the capital of his rule, then it was attributed to Solomon that he built a temple to God in this city. But recent studies have refuted these allegations, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt that is unfounded.
 The study relied on two main approaches: the historical approach and the analytical descriptive approach, in order to show the value of refuting the narratives of the Jewish presence in the city of Jerusalem in the time of David specifically, and it proved that the beginnings of the Jewish presence in the Holy City were during the period of Persian rule of Palestine, although their presence during This period and what follows were no more than autonomy.

Емоции, идентичности и образи на другия

Identity interweaves with the emotions of its bearer, either as an individual or a group member. Identity defines the emotional attitude towards other people (their ‘own’ or ‘alien’), towards the social and natural environment, towards the world as a whole. On the other hand, the emotional attitude determines the identity. This attitude could be spontaneously occurring, but very often it is culturally conditioned, and purposefully designed. Postulates of national identity can take the form of imperatives like „Love your motherland!” Very often they are formulated in another way that replaces the imperative with allegations expressed by claims in first person (single or plural) or in impersonal form. Such statements are similar and operate as spells. The ambivalent attitude to the ‘own’ contains some negative elements. Their designation may indicate a trauma, frustration caused by some kind of insufficiency (including a lack of heroic deeds), inferiority complex. Trauma and shame can be pushed to the unconscious, but can also be productive as a cohesive element and as search for compensatory actions or verbal structures.

Мемориализация подвига 110-й Калмыцкой кавалерийской дивизии в боях на Дону в июле 1942 г. в форме конных походов (май, июль 2022 г.)

Introduction. The article describes two equestrian expeditions undertaken in May and July 2022 to celebrate the 80th anniversary of earliest battles for the Don attended by the 100th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. The expeditions are viewed as commemorative practices to have facilitated further memorialization of the ethnic military unit’s heroic deeds. Materials and methods. The study employs a variety of general scientific and special research techniques, including the genetic method in history, participant observations, and interviews. The work analyzes monographs and articles dealing with the 110th Cavalry Division, interviews with expedition attendees, and published media materials. Results. The paper begins with a historical review of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and describes the struggle for its historical memory. This is followed by insights into the two equestrian expeditions to have commemorated the 80th anniversary of the unit’s earliest hostilities attended. The first expedition was held on Malye Derbety – Elista route (over 200 km long), lasted for seven days, and was culminated by a ceremonial march along Elista streets on 9 May. This involved a total of approximately thirty individuals, including one young woman and five children, and was largely a preparatory arrangement to identify and settle some potential logistic and technical problems. The second expedition was organized on route Malye Derbety – Razdorskaya (over 500 km long) in July 2022 and lasted for fourteen days. The group included seventeen male individuals dressed in 1942 uniforms of Red Army cavalrymen and equipped with blank WWII firearms. The expedition was to primarily pass through Rostov Oblast and ended in Razdorskaya on 23 July during an interregional Cossack song contest. Horse riders to have attended both the expeditions would participate in public meetings and concerts to narrate about heroic deeds performed by soldiers of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. So, the early 3rd millennium equestrian tours have proved an ingenious form of patriotic propaganda and shall be long remembered — like the delivered history of the ethnic military unit proper — by participants of corresponding events. Conclusions. The arranged equestrian expeditions have served an efficient tool to memorialize heroic past of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division both across Kalmykia and Rostov Oblast.

Мемориализация подвига 110-й Калмыцкой кавалерийской дивизии в боях на Дону в июле 1942 г. в форме конных походов (май, июль 2022 г.)

