Heroic Activity Research Articles

｢김원전｣의 흥미 요소 고찰

Kimwonjeon is a story of a protagonist, Kim Won, who wins the confrontation with the evil character through his extraordinary ability and the help of a supporting character and ends up in an amicable relationship with the two female characters. This story organically structured the plot by arranging various types of characters rather than simply enumerating the motifs. It implies that the interest factors of tales familiar to the readership are developed into novelistic features. Firstly, the protagonist was embodied by inheriting the narrative tradition of heroic characters. The story structure of a hero's journey whose life undergoes trials at a young age but escapes from the crisis with helpers and achieves something great based on his outstanding abilities. Kim Won's oviparity and conquest were used to enhance his heroism. Secondly, the antagonist in the story was put into a process called characterization to create an adversary of the protagonist. What draws readers' attention is the enormous appearance and power of the monster and the detailedly described underworld while simultaneously arousing curiosity about how Kim Won would defeat such a strong presence. The stunning portrayal of the antagonist is to embody the protagonist's activities against it in a more exciting way. Thirdly, female characters in the story play a role in making the narrative more vivid. The princess contributes to exterminating the monster, devotes herself to Kim Won, and supports her parents-in-law. The princess of the Sea God even leaves her hometown at Kim Won's request and plays a significant role in reviving him. In this way, the two female characters, the princess and the princess of the Sea God, are actively involved in making the story more interesting. By embracing narrative elements into the classic novel, Kimwonjeon established a worldview that readers would be enthusiastic about. The protagonist who descended from the celestial realm defends the ideology of loyalty, filial piety, and fidelity in the process of performing heroic activities in unique spaces such as the underground world and the underwater world, and returning to the earthly world to enjoy wealth and glory. The Confucian perspective was set up so that the protagonist and female characters protect it, naturally pleasing readers' desires.

Towards a theorization of communal war subgenre of action film in selected Nollywood films

The action film is one film genre that has attracted serious attention in scholarship. The hero in this genre is presented in a plethora of challenging situations that primarily revolve around violence, close fights, desperate chases, explosions and other life-threatening physical conditions. The action film in Nollywood currently focuses only on an infinitesimal aspect of Nigerian life basically revolving around armed bandits, drug organizations and human trafficking amongst others. Given that Nigeria is a country that is replete with a vast history of heroic activities, this study attempts to expand the horizon to the study of the action film genre in Nollywood by investigating its conventional codes from other aspects of Nigerian life, particularly from the communal war experience. The study is guided by the theory of genre as a framework to analyze two purposively sampled films namely: Invasion 1897, and Battle of Musanga. This research adopts the qualitative methodology of textual interpretation of the selected films to arrive at its results. Among its findings is the fact that apart from the mainstream action film genre in Nollywood, observable features of the genre are copiously found in communal war backgrounds of traditional Nigerian society. This study contributes to knowledge by delineating the codes and conventions that could aid critical discourses on the Communal War sub-generic classification of the action film in Nollywood. It is, therefore part of the recommendations of this study that more attention is paid to the development of indigenous canons to aid intellectual discourses on the African film.

ҚАЗАҚ ТАРИХЫНДАҒЫ КЕНЕСАРЫ ХАННЫҢ БАТЫРЛЫҚ ТҰЛҒАСЫ

The history of the Kazakh statehood will undoubtedly be of great importance in the current political situation of Kazakhstan and the development of the national idea, strengthening the support of the country. The Kazakh people were recognized as a heroic people – there were many heroic personalities in its history. In Kazakh history, the study of political, heroic activity and personal qualities of khans and biys, leaders and batyrs, generals has always been relevant. One of the topics that became a big scientific problem in Kazakhstani historiography was the political activity of the last Kazakh Khan Kenessary Kassymuly, his heroic activity in Kazakh society. The article examines the history of the national liberation uprising of the Kazakh people led by Kenessary Kassymuly, his socio-political activities and his personal characteristics, as well as examines the political measures implemented by Kenessary Kassymuly in the Kazakh steppe, gives a historical assessment of the actions of a national character.

Understanding Everyday Rescue: Insights from the Diary of Arnold Douwes

Abstract Arnold Douwes led a rescue network in the village of Nieuwlande, in the Dutch province of Drenthe. For fifteen months he bore sole responsibility for Jews and others in hiding, whose numbers grew thanks to the rescuers’ philosophy of never refusing genuine fugitives. What makes Douwes unique is that he recorded extensive coded notes about his day-to-day thoughts and activities, burying these in jam-jars in various safe places. Crucially for our understanding of rescue, his chronicle provides in-depth insight into not only the group’s heroic activities, but also the mundane work required to maintain those in hiding.

Reclaiming ethics through love: ‘literature’ in Natsume Sōseki’s novel Sorekara

This study seeks to shed new light on a well-known contradiction: why did Natsume Sōseki start writing novels (shōsetsu) despite his suspicion, if not dislike of the genre? A major reason for his suspicion was the novel’s representation of love and romance, conforming to the new Meiji concept of literature (bungaku) derived from Western models. This focus greatly differed from the traditional notion of literature to which Sōseki was still attached, which emphasized the social, moral, and political mission of literary texts. Through a rereading of his novel Sorekara (And Then, 1909), I argue that Sōseki paradoxically sought to retrieve the traditional mission of literature through the novel’s focus on male-female romance. Sorekara reflects on the loss of ethical values, associated with the Edo past, as the civilizational crisis of Meiji modernity, but it also presents an adulterous love as the locus where ethical and heroic activity is recovered. Solving the crisis of modernity and the nation, this love briefly reinstitutes literature’s social and political mission, but the conflation of adultery and ethical heroism also leads to an affective and narrative breakdown. Ultimately, this article uncovers Sōseki’s self-conscious and artistic negotiation between irreconcilable notions of literature within his novelistic plots.

Greetings from the SERTOT President.

Dear Members, we are going through a difficult period in every aspect, which has seen us to react to the epidemic aggression and then to reconstruct what has been damaged or destroyed. In the phase of overcoming the period of "heroic" activity, the risk is that there will be a tendency to tiredness and renunciation. We have to react and regain our personal and professional strength and even the SERTOT must react. Because of this, it is with great pleasure that I introduce the volume 4-2020 Acta Biomedica Supplement - Advances in Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Rehabilitation - SERTOT. The vitality of our Scientific Society is demonstrated by its ability to publish scientific papers also in this particular period of the life. This is the first issue in 2020 but I am confident that our Society will publish also to the second one. SERTOT has always stimulated their members to send articles to the magazine focused on different orthopaedics and traumatologic topics. For these reasons, I am very happy that, also in this circumstance, contributions have arrived particularly numerous. A special thanks to the Deputy Editors Francesco Pogliacomi and Paolo Di Benedetto for the personal commitment and passion dedicated to the magazine and to the sponsors who have guaranteed the release of this journal in the past years and this year. Sincerely.

НАУКОВИЙ ЧИН ІГОРЯ КАЧУРОВСЬКОГО

Іgor Kachurovskyi is a poet, prose writer, translator, literary critic. The author of article-essay dwells only on literary criticism of his hypostasis, and more specifically – poetry. Metrics, strophics, phonics, generics, literary stylistics is his scientific element and his heroic activity. The unique character of the philologist is his free mastery of material and free engagement of illustrations also from his own artistic practice, sometimes polemical unention of authority, and even though the deliberate encouragement of the reader to a dispute or just to not dogmatic thinking. The original observation of the non-absolute syllabic, the presence of metric syllables in it and those that the researcher called grammatical, and it seems that they are should better be described as rhythmovaria- tional, because not changing the meter, they vary the rhythm ( we talk about not grammar but about rhythm and its metric dimensions). Thoughts about metric pluravalency that is multidimensionality of some textx are very interesting and important. A specialist in poetry is persuasive in his opinion about types of rhythm and clauses. Why should we use borrowed French terms a “male” clause (and rhyme), a female clause (and rhyme) when the French themselves have already reduced “female” stresses? In addition, the terminological series of “male” – “female” – “dactylic” – “hyperadactic” is not successive. It would be better in the following way: choreic – yambic – dactylic ... As for a clause, then the Greek terms “oxytone”, “paroxytone”, “proparoxytone” are bulky. The best is to use clear digital terms – 1-syllable, 2-syllable, 3-syllable, 4-syllable, 5-syllable... and even 5-syllable clause. The approach of I. Kachurovskyi to phonics was much more systematic comparatively with “continental” literary criticism. His phonics reaches a binary opposition euphony / cacophony. It gives grounds to a deeper structuring of these phenomena in dimen- sions paradigmatics / syntagmatics.

Doktor Helena Maria Kornella (1897–1992) – pierwsza kobieta urolog w Polsce

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Dopuszczenie kobiet do studiów medycznych nastąpiło dopiero w drugiej połowie XIX w. Jednak tylko nieliczne lekarki interesowały się chirurgią. Na przełomie XIX i XX w. już kilka lekarek amerykańskich wykonywało operacje na narządach moczowych. Pionierem była Marie B. Werner, która mogła leczyć wyłącznie kobiety. Mary E. Childs MacGregor (1896–1955) odbyła całkowite szkolenie urologiczne w 1928 r. i została pierwszym szefem urologii w Nowym Jorku. Była inspiratorem kariery urologicznej dr Elisabeth Pickett, która w 1966 r. została pierwszą kobietą dyplomowanym urologiem w Ameryce.W 1911 r. Dora Brücke-Teleky została pierwszą kobietą urologiem, członkiem Niemieckiego Towarzystwa Urologicznego, a w 1920 r. Wiedeńskiego Towarzystwa Urologicznego. W 1923 r. Sophia Lisovskaja pierwsza na świecie została profesorem urologii Instytutu Medycznego w St. Petersburgu; kierowała nim do 1952 r.Jednak poza pojedynczymi wyjątkami urologia była do lat 70. XX w. domeną mężczyzn.Celem pracy było przedstawienie pierwszej kobiety, asystentki Oddziału Urologicznego we Lwowie, pokazanie jej bohaterskich, czynów i przeżyć w burzliwych i dramatycznych latach II wojny światowej.Materiały: Do publikacji wykorzystano materiały z bibliotek i archiwów angielskich oraz polskich, jak również fotografie i dokumenty ze zbiorów rodzinnych Kornelli.Życiorys: Helena Kornella urodziła się 6 listopada 1897 r. w Jaśle. Ojciec inżynier Michał Kornella ukończył studia Techniczne w Wiedniu, a doktoryzował się na Politechnice Lwowskiej. Matką była Jadwiga z domu Hoszowska. Helena ukończyła studia medyczne na Uniwersytecie Lwowskim w 1928 r. Po studiach była asystentką na Oddziale Urologicznym, następnie pracowała na Oddziale Chorób Wewnętrznych we Lwowie.W kwietniu 1940 r. wraz z matką, bratową oraz 3-miesięczną bratanicą została wywieziona do Kazachstanu. Początkowo odbywała „wyrok ciężkich robót” w Sowchozie. Następnie pracowała jako lekarz w Siergiopolu, a w 1941 r. w Pomocniczej Wojskowej Służbie Kobiet. Potem była opiekunką polskich sierot, które przewiozła do Teheranu. Następnie była opiekunką Bejrutczyków w Libanie.W 1950 r. przybyła do Anglii. Tam pracowała jako lekarz do 70. roku życia. Zmarła w Essex w 1992 r.Podsumowanie: Doktor Helena Maria Kornella była pierwszą kobietą asystentką Oddziału Urologicznego we Lwowie. Ofiarnie pracowała przy zwalczaniu epidemii tyfusu i była opiekunką polskich sierot w Kazachstanie.

Зависимость просоциальной мотивации подростков от восприятия ими последовательности родительского воспитания

Adolescence is the most dynamic and eventful period of human development. During this crucial period of life, adolescents encounter challenges in life and constantly adapting to the relationship dynamics with friends, family, school and society. There is tendency of adolescents to engage in antisocial or pro-social behaviour. Adolescents’ relationship with parents and guardian significantly influence their antisocial and prosocial behavior. Pro-social behavior is defined as a behavior that is primarily aimed at benefiting others. Some pro-social behaviour is extrinsically motivated whereas some are intrinsically motivated. The present study investigated the nature of prosocial behaviour among adolescents and impact of consistency and inconsistency of parenting style on prosocial behaviour. A group of 610 adolescents (310 boys and 300 girls) aged between 16—18 years (mean = 17.07 and standard deviation = 1.02) was selected for the present study. Pro-social Motivation Questionnaire and Parental Authority Questionnaire were used to measure pro-social motive and parenting style, respectively. The results indicate that adolescents generally show higher level of intrinsic pro-social motive. Adolescent girls prefer to display internalised and empathetic pro-social motives whereas adolescent boys tend to gain others’ approval by displaying heroic activities. Consistency in parenting style facilitates intrinsic pro-social motive only when both parents are authoritative in nature. The result interestingly reveals that inconsistent parenting style is not always bad. Authoritative and permissive dyad facilitates intrinsic pro-social motive among adolescents. Implications for parental socialisation in families and pro-social motive among adolescents are discussed.

Disability, Heroism and Australian National Identity

Disability, Heroism and Australian National Identity

At Home with the Bella Coola Indians: T.F. McIlwraith's Field Letters, 1922-4 (review)

Reviewed by: At Home with the Bella Coola Indians: T.F. McIlwraith's Field Letters, 1922-4 Dianne Newell At Home with the Bella Coola Indians: T.F. McIlwraith's Field Letters, 1922-4. Edited by John Barker and Douglas Cole. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003. Pp. 205 , illus. $85.00 cloth, $29.95 paper Recent studies of field-based disciplines such as anthropology, geography, and (thanks to Donna Haraway) primatology, have problematized the relationship of researchers to 'the field.' Traditional fieldwork evoked strong images of masculine endeavour - tough, heroic activity and character building. The field itself was feminized, a wild place requiring close observation, taming, and mastery. New approaches to fieldwork reveal a more complex web of practices and spatial metaphors, displacing the very meaning of the 'field' itself. In At Home with the Bella Coola Indians, editors John Barker and Douglas Cole explore ethnographic fieldwork - 'anthropology's crucible' - as a traditional social practice [End Page 579] moulding both the fieldworker and the products of the fieldworker's labour. The editors present and interpret T.F. McIlwraith's field letters from his two stints with the Bella Coola (Nuxalk) Indians of central coastal British Columbia in 1922-4. They attempt to demystify fieldwork itself, though not necessarily to question it. Both here and in John Barker's introduction to the 1992 reissue of T.F. McIlwraith's ethnography The Bella Coola Indians (1948), McIlwraith's study is referred to as 'one of the finest ethnographies ever written about a Northwest Coast people.' It is argued that McIlwraith produced a coherent ethnography of a Northwest Coast people, something Franz Boas and his followers could not claim. This is no small compliment. Boas established his international reputation - and the North American field of ethnography - on his late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century studies of Northwest Coast people. The texts the Boasians collected were an end in themselves: recited by Indian informants, preferably in the vernacular, and regarded as a 'means of presenting original culture "as it appears to the Indian himself," free from "contaminating" interpretations on the part of the interpreter' (21). McIlwraith, more casually, recorded the texts in English while still, like Boas, conforming to the established procedures of 'salvage' ethnography: fieldworkers rarely lived among the Indians they studied (McIlwraith lived with a white - a Bella Coola salmon-cannery owner and trader); they observed and recorded cultural practices; they relied primarily upon paid Indian field informants for data and translation; and they 'made sense of the patterning of a culture,' only after leaving the field (18). McIlwraith is interesting on many levels. Together with Marius Barbeau, he was one of the earliest of the anthropologically trained Canadians to study Canada's Pacific Coast nations. For McIlwraith, then only twenty-three, his Bella Coola study was his single experience with ethnographic research. The publishing history behind The Bella Coola Indians is bizarre. His eleven months with the Bella Coola generated a massive manuscript of 1,800 pages. Its Nuxalk language characters were technically difficult to reproduce, and its explicit descriptions of sexual activities were censored by the supervisor of government publications despite McIlwraith's clever attempts to disguise them within Latin translations. Various obstacles delayed publication for over twenty years. Yet when the manuscript appeared in 1948, it was a fully restored, two-volume publication. The editors of At Home amassed over one hundred pages of McIlwraith's professional and personal letters from the field. Their introduction expands on previous published collections of field letters, notably by Franz Boas and by Margaret Mead. They explore the fieldwork techniques [End Page 580] of the 1920s, including applications of new field recording technology such as wax cylinder recordings; they provide thoughtful explanations of what letters from the field tell us (compared with field notes, reports, or diaries); and they suggest how to read letters today that were originally intended for a different and diverse readership - McIlwraith's parents and sweetheart, his revered Cambridge professors, and his museum bosses in Ottawa. We learn of the triangulation of letter writer, original readers, and contemporary editor(s), and also of the role of the surviving members of the McIlwraith family, who were an indispensable resource. Without the...

Rewriting the heroic script: Relationship in rockclimbing

This article investigates the suggestion that the leisure activity of rockclimbing represents a contemporary manifestation of heroic activity, and that the opportunity to engage with the heroic identity forms part of the attraction of rockclimbing. The traditional nature of the hero is male, in flight from committed relationships and devoted to an ethic of action and conquest. An investigation of a rockclimbing community revealed that the construction of rockclimbing displays both resistance and conformity to this stereotype. Although some male climbers adopted strategic behaviour (based on a dominance/suppression model) with respect to relationships with their climbing partners, other male climbers and all female climbers adopted behaviour that conformed to Jaspers' (1955) understanding of the “loving struggle” with respect to climbing relationships. The notion of conquest has also been transformed, within this climbing community, to a struggle to overcome personal limitations, rather than dominance over some Other.

Storying War: A Capsule Overview

What counts as a representation of war? What kinds of war stories have found favor over time? What trends emerge, and what genres and themes appear worldwide? War stories encompass varied fictional genres and perspectives, as well as quasi-fictional autobiographical accounts; settings include not just the actual war zone but also the home front (as in World War II's many hiding out stories); war's aftermath at home or conflicts of the future are related topics. Tales featuring armed conflict, usually from an anti-war perspective, as in "Things by Their Right Names" and "The Price of a Victory" in Anna Letitia Barbauld and John Aikin's Evenings at Home (1792-96), have contributed to juvenile literature since its late-eighteenth-century takeoff. The American Civil War starred in many children's magazines; adventure tales, usually nationalistic, were popular in the later nineteenth century, an approach that also resurfaces during the earlier years of twentieth-century wars. Although war stories are sometimes categorized as pure adventure or combat zone tales, they are inherently didactic: they inculcate patriotic moral values or, more often, question the morality of war. Most are variants on the oldest adult genre borrowed by children, the Robinson Crusoe survival story, often directly alluded to within texts, as in Uri Orlev, The Island on Bird Street (1981, trans. Hillel Halkin, 1984). Although tales may be overtly aimed at boys or girls, war stories are read across genders, and war activities frequently allow fictional protagonists (like real-life girl readers) participation in heroic activities, from nursing under fire to escaping enemy pursuers.

"Where the Banalities Are Enacted": The Everyday in Gordimer's Novels

“Where the Banalities Are Enacted”: The Everyday in Gordimer’s Novels Susan Pearsall (bio) When Nadine Gordimer stated in 1974 that “there is no country in the western world where the daily enactment of the law reflects politics as intimately and blatantly as in South Africa,” she indicated that the rigidly defined power relations structuring her society manifested themselves even in the most minor circumstances (qtd. Engle, “Political” 105). Gordimer’s novels, laden with political issues and catalogues of details revealing South African life in its mundane specificity, render accounts of the intrusions of the political into the everyday that arose from apartheid’s microscopic definitions of criminal behavior. As a result, critics have speculated throughout her career that her concern with South African politics may have harmed her fiction. In an early critical study, Michael Wade refers to her “technique of meticulous examination of detail in her tentative search for just assessments” of life in her home country, adding somewhat apologetically that “it is possible to criticize” her first novel, The Lying Days, “for being weighed down by evidence [by] an unusual quantity of detail in the life and growth of Helen Shaw” (5). The “powerful level of particularity” (31) Wade admires does not necessarily translate into a sense of immediacy for her readers since Gordimer’s aim seems to be a Brechtian Verfremdungseffekt, the promotion of a complex awareness by portraying aberrant conditions within a surface normality, not the provocation of outrage by recounting evil deeds in a tone of anger or lament. 1 International praise for her abilities as a novelist has far outweighed scattered reviewers’ accusations of “banality” and “impersonality” in her style (qtd. Smith 4–5), but Gordimer’s The Conservationist and July’s People, like J. M. Coetzee’s In the Heart of the Country, Life & Times of Michael K, and Age of Iron, do convey a sense of the “tedium and waiting” (Coetzee, Foe 83) that characterized the South African “interregnum,” Gordimer’s name for apartheid-era South Africa, which she envisioned not as a war zone but as a static space between two decisive orders of existence. Insisting on dullness at the very moment of liberation in South Africa, Michael K and July’s People depict the anticlimax white liberals feared would accompany the long-anticipated revolution and reflect a “fetishistic entrapment of South African whites in the syndrome of waiting” (Lazarus 133) for an apocalyptic future: these novels transform a state of civil war into the boredom of the barely literate, the grunginess of the unwashed body, the vapid communications of the long married. In Coetzee’s novels, great human issues, such as economic disparity, are figured as kitsch—Anna K’s “fawn plastic handbag”—or reduced to absurdity, as when terminally ill Elizabeth Curren screams in anger at the horde of cats in her yard demanding to be fed. Summarizing the unreal, prosaic quality of everyday life and literary endeavors in South Africa as portrayed in recent fiction, Pauline in Gordimer’s A Sport of Nature muses, “There’s something about a colonial society that trivializes” (57). [End Page 95] Gordimer and Coetzee present daily life under an authoritarian government in South Africa as both dull and deeply politicized, a situation that implies a cheapening of personal relationships and an exhausting urgency for significant, even heroic activity on the part of ordinary citizens. Foregrounding the low and the common in their fiction seems an attempt to avoid the aesthetic banality Gordimer calls “agitprop,” a typical artistic overreaction to a state of tyranny whose character and strategies resembled Nazi-era Germany (“Living” 276). Fascistic politics, a source of aesthetic and moral banality and cultural kitsch in Germany, may have contributed to the “deadening, and even deadly, binary opposites” and the omnipresent “crudeness and reductiveness of racial thinking” that have constricted South African art throughout this century (Huggan and Watson 3). The term “petty apartheid,” ironic in the context of systematic, state-sanctioned oppression, hints at a persistent banality that attaches itself to representations of South Africa under apartheid, and, sensing the state’s trivialization of public and personal life, Gordimer has long decried apartheid’s infantile restrictions on citizens’ daily lives...

Heroism and science education reform

In this study, we use a cultural framework to examine two important science curriculum changes in a large Australian state during the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, we describe the activities of two prominent science educators who presided over these curriculum reforms against a backdrop of significant changes in the school system of the time. We represent the actions of these persons as heroic Drawing on interview data from these and other members of the community, we describe how the Heroes shaped, modified and united the culture through referents, rituals and artefacts. We speculate on the importance of heroic activity in supporing curriculum change.

The Translator as Hero in Postmodern Fiction

The idea that the translator is a heroic figure has not yet come of age, either in literature or in the world at large. The phrase 'Conan the Translator' does have a wonderful resonance, but literature offers few instances of translators acting out epic roles. Why should the idea of the translator as hero be so unexpected, so diverting? Even as the protagonist of a postmodern novel, the translator will inevitably acquire a certain aura, will seem larger than life, will project something, however tenuous, of the heroic. Moreover, in the modern world itself we have encountered the translator as tragic hero. He is Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese translator of The Satanic Verses, stabbed to death in 1991. He is Ettore Capriolo, translator of The Satanic Verses, stabbed, but not fatally, in the same month in Italy. But the fact remains that translation and heroic activity seem antithetical. The hero is easily recognized as the one who exudes an over-abundance of self. Our virtue as translators, on the other hand, apparently depends on a deficiency of self, on a high degree of 'negative capability'. Precisely our modesty, our willingness to play second fiddle, to meld into the identity of a primary creator, is often viewed as a precondition of successful translation. Are we not required, as translators, to be humble, selfless to the degree that we can take on the sensibility, style, and world view of the writer? Does not our lack of prestige and social status as translators mirror, alas, this negative capability? We are poorly paid and often anonymous, our names left off dust jackets and title pages, omitted from bibliographies and book reviews. When not wholly invisible, we appear as marginal figures indeed. Yet there are ancient precedents for an alternative view in which translation is conceived as an epic endeavour and the translator as heroic. In the legend of the Septuagint, the Hellenistic world gives us the prototype of the translator as cultural hero. The seventy translators of the Hebrew scriptures labour in isolation, each in his cell, in Alexandria,

Creating a disability mythology.

People with disabilities have, for the most part, failed to identify with each other as a group. This has been detrimental because it has built a sense of isolation when a camaraderie based upon existing commonalities could have been developed. During the past ten to twenty years, there has been a great deal of discussion about appropriate language to use when discussing disability issues. This discussion has been a part of a larger debate concerning the existence of a disability culture. I believe that there is indeed a disability culture and I am a proponent of identifying and passing on stories which contribute to that culture. I have chosen to use mythology to convey this message and have begun with a focus on heroes - people who do something out of the ordinary. It is contended that almost all people with disabilities have performed heroic activities because of the pervasive discrimination encountered by each individual with a disability. Creating a disability mythology is an attempt to recognize and promote heroes within the disabled community and to advocate the importance of telling other people how positive change has occurred through instances of individual heroism.

Mystical Fantasy for Children: Silence and Community

To many adult Western readers, the word suggests hermits, monks, the medieval cloister, the isolated inner experience of religious ecstasy and mystery, while the literary genre of fantasy implies knights, pilgrims, travel, supernatural trappings, and heroic activity. The tradition of mysticism is individual and inward; fantasy, communal and active. Mystical writing would therefore seem a contradictory concept, since the moment of mystical insight or religious ecstasy requires long silent preparation and resists linguistic description. Solitary, concentrated on the transcendent moment of spiritual fusion with the deity or the universe, the mystic also loses the self in wordless union with the Logos. As the anonymous author of one fourteenth-century English tract on con- templation states, it is permissible or possible to speak ... of what belongs solely to God. If I dared, I would not (The Cloud of Unknowing, ch. 26, 87).' Despite the difficulties in doing so, mystics like St. John of the Cross and St. Teresa of Avila do, of course, describe their expe- riences in words for others, although they continually call attention to the imperfection of those descriptions; as readers, we are forced to interpret their silences but will always feel shut out of full understanding and participation. Even in modernist works of secular mysticism, like Virginia Woolf 's or D. H. Lawrence's, the protagonists (for example, Mrs. Ram- say or Birkin) experience the tension between language and silence and do succeed in communicating their mystical moments to their fellow characters—or sometimes even to us. Adult fantasy, particularly heroic fantasy, is perceived to be a much more expressive and public entity than mystical writing. Yet like the mystics in the religious tradition, its heroes customarily stand alone in the world.2 The knights of King Arthur's Round Table sit together at Pentecost and are united in their silent response to the appearance of the Sangreal, yet they set out alone on their quests. The desire for individual transcendence becomes a sign of the Round Table's dissolution as a social world; instead of drawing the knights together in a tighter bond of friend-

LIMITATIONS OF MARATHON RUNNING IN THE REHABILITATION OF CORONARY PATIENTS: ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC DETERMINANTS*

Prescribed, supervised exercise training has proved valuable in the rehabilitation of selected coronary patients. However, long distance (marathon) running has limited cardiovascular value in the rehabilitation of patients for a majority of occupations, which involve predominantly upper extremity effort. The age of patients with coronary heart disease and the severity of the lesions preclude the wide application of marathon running to the general coronary heart disease population. Less than 6/1000 subjects with coronary heart disease have been estimated as potentially being able to achieve by high-level training a maximum Vo2 sufficient to complete a marathon race in 5 hours. The hazards of high-level-activity-induced cardiac arrest that is reversible mandates the availability of CPR equipment and personnel in the immediate vicinity of all coronary patients and most coronary-prone patients who are undertaking such heroic activity. Over-publicized marathon running by a few subjects has aroused unrealistic expectations for the majority of coronary heart disease subjects and probably similarly for a considerable number of coronary-prone subjects, many of whom have "silent" coronary disease.

Hospitals Under Fire but the Lamp Still Burns

This little book does not attempt to give a full account of the bombing of British hospitals. It does, however, reflect to some extent the effects of bombing on institutions which care for women and children as well as for others, and it does reflect also the manner in which the people of London responded to the attacks that were made on them. The book is replete with illustrations and with anecdotes and is supplemented with a list of the heroes and heroines who were recognized with Distinguished Service medals and with other decorations for their heroic activities during the bombing of the hospitals. Obviously, unless one has been in immediate contact with such hazards it is almost impossible to appreciate the serious conditions that eventuate.