Herbal Toothpaste Research Articles

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE AND FLUORIDE ON THE GROWTH OF Streptococcus mutans

Background: Streptococcus mutans was the most dominant bacteria in caused caries. Caries could be prevented by chemical plaque control methods used toothpaste. Toothpaste had antibacterial properties by helped to prevent bacteria from colonized. There were two antibacterial ingredients in toothpaste, fluoride and herbal ingredients. 
 Aim: Determined the antibacterial effect of toothpaste with herbal and fluoride content on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. 
 Methods: This study was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. This research method was a diffusion method by means of wells. The sample used was the Streptococcus mutans colony. The study was divided into four groups, namely herbal toothpaste, fluoride toothpaste, positive control (chlorhexidine), and negative control (aquadest sterile) which were replicated 16 times in each group. The results of this study was the diameter of the resistance zone. 
 Results: The average diameter of the zone of inhibition results obtained 12.49 mm (herbal toothpaste), 14.66 mm (fluoride toothpaste), 21.70 mm (chlorhexidine) and aquadest sterile there were no inhibition zones. There was a significant difference with the p value

Chemical vs. natural toothpaste: which formulas for which properties? A scoping review.

IntroductionThe proliferation of the oral care industry has made it more challenging for shoppers to zero in on the best possible toothpaste for their preventative requirements. It also makes the toothpaste’s various components safer.ObjectiveThe researchers set out to evaluate the state of information about the biological properties and cytotoxicity of adult toothpaste so that they might make some informed recommendations.MethodsA scoping review of research published between 2015 and 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines was performed.ResultsIn vitro clinical trials account for 44% of the papers, in vivo clinical trials for 25%, systematic reviews for 19%, and metaanalyses for 12%. They have active chemical components that have been shown to be antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or desensitizing. Herbal toothpaste has these characteristics and is very secure to use. Toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate has been found to be harmful.ConclusionsScientists have investigated the biological effects of a wide range of chemically active compounds and plant extracts. Herbal toothpaste, it has been discovered, is both efficient and secure. Companies making toothpaste should be required to clearly label the product’s qualities, active ingredients, and potentially harmful ingredients on the packaging.

Effect of a Novel Betel Leaf Dentifrice on Commonly Seen Oral Hygiene Parameters-A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study.

The use of herbal medicine in dentistry has grown exponentially over time. Currently, herbal medicine is considered an effective oral hygiene aid. The objective of the current study is to assess the anti-plaque efficiency and reduction of gingival bleeding of betel leaf and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste. This randomized clinical cross-over pilot study enrolled 60 individuals with mild gingivitis. They were segregated into two groups by drawing lots. The study lasted 20 days and included a two-week washout period between miswak and betel leaf toothpaste. The gingival and plaque index were measured at specific time intervals during the research period. The results revealed that betel leaf and miswak herbal toothpaste significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, betel leaf toothpaste caused a more significant reduction in gingival bleeding scores (p < 0.001) when compared to miswak (p = 0.007). No significant decrease in gingival and plaque index was seen when subjects were asked to return to their conventional chemical toothpaste. The current study concluded that betel leaf toothpaste displayed a more substantial decrease in gingival bleeding when compared to miswak toothpaste. Additionally, more studies should be done on the therapeutic benefits of betel leaf toothpaste.

COMPARISON OF HERBAL AND NON-HERBAL TOOTHPASTE TOWARDS REDUCTION OF PLAC INDEX IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN, LAMPENERUT, ACEH BESAR REGENCY

Many Indonesian people suffer from dental and oral diseases. Based on riskesdas data in 2018, the criteria for children aged 5-9 years (67.3%) experienced problems in dental health while those who received treatment were only 14.6%, and the criteria for children aged 3-4 years (41.1%) had problems on dental health while those who received treatment were only 4.3%. Based on preliminary data on Lampeune State Elementary School children, according to Aceh Besar District, 7 of the 10 students examined were bad criteria and 3 of them were good criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to control the plaque index, controlling the plaque index can be done mechanically or chemically, mechanically by brushing teeth and using herbal toothpaste. The problem in this study is the comparison of herbal toothpaste with non-herbal toothpaste on the decrease in plaque index in children at the Lampeune State Elementary School, Aceh Besar District. The type of research used is a quasi-experimental research / guast experiment, using random sampling method with a population of 625 students and the number of samples used is 100 students on the criteria of age 7-12 years. From the results of the study, the average value of the decrease in plaque index after brushing teeth using herbal toothpaste was 1.486 while after using non-herbal toothpaste the plaque index score was 2.668. In this case, it means that there is a significant comparison between herbal toothpaste and non-herbal toothpaste, as evidenced by a p-value of less than 0.05, which is 0.000.

To Formulate and Evaluate Herbal Toothpaste By using Various Herbal Drug

In current scenario in oral dental care with use of herbal toothpaste containing natural ingredients are more acceptable in public belief than chemical based synthetic formulations due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries, and preventing other dental issues to which this generation is prone to. In this formulation we utilizes aloe vera gel, clove oil, neem powder, turmeric powder and trikatu which are not yet used by any other research work. These extracts possess many activities like anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti- bacterial, wound healing along with which it imbibes certain special additional properties like anti-cancer and anti-fungal. Along with this herbal based formulation, a comparative study of previously marketed herbal toothpastes was done in order to get an idea of important physical parameters i.e. pH, stability, excrudability, Spreadability, foamability, homogeneity to make a successful more efficacious and stable formulation. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the herbal toothpaste with marketed toothpaste. This study disseminate that our herbal based toothpaste formulation having natural ingredients is as good as in terms of results compare to marketed herbal formulations.

Production of herbal toothpaste using &lt;em&gt;Moringa &lt;/em&gt;root essential oil extract

In this study, antimicrobial toothpaste (dentifrice), which can compete with existing toothpaste, was produced using Moringa oleifera root essential oil extract. The oil extract 2 ml per 100 g obtained, gave peppermint flavor and was volatile. The phytochemical screening revealed a high concentration of flavonoid, a bioactive agent with antimicrobial activity in nature. 0.5 ml of the concentrate essential oil extract was used to produce 120 gm of a novel dentifrice. The antimicrobial activities of the novel herbal toothpaste were assessed against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans which are microorganisms involved in tooth plaque, using Oral-B (pro-health), commercial toothpaste as a positive control. The antimicrobial potential of the novel toothpaste was evaluated by the muller Hinton agar well diffusion method against the selected bacteria. The novel toothpaste showed higher inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans (31 mm), Lactobacillus (33 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm), and Candida albicans (16 mm) while, the Oral-B positive control toothpaste showed inhibition against the bacteria; Streptococcus mutans (22 mm), Lactobacillus (28 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm) and Candida albicans (15 mm) respectively. From the result, it was shown that the Moringa root herbal toothpaste has high antimicrobial potential than Oral-B herbal toothpaste against tooth plaque. It can be recommended that further studies on sensory analysis of food and dentifrice products containing Moringa root essential oil be carried out to evaluate its acceptability and shelf life.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste

Abstract: Neem, “the bitter gem” is one of the most valued trees with many medicinal applications. The scientific name of neem is Azadirachta indica and belongs to Meliaceae family. It is the world’s most studied tree in the world and most promising one in the 21st century. Every part of the tree has medicinal value, such as flowers, leaves, neem cake, fruits and seed oil. Almost 300 different phytochemicals have been found in neem tree with versatile application. The aqueous and alcoholic leaf extract of neem is accounted for to have different pharmacological activities . In current situations oral dental care with use of herbal toothpaste containing natural ingredients are more acceptable in public belief than chemical based synthetic formulations due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries, and preventing other dental issues to which this generation is prone to. In this formulation we utilizes clove oil, neem extract, peppermint oil, which are used in this research work. These extracts possess many activities like anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti- bacterial, wound healing along with which it certain special additional properties like anti-fungal and anti – microbial . Important physical parameters i.e. pH, stability, spreadability, foamability, to make a successful more efficacious and stable formulation. This study that our herbal based toothpaste formulation having natural ingredients.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste

In today’s world, the herbal toothpaste that contains natural ingredients are more preferrable to be used than chemical based synthetic toothpaste. Herbal dental care products are always safe and effective which reduces and cure dental disorders. The objective of this research work was to formulate and evaluate the natural and safe herbal toothpaste which has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and teeth whitening effect. In this formulation there would be the introduction of new flavoring agent i.e., Dill seed oil in conjugation with other herbal ingredients like fenugreek powder, neem powder, triphala powder, pomegranate peel powder, basil and guava leaves powder. The formulation was subjected to various evaluation tests like pH, spreadability, foamability, homogeneity, moisture and volatile content and tube inertness. Use of herbal toothpaste is the best way to protect the teeth and prevent the development of dental diseases. The Evaluation studies gives the satisfactory result. Thus, in present work, the lab made herbal toothpaste was found to be of best quality.

Development and Standardization of Toothpaste Incorporating Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract

Dental hygiene is an important aspect to control oral infections such as tooth decay and gum diseases. And in novel dentistry, herbal toothpaste is more acceptable and safer with minimum side effects over synthetic preparation. The current study was envisioned to formulate herbal toothpaste by incorporating the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and standardizing it as per the Sri Lankan standard requirements. The toothpaste base formulation was optimized and incorporated with M. oleifera leaf extract to develop the Moringa toothpaste. The net mass and extrusive content, consistency, cohesiveness, stability, tube inertness, moisture content, and volatile matter, pH of the Moringa toothpaste were determined to standardize the formulated toothpaste as per the requirement of SLS Standard (275:2014). The anti-bacterial efficacy of Moringa toothpaste was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, an oral pathogenic bacterium. The contents of elements present in the M. oleifera leaf powder that are known to improve oral health including Ca, K, and Mg were also determined. The leaf extract percentage was selected as 5% (w/w) to be incorporated into the optimized toothpaste base formulation. The formulated herbal toothpaste complied with the requirements of SLS Standard (275:2014) indicating acceptable net mass (23.6 g), extrusive content (49.96%), consistency (present), cohesiveness (passed), stability (stable formulation), moisture, and volatile matter content (43.16%) and pH (6.26). In an antibacterial assay, the Moringa toothpaste showed a significant zone of inhibition of 2±0.029 cm indicating its antibacterial potential against S. aureus to provide tooth and oral hygiene and to prevent various dental diseases. The contents of Ca, Mg, and K were found as 0.6%, 1.7%, and 0.14% respectively. The formulation development and standardization of M. oleifera based herbal toothpaste, having the potential to improve oral health is reported for the first time through this study. This new product can be introduced as an innovative approach to incorporate plants like M. oleifera in oral care products.&#x0D; Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Evaluation, Moringa toothpaste, Moringa oleifera leaf powder, Standardization

Effects of herbal-based toothpastes on cell viability

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of herbal-based toothpastes with different contents on the viability of L929 cells.Methods: Herbal-based toothpastes {Aloe vera - propolis herbal toothpaste, Group 1; Parodontax, Group 2; Toothpaste with miswak, propolis and tea tree extract, Group 3, Dent natural protective toothpaste with clay, Group 4; Gano fresh, Group 5} were diluted (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. L929 fibroblast cells were treated with the medium containing the herbal toothpastes for 2 min. Cell viability was assessed using methyl tetrazolium test