Historical Heroes Research Articles

FC Bayern Munich as a ‘victim’ of National Socialism? Construction and critique of a ‘heroic myth’

ABSTRACT FC Bayern Munich has described its history during the Nazi era as that of a victim under the dictatorship that was systematically disadvantaged. Numerous institutions and the media have supported the football club until 2016 in presenting this self-portrayal as historical truth. Since then, doubts have been raised about this view of history due to the discovery of numerous, previously unknown sources. This article analyses the central elements of the ‘heroic history’ which FC Bayern is said to have written in the Third Reich. In particular, the core statements of the club museum in the Allianz Arena (Munich) are critically examined. As a result of this examination, it becomes clear that the self-image that the football club has of its role in the Nazi era is, demonstrably, a historical myth. In FC Bayern’s marketing, this myth aims to enhance its reputation in the national and international media and to claim moral superiority in competition with other football clubs.

Empty Tomb, Resurrection, Apotheosis

Empty Tomb, Resurrection, Apotheosis

“Overcoming Inhuman Difficulties”: I.V. Stalin Crimean State Medical Institute in the Period of the Great Patriotic War (According to Documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation)

Introduction. The article focuses mainly on the activities of I.V. Stalin Crimean State Medical Institute during the Great Patriotic War, its main areas of work. Comprehensive scientific developments on this issue are not available in Russian historiography. Methods and materials. The research is carried out based on a variety of archival sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF, Moscow), which are introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. Various groups of documents are widely involved: correspondence of S.R. Tatevosov, director of the institute, with the authorities on the functioning of the university; directives, decrees of state institutions reflected in the activities of the medical institute; university reporting and planning documentation. Analysis. Employees and students of Crimean Medical Institute were forced to leave the peninsula after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, from the moment of the threat of occupation of the Crimea. The university team had to be evacuated along the route: Armavir – Tbilisi – Krasnovodsk – Dzhambul – again Armavir – Ordzhonikidze – Baku – Krasnovodsk – Kzyl-Orda. Their wanderings lasted almost a year, however, the university did not stop its activities for a single day as the front was in dire need of medical specialists. Two turnouts graduated in Kzyl-Orda in incredibly difficult conditions. In total, from June 1941 to July 1944, the institute trained 850 doctors, wherefore the university staff was awarded with personal thanks of I.V. Stalin. Results. The heroic history of I.V. Stalin Crimean State Medical Institute during the Great Patriotic War has been restored. The activity of lecturers of the institute during the period of forced evacuation to the territory of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (the city of Kzyl-Orda) has been analyzed. The stage of resuming the work of the university after its re-evacuation to Simferopol has been recreated in detail, the measures taken to prepare for the beginning of the first academic year in the Crimea in the autumn of 1944 have been restored. In order to prepare the study, the authors have carried out a detailed historiographic analysis, and have selected the source base carefully.

THE STATE OF THE SOVIET FILM INDUSTRY IN THE 1930s

Soviet cinema of the 1930s has long been of particular interest for historians from Russia and abroad. For a long time in historiography, the Soviet art of the 1930s has been associated with the Soviet ideology and propaganda of the stated
 period. This topic was considered by the outstanding historians such as David Brandenberg, Boris Ilzarov, Yevgeny Gromov, Alexander Dubrovsky, Katerina Clark, etc.
 At the same time, in the studies on this topic, as a rule, focuses is made on the formation of Russian national ideology in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. In the center of historical research there are literature and cinema cultivating Russian
 national historical heroes. Besides, cinema comes to prominence in the 1930s. However, in historiography the state of the Soviet film industry in the proposed period is very poorly covered.
 This paper discusses the state of the Soviet film industry in the 1930s. Based on archival materials of the Main Department of Film Affairs, on the paperwork related to the development of the film industry, as well as memoirs of contemporaries,
 the author assesses the state of the Soviet film industry at the turn of the 1920s–1930s, as well as traces the development of the film industry in the 1930s. The author highlights
 the most significant problems of the Soviet cinema of the 1930s, as well as the main projects for solving these problems. Thus, this study makes it possible to assess the state and production capacity of the Soviet film industry in the 1930s.

Shahid Nadeem’s Play Dara and the Distortion of the History

The present research paper explores the text of the play Dara written by Shahid Nadeem from the power-knowledge nexus perspective. The researcher finds that the play depicts that history represented by the ruling class is fabricated, which presents historical heroes as villains and villains as heroes. The researcher analyzes Shahid Nadeem’s play Dara to see how the historical character of Aurangzeb Alamgir is represented in the play. It is a commonplace to look at the emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir as a devoted Muslim who indulges his time to serve Islam. However, the researcher finds that the play questions this representation of Aurangzeb Alamgir in the history books and redefines him as a fanatic and extremist who use religion to take revenge on his brother and who shook the very spirit of Islam. The researcher uses Michael Foucault's concept of history, power, and knowledge. History is not linear, history is not what is told through textbooks and media; history is buried and there is a need to dig the buried truth. The findings of this research show that Shahid Nadeem presents two ideologies by his play, the Sufi image of Islam and the fundamentalist image of Islam. He brings the forgotten hero on the stage of the theatre. Nadeem questions and exposed the nexus of power and knowledge.

Historization and Mythologization of Characters in Buryat Traditions (Image of Balzhan)

In a comparative aspect, historical and mythological components in the main oral and written versions of stories about a woman who was the main character in the oral traditions and chronicles of the Khori-Buryats are considered. The novelty of the study is in the identification of the historical cognitive part of the traditions in the context of real events concerning the image of Balzhan. The results of a comparative analysis of different versions of written texts and oral stories to identify mythological sacred additions and transform the real story are presented. The relevance of the study is due to a comparative analysis of the main versions of tradition in an interdisciplinary aspect, which led to the conclusion that the storyline of the novels about Balzhan in the vast majority of cases develops exclusively in the context of describing the history of the formation and development of the ethnic group of the Khorinsky Buryats in the period from the 17th century. It is proved that in written versions the main oral plot outline is preserved with the strengthening of historical components, in some cases the entire mythological part is removed to create the image of a plausible historical hero. The authors note that the mythological nomadic insets in the legends go back to oral traditions, having the functions of sacralizing and heroizing the tragic fate of the non-standard woman who determined the fate of the tribe.

Герои исламской истории в коллективной памяти мусульман России

The cultural memory of Muslims forms a certain way of communication, thinking, which is instrumentalized by the community of believers for religious discourse in a mosque, printing, media projects, and education. The reproduction of collective memory occurs through the heroes of history – the figures of memory. The latter serve as spatial and temporal landmarks of the group’s memory and become models and role models. This article provides a brief analysis of the places of memory of the heroes of Islamic history in the cultural identity of Muslims of the Russian Federation. The solution to this problem will bring us closer to understanding the self-identification, religious life and mentality of the Russian community of believers. The main personalities in Muslim history are the prophets, associates, pious rulers and military leaders, great scholars, theologians, and the righteous. To determine the significance of personality for cultural memory, the research was faced with the task of reducing their list with specific tools for studying big data. For this, the Google Trends analysis tool was used, and on its basis a hierarchy of requests from the heroes of Islamic history is carried out. The interpretation of the data is carried out. The article discusses which memorialization strategies are used by the Muslim community to reproduce a cultural transmission, as well as existing injuries and forms of silence. The absence of a single Russian Islamic metanarrative is an obstacle to the unification of Muslim believers and their integration into the national cultural agenda

Антиастрологический дискурс Максима Грека и вопросы формирования авторского кодекса писателя