Introduction. The article describes two equestrian expeditions undertaken in May and July 2022 to celebrate the 80th anniversary of earliest battles for the Don attended by the 100th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. The expeditions are viewed as commemorative practices to have facilitated further memorialization of the ethnic military unit’s heroic deeds. Materials and methods. The study employs a variety of general scientific and special research techniques, including the genetic method in history, participant observations, and interviews. The work analyzes monographs and articles dealing with the 110th Cavalry Division, interviews with expedition attendees, and published media materials. Results. The paper begins with a historical review of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and describes the struggle for its historical memory. This is followed by insights into the two equestrian expeditions to have commemorated the 80th anniversary of the unit’s earliest hostilities attended. The first expedition was held on Malye Derbety – Elista route (over 200 km long), lasted for seven days, and was culminated by a ceremonial march along Elista streets on 9 May. This involved a total of approximately thirty individuals, including one young woman and five children, and was largely a preparatory arrangement to identify and settle some potential logistic and technical problems. The second expedition was organized on route Malye Derbety – Razdorskaya (over 500 km long) in July 2022 and lasted for fourteen days. The group included seventeen male individuals dressed in 1942 uniforms of Red Army cavalrymen and equipped with blank WWII firearms. The expedition was to primarily pass through Rostov Oblast and ended in Razdorskaya on 23 July during an interregional Cossack song contest. Horse riders to have attended both the expeditions would participate in public meetings and concerts to narrate about heroic deeds performed by soldiers of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. So, the early 3rd millennium equestrian tours have proved an ingenious form of patriotic propaganda and shall be long remembered — like the delivered history of the ethnic military unit proper — by participants of corresponding events. Conclusions. The arranged equestrian expeditions have served an efficient tool to memorialize heroic past of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division both across Kalmykia and Rostov Oblast.

„Tam jest pamiątek ognisko”. Elementy osjaniczne w twórczości Augusta Antoniego Jakubowskiego oraz Maurycego Gosławskiego

The aim of the article was to trace the similarities between the Songs of Ossian and the works of selected authors of the Ukrainian school, which allowed Maurycy Mochnacki to create in 1826 the metaphor of Ukraine as "Polish Scotland". We are talking about similarities in terms of building mood, creating images of space, reflecting on history, passing and memory, as well as a special sensitivity and way of feeling nature and the world. This metaphor has already been commented on many times, and it also evoked extreme opinions. Stanisław Makowski and Alina Witkowska, among others, found it unfounded, but its sources seem worth re-examining. The work aims to identify those features of Ukraine which, in the eyes of the authors of early Polish Romanticism, made it similar to Osianic Scotland. In the article, fragments of Songs of Ossian will be juxtaposed with selected works of lesser-known poets from the Ukrainian school, August Antoni Jakubowski and Maurycy Gosławski. Indigenous Ukrainian duma, which is related to the Songs of Ossian in general terms by the presence of epic elements, as well as frequently appearing historical topics, is important research material. The Ukrainian steppe was the space where the Kobzar sitting on the grave praised the heroic deeds of the Cossacks, just as Ossian told the stories of Fingal's warriors. This allowed Mochnacki to believe that the poets of the Ukrainian school, referring to indigenous folk art, would create national literature that would play a decisive role in "recognizing the nation as its own being”.

Sad and Absurd Representations of War in Gameplay and Interviews

There is a vivid interest in so-called epimilitary narratives of war that depart from heroic themes and zoom out from the armed forces. This article joins this direction by analyzing two variants of cultural narratives of the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina during the 1990s and the siege of Sarajevo: the videogame This War of Mine and Bosnian citizens’ personal stories told in qualitative interviews. Both variants portray war as an uncontrollable condition devoid of grand meanings, as an arena for survival skills and moral work rather than heroic deeds or moral tests, and as an object for detailed analysis rather than categorical positioning. To highlight this type of narrative across diverse manifestations may sensitize researchers to capture how the mundane and emotional content of war is articulated outside political scripts.

BELINDA’S WORLD OF TRIVIALITY IN THE RAPE OF THE LOCK: A MICROCOSM OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND AND THE IRONIC JUXTAPOSITION OF HER STORY WITH THE CLASSICAL EPICS

The Rape of the Lock is one of the best examples of mock-epic or mock-heroic poems written in English History. It is an imitation of Horatian satire, written in the Eighteenth-Century by Alexander Pope, in which he uses irony, sarcasm, and exaggeration to expose follies and vanities of the aristocratic or upper class in England in an undignified and grandiose manner. Written in heroic couplets about a trivial subject matter, the poet juxtaposes the trivial world of the upper class with the heroic deeds mentioned in the classical epics. This paper navigates the epic allusions used in The Rape of the Lock to mock the shortcomings of the upper class in England and to also satirize the epic tradition itself.

The Use of Brajbhasha in Sikh Contexts

Abstract This article connects the Sikh tradition to wider cultural and literary worlds by examining how gurbilās literature—written from the end of the seventeenth century into the nineteenth—is tied to the wider Braj literary world and more specifically to Braj martial poetry. Gurbilās literature—or “the play or pastimes of the Guru”—refers to a collection of biographies of the Sikh Gurus emphasizing the narration of life stories of Guru Gobind Singh and his heroic deeds. This essay focuses on the portrayal of an important battle widely narrated in Sikh history, the battle of Bhangani (dated to 1688), in three gurbilās texts. Its goal is to examine two main issues: first, how these three narratives, and gurbilās literature more broadly, interact along multiple poles with the wider world of Braj literary traditions, specifically with Braj martial poetry; and second, how these texts provide us with material to think about the context of performance of these texts. It concludes with a broad reflection on how these three narratives represent a textual microcosm that reveals the many connections gurbilās literature—and more broadly the Sikh cultural world—has with other genres and traditions.

Madurai Maruthan Ilanaganar and the Nadukal Culture of the Sangam Age

Ancient poets sang in many songs about the mediators taken for warriors in Sangam literature. Madurai Maruthan Ilanaganar, a contemporary of the Pandya king Nanmaran Valuthi, mentions his rare ideas about planting in six songs. This article explores the structure, developmental status of the mediators, the engraving, the imprinting of the human figure, the character of the engraver and the disintegration of the figure, the heroic deed of the opposing hero, and the implantation of messages about his heroism with the implant culture.

Rowing in the Breca Episode from a Narrative Perspective

Rowing in the Breca Episode from a Narrative Perspective

LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF MANAS BATYR

This research article discusses episodes related to how Khan Manas, who was seriously wounded in the great battle during the Great Campaign, was met by his wife Kanykey. Despite the severe pain in the area of ​​the wound, Manas pulled himself together with all his strength to stand in front of Kanykey with dignity. The wise Kanykey immediately subtly felt the poor state of her husband. Having rested a little after returning from an exhausting long journey, Manas asked his wife to come up to him he decided to tell her about his will, that his days were numbered and he had only a short time to live he asked her to mature, grow stronger, live for the sake of a common son, take care of him, protect her son from haters in every possible way he told her: when our son grows up, tell him about his father, his life path and exploits how he gathered and rallied the Kyrgyz family scattered in different places and distant lands into a single people, and that his father devoted his life to his native people educate him so that he grows up as a hero, a defender of his land. The will given to Kanykei was executed by her very reverently, accurately and responsibly. In the difficult days that fell to her lot, she gathered herself, pulled herself together, got stronger. Day and night, thinking about her son Semetey: she cared, educated, tried to make him grow up as a son of the people, a worthy successor to the legacy of his ancestors, and become a gentleman, perform heroic deeds like his father. Kanykeis mother looked into her sons future with great hope. And the son of Semetey, in turn, was a spiritual support for his mother. In the most difficult hours and minutes, she was supported and helped, the grandmother of her son Chiyyrdy was next to her, as well as relatives on her mothers side. In her images, we see hidden spiritual values, an example to follow, which our Kyrgyz mothers need to follow in the modern information-saturated reality. The article focuses on the fact that the testament as a method of public education carries a great moral value in the formation of important personal qualities of the younger generation.

SPACE AND TIME TRANSFERENCE OF MAIN CHARACTERS IN BRITISH AND ARMENIAN FAIRY TALES

The paper presents a comparative study of space and time transference of main characters in British and Armenian fairy tales, with pointing out convergent and divergent features of expressing these notions in a folkloristic text. The analysis shows that similarities prevail over differences. In both British and Armenian fairy tales spatial transference takes priority over the temporal one, when the main characters’ adventures or heroic deeds are presented; temporal transference is more common when evil deeds are described, especially the ones that happen at night. Besides, tragic and evil events are likely to take place more in enclosed areas than in open places. The numbers three and seven occurring in British and Armenian fairy tales have the same symbolic meanings. The differences concern the numerical indication of time points usually observed in British fairy tales and the presentation of the narrative space, which is somewhat different in view of the diverse country landscape of England and Armenia. While the opening formulas are almost identical, the closing formulas in Armenian tales reveal some differences, ending with a reward for the listener and teller of the fairy tale as well as with blessings and behests directed to the listener.

Abiding Traditions of the Heroic Ukrainian Spirit

430 years ago, at the turn of 1591–1592, there broke out the very first Cossack uprising in the whole series of Cossack uprisings of the end of the 16th-first half of the 17th century. Being the result of half of a century relentless Cossack struggle, they transformed into the war of 1648-1654 under the leadership of Khmelnytsky and eventually led to the re-establishment of Ukrainian statehood in the mid-17th century. The article historiographically elucidates social and national origins of Kryshtof Kosynsky, the leader of the uprising, as well as his religious confession, reasons behind his coming to Zaporizhzhia, first mentionings of him, and the beginnings of his service in protecting the Commonwealth’s borders. Kosynky’s contacts and relationships with high-ranking government officials, in particular Janush Zamoski and members of the Ostrogski and Wiśniowecki magnate princely families are clarified as well as his matrimonial ties with the Rużyński princely family. The article elaborates on the state of the Cossacks, their recruitment and how they were treated by the government, causes of their discontent and the specific motive for the uprising. The article also shows how the insurrectionary events unfolded, in particular near Bila Tserkva, Trypillia, and Piatka. The circumstances of Kosynsky’s death and the myths around him are described.This anniversary has given an opportunity to recall commitment and heroic deeds of Cossacks who defended not only the rights and freedoms of their own estate, but also ignited other strata of society with the holy spirit of freedom. In this article, which was written before the Russian-Ukrainian war unleashed by Russia on February 24, 2022, the author traces similarities between the courage of Cossack knights and heroic deeds which are currently being manifested en masse by the soldiers of the Armed Forces and civilians of Ukraine. Thus, nowadays the descendants of the Cossack knights courageously defend not only the borders, independence and freedom of Ukraine as it has long been the case in our national history, but without exaggeration also European democratic values and Western civilization as such. This massive heroism and courage of Ukrainians testifies that the freedom-loving traditions of the Ukrainian nation are invincible.

The Social Changes That Wartime Stories Convey

In each era, literary creations or works reflect the lives of people. In that aspect, the early literary grammars reflect that love and heroism are two eyes of Tamilians. Sangam literature dating back more than two thousand years, such as Purananuru and Patiruppattu, are historical repositories of wars fought between several kings. These works include the great warriors who defeated many kings and brought many empires under their reign and the charitable leaders who gave charities to those who sought them as the pivotal focus. The sense of valour prevails when reading these creations. The record of heroic deeds that go to war and win rather than love is set to evoke a sense of heroism. Such a record changes the focus over time to convey the potential casualties, material damage, and grief of the division. That is to say that the feeling of pride that was felt at one point turned into the sadness of crying later on. The focus of this article is to analyse the change and the social benefits of such a change.

Silapathikaram can be considered as a Heroic age Epic

The Age of Heroic is one of the most significant in the history of mankind. This is because during this period the gods and angels appeared as mythologists and performed heroic deeds. This can be traced back to the ancient literature of Greek and Roman. The period in which the Ramayana and the Mahabharata appeared in India is called the Heroic period. Next to this is the Heroic age of Tamil Nadu. Originating during this period were the Sangam poems, also Called as Cāṉṟōr poems. The first epic of Silappatikaram, which appeared at the end of the Heroic period of Tamil Nadu or the time when the empires appeared, refers to the history of Kannaki who appeared on earth and later became a deity. Elango has created this epic by prioritizing femininity in order to prioritize all the works that appeared during the heroic periods of Greek and Roman. In this epic the characterization, the course of the story, the structure of the story are essential. These support the biosphere of the primary mantras (Kannaki, Kovalan, Madhavi) and the development of the show. Is it possible to consider the epic Silappatikaram, which is considered to be from the 2nd century AD, as a heroic epic? This article is written to address the issue. In this article the elements of the heroic age are discussed in connection with the Silappatikaram.