The writings of Maximus the Greek (Maxim Grek) devoted to refutation of mantic astrology which proceeded in Moscow Rus in the second quarter of the 16 th century are analyzed. A conclusion is made that the opposition of two dominant pursuits predetermined the semantics of the antiastrological discourse: those were disproval of the ‘Hellenic’ teaching of star- gazers and affirmation of the force of Divine Providence, which granted the freedom of will to the Man (“the absolute rule of the Man”). Maximus the Greek based his polemic on the systemic relationship between the historic experience and the spiritual meaning. The morphology of the anti-astrological discourse embraces such stable elements of narration as the history of star-gazing, the image of fortune (”the wheel of luck”), the fates of Biblical and historical heroes, and a quotation from the song of Prophet Anna (the First Book of the Kings, 2: 7–8). The function of these units of meaning in the writings of different periods by Maximus the Greek, the forms of their presentation, the contextuality, the meaning of verbal communication, and the accents chosen became the part of the theoretical system of the polemic discourse and allowed identification of the stages of formation of the author’s code in the writings of Maximus the Greek. Maximus the Greek names the Romans and the Germans (Nikolay Bulev) to be the main culprits who initiated the spread of mantic astrology in Russia. Whereas in his earlier epistles, the learned monk from Mount Athos presents the history of formation of the pernicious teaching based on series of ethnonyms, in his later writings he pointed to Egypt and Assyria as the countries of the origin of star-gazing. Orthodox Rus is opposed to them. Movement from ethnography to geography made the scene of the anti-astrological expression more definitive. The representative series of mini-stories about the fates of the famous Biblical and historic heroes, whose feats were predetermined by the Divine Providence, served as a strong argument in the critique of star-gazing, and each name became symbolical in the sign system of the agonistic discourse of Maximus the Greek. The quotation from the song of Prophet Anna (the First Book of the Kings, 2: 7–8) should be recognized as the leading through motif of the antiastrological text. Its functioning in the writings of the learned monk allows us to describe the praxis of the discourse. The process of modification of its semantics reflected development of the author’s intention in the history of formation of the theme variety of Maximus the Greek and of the author’s manuscript code (Iosaf’s Collection of Writings) in general.

Uzbek Diplomatic Speech Lexis’ Semantic Relationship in Paradigmatic Lines

Diplomacy and diplomatic relations are a practical field, which has its role and status from the moment of policy management in ancient time. For the Uzbek people, the concepts of diplomacy and diplomatic relations are not news. Its roots go back to the distant past - history. However, the appearance of the language depends on the process of speech and speech activity, where speech is based on a specific speech environment. Diplomatic activity exists only when the government becomes independent. Modern Uzbek diplomacy has been forming since 1991, when Uzbekistan gained independence. Since then, a great opportunity has appeared for the linguistic study of diplomatic speech at Uzbek language. The following problems became the main incentive for studying diplomatic speech based on a linguistic approach. 1. In books about Rhetoric, diplomatic speech is limited to one paragraph. 2. Examples presented as diplomatic discourse are often supplemented by excerpts from the speech of historical and creative heroes of historical works or fiction. 3. Real diplomatic speeches, demanded and understanding modernity, are not available from a scientific point of view. In search of a solution to these problems, on this article researched lexemes that form the basis of diplomatic speech by exploring their paradigmatic relationships. As a result, it was discovered that there are more than two hundred lexeme associated with diplomatic speech. When they were selected and classified, ten thematic groups were formed, which means paradigmatic rows. The main purpose of this article is to study each semantic relationship between members of this paradigmatic lines in a linguistic aspect.

Historical Heroes of modern Ukrainian Students

Ukrainian youth from the beginning of the country’s independence was a catalyst for democratic changes. From the Revolution on Granite, through the Sumy’s Revolution on Grass and Orange Revolution to the Revolution of Dignity and the war in the East, undeniably it was the youth who fought for the future of Ukraine. While appreciating the contribution of young people to the contemporary history of Ukraine, it is essential to ask which national heroes and what historical events are important to the young generation. Thanks to the research conducted in 2017-2018 on a representative group of Ukrainian youth (1043 respondents), the author can answer that question. The results show that there are no surprises; the research confirms the all-Ukrainian results and shares knowledge on this subject. However, it is worth emphasizing some surprises, as well as the frequent selection of the answer “neutral attitude” to historical events, which may indicate the lack of historical knowledge among the surveyed youth.

Critical Discourse of African Vernacular Rooted Imageries in Pitika Ntuli’s Sculptures

My paper presents a critical discourse on African vernacular rooted imageries in the contemporary sculptures of Ntuli, the ideas they convey to viewers and how Africanness is indicated in each depiction produced between 2007 and 2016. I read Ntuli’s contemporary sculptures as African vernacular rooted because he appropriates in them cultural imageries from engagement with African contexts. Five images of his sculptures and installations were purposively selected for thematic and visual analysis. I adopt visual hermeneutics theory, formal analysis and cultural history methods for the reading of each work. The narrative reveals that Ntuli’s vernacular imageries reflects black South African men and a woman rooted in past and present socio-political events in South Africa. The thematic interpretations of the imageries reveal ideas on massacre not merely during apartheid but in post- apartheid South Africa, torture of victims detained without trial, anti-racialism and reflection on a historical hero from Zulu culture.

Heroes in Lithuania: Aspect of (De-)Heroization, Case, Approach

In this article, I explore a tendency of (de-)heroization in Lithuania during the 20th century. This research is focused on a historical hero, that is, a mental construct based on a historical prototype: a protagonist of the factual versus fictional narrative who was idealized, mythologized, and initiated to meet the current collective needs and demands. The aim can be generalized by the following questions: who is a historical hero and why is he important; what makes (de-)heroization relevant and how did/does it occur; why this phenomenon is relevant to Lithuania and how should it be further explored? The applied methodology involved a case study (an analysis of the transforming and transfigured heroes, the origin and evolution of the heroic narrative about Lithuanian-American pilots Stephen William Darius and Stanley [Thomas] Girch, aka Darius and Girėnas), a discourse analysis, and an interdisciplinary approach focusing on the heroism humanities in the context of the emerging transdisciplinary heroism science. The emergence and specificity of the heroic ideals – the Great Lithuanian and Winged Lithuanian – and types – the Warrior and Aviator – is explored, and the tendency of idealization and ideologization as well as inertia and stagnation in heroization processes are revealed. The resilience of the cult of power, as well as ideological relics of Lithuanian nationalism and even Soviet utopianism in the current heroism discourse, has led to an unsettling conclusion that the process of hero-making simultaneously and repeatedly involved an exalted idealization and deep depreciation of the heroic figures and their original ideas and/or achievements and of the historical past and historical heritage in general. This kind of (de-)heroization was an integral part of the construction of the Lithuanian mythical modernity.

ALKHAIRAAT POLITICAL KHARISMA

Abstract.Alkhairaat, founded in 1930, is the largest social organization (CSO) in Central Sulawesi Province, which has regional and branch managers in various provinces in Eastern Indonesia. Charitable business is engaged in education, preaching, social, cultural, media, economic and health. The educational institutions managed by this mass organization number 1,596, starting from the level of Early Childhood Education to Higher Education. Existing in Dutch and Japanese colonial times, Alkhairaat has a heroic history that gave birth to organizational charisma. The foundation of organizational ideology comes from the charism of Sayyid Idrus bin Salim Aldjufri as the founder of Alkhairaat. The scientific heritage of the Muslim community has led to massive sympathy for Alkhairaat. Alkhairaat's massification has become a political momentum since the opening of Indonesia's democratic reform taps in 1998. Several political parties have come to the Alkhairaat organization to recruit political cadres in the face of general election events.Alkahiraat's political charisma in the frame of political communication includes the participation, consolidation, and partnership of Alkhairaat politicians who spread in various political parties to win the election contestation. Election of members of parliament, regional heads, to the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. Alkhairaat’s charisma becomes an image commodity (popularity) to get elective support in every political contestation.
 
 Keywords: participation, popularity, and electability.

Panteleimon Kulish as “the First Truly National Ukrainian Writer”

The essay develops I. Franko’s statement about P. Kulish as the first truly national Ukrainian writer who aimed at working totally for the sake of his people’s needs. The author underlines that such a desire was Kulish’s natural urge, as the mentioned goal arose for him back in the first half of the 1840s. In particular, he planned to publish everything that vividly refl ected the life of the Ukrainians throughout centuries.
 In the early period of his activity Kulish worked mainly as a folklorist. He recorded and studied Ukrainian folklore in its natural environment. This work resulted in a unique ethnological edition “The Notes on Southern Rus” as well as his widely known ‘farmstead philosophy’. Kulish’s writing activity evolved from his desire to provide a complex picture of his people’s centuries-long heroic history in the poetic epopee “Ukraine” to creating his fi rst Ukrainian historical novel “The Commoners’ Council.
 A Chronicle of 1863”. The pan-Ukrainian level of “The Notes on Southern Rus” and “The Commoners’ Council” was supported with Kulish’s own phonetic spelling system, i.e. ‘kulishivka’ which laid the foundation of the modern orthography. Kulish’s writing and ethnological activity was also based on his urge to raise the contemporary Ukrainian language to the literary level. With such a purpose he published the almanac “Khata” (“The House”) and did a lot for the full-scale functioning of the first Ukrainian literary magazine “Osnova” (“The Foundation”). Kulish’s translation activity became another important part of his work as the first national writer. His translations of the Bible, works by W. Shakespeare, G. G. Byron, J. W. Goethe, F. Schiller and other outstanding classics of the world culture were signifi cant for all Ukraine.

The metrics and poetics of historical drama

AbstractThis article analyses four history plays, published between 1837 and 1869 in Sweden and Finland, and asks how the playwrights of the early nineteenth century represented the same premodern episode: the unsuccessful peasant uprising called the Club War (1596–1597). The focus is on the plays’ dramatis personae, and the article will make comparable suggestions of the themes and topics each protagonist brings to the stage. The article studies literary factors that contributed to the persistent afterlife and continuous cultural resonance of these dramatic events, and addresses the dynamics between historical fiction and scholarly history in the production of collectively meaningful pasts. As one of the results the paper demonstrates that a somewhat surprising historical hero surfaced when the 1590s were adapted in the context of a new nationalism. Methodologically the article combines computational distant reading and more traditional close reading to disclose the core characters of each play individually, and, taken together, of the early fictional ‘story space’ of the event. The article argues that even such small‐scale investigations can benefit from the systematic analytical tools offered by digital humanities that can reveal wholly new facets of the texts that more traditional literary history may overlook.

Tarihi Kahramanların Değerler Eğitiminde Rol Model Olarak Kullanılmasına İlişkin Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Algıları

Historical heroes can be described as personalities who have taken an important place in history with their personalities as well as their contribution to social life. Scientists, artists, politicians and community leaders are important historical heroes. Historically, societies have benefited from these historical heroes to create the human model they need. Historical heroes are effective in embodying value education. It can be said that historical heroes have an important role in transferring values in education systems. Through historical heroes, values can be made concrete by students. In this research, it is aimed to determine which historical heroes relate to the values of the 5th, 6th and 7th grade students in the Social Studies Curriculum. The research was designed in a qualitative model and it is a case study. Students learn both historical heroes and values in social studies classes. The research was carried out in the spring semester of 2017-2018 academic year. Since the 5th, 6th and 7th grade students who took the Social Studies course were preferred in the survey, the sample of the research was chosen as convenience sampling type. In this direction, students in grades 5, 6 and 7 are required to associate the values in the Social Studies Curriculum with historical heroes. The obtained data are analyzed by descriptive analysis and divided into several categories. According to this, students in 5th, 6th and 7th grades have the highest values with Hz. Muhammad (saas) and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Other results of the research will be included in the full text.

ON «THE CHRONICLE OF THE HISTORICAL FATE OF THE ARMENIAN PEOPLЕ» BY V. BRUSOV (TO THE PUBLICATION’S CENTENNIAL)

V. Brusov penned several researches on the Armenian history. «The Chronicle of the Historical Fate of the Armenian Peoplе» (from the VI century BC up to Our Times) » is the crystallization and climax of his research. V. Brusov authored his study in November 1916, yet it was published in 1918, by the Armenian Committee of Moscow. «The Chronicle» comprises 124 pages, has also segments «From the Author» – «Introduction», nine chapters, «Notes», «Bibliography». Publicizing his research V. Brusov pursued a set of goals, in particular, to introduce the rich heroic history of the Armenian people to the foreign, primarily to the Russian readers with his unbiased academic approach, to show its place and role in the human history. He presented Armenian history as interrelated to the cultural process, and succeeded in offering a broad perspective on studying the Armenian history.

Historical works in the Kazakh literature and methods of teaching

This article describes the importance of Kazakh literature, its historical heroes, and also historical events in society and their role in modern times. Kazakh writers were interested in preserving thetraditions and historical consciousness of the Kazakh people by giving them a historical signature andhistorical form. Readers are taught to differ good and bad by historical heroes in their works, their characteristics, description of their heroic deeds, they awaken heroism and peacefulness in the hearts ofyoung generation through characteristics and actions of heroes. The article includes a large number ofworks, some of which were thematically analyzed. In particular, the article covers the historical novels ofKazakh writers, published in the 20th and 21st centuries, as well as changes and innovations in modernliterature.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОЗАЦЬКИХ ЛІТОПИСІВ У ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The brightest representatives of the national historiography of the 17th – 18th centuries are the so-called Cossack Chronicles. These texts, written by the Cossack elite of the Hetmanate, serve as an excellent historical source for exploring the historical and social and political thought of the epoch of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. The writings of the Military Chancellerists are complex structures that are on the verge of history and literature, and the term Chronicles have been used by their first publishers. From the whole multiplicity of Cossack Chronicles, the most famous and original are the works of Eyewitness, H. Hrabianka and S. Velychko. The article shows the peculiarities of research and perception of these historical texts in the works of scholars of the mid-19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The first scientific researches of Chronicles by their publishers, special studios of historians and literary critics on the phenomenon of creativity of Military Chancellerists are analyzed. The perception and use of Cossack Chronicles in writers are disclosed. Particular attention is paid to those works where Cossack historical and literary works are the main subject of research. The article shows priority subjects for the study of Cossack chronicles. Most of the research attention was given to the source studies of Cossack historical works. In particular the leading topics were the source value of the Chronicles, the structure of the works, the source base used by the historians of Hetmanate and the attempts to extract the original text from numerous copies later ones of the works. Scientists also investigated the attribution of Cossack Chronicles, the situation of the creation of works and the ideology of their authors. But mostly these topics will be leading for Soviet and contemporary Ukrainian historiography. The transformation in the perception of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries researchers of the literature of the Chancellerists – from sources of factual information to literary and fictional, heroic history are analyzed.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФІГУРАТИВНОЇ МОВИ ЕСЕЇСТИКИ ЮРІЯ КОСАЧА

The article investigates rhetorical figures and specific authorial constructions, which are interconnected through a complex sequence of semantic connections, forming the essay. On the example of the essay by Y. Kosach “On the Meeting of the 17th Anniversary of November”, the role of figurative language in the study of cultural meanings is researched. For this purpose, Visnik text constructions with a powerful sense-forming potential are considered, which are not only examples of expanded essayistic imagery, but also a kind of cultural marker, code, according to R. Bart, on which Yu.Kosach always focuses on his essays. Particular attention is paid to “ thoughtful image” texts by D. Dontsov, Y. Lipi, E. Malanyuk, as well as interpretations by these authors of the most important problems of the Ukrainian national character, from which Y. Kosach rests in his reflections. Kosach`s essay is completely transposed with symbolic-figurative signs (codes), whose meaning can be understood, not only knowing in detail the national history and heroes, the history of literature, ethnography and ethnopsychology, philosophy and mythology, but also the political, ideological, cultural-historical context . In the essay actively present the basic ideas and works of D. Dontsov, Y. Lypa, E. Malanyuk, and others. In order to study the interdependence of thought and image in essayist Y. Kosach, the “mysterious” nature of historical events, national heroes, state symbols, geographical names and names of settlements is analyzed in detail. The problem of essayist’s elaboration of individual words, statements and plain citations is considered, attention is focused on multilevel semantic complexes-figures. The Kosach style is characterized by spontaneity, fragmentation, emotionality, openness, associativity of the thinking process. The essay combines different discourses, demonstrating the free movement of thought, not limited by the rigid frame of the canon. For Kosach, the most important thing was to isolate, reinforce, and to emphasize the strong peculiarities of the national psyche; to follow the kinship not only of the bloody but also of the spirit-knight and to draw a continuous line of continuity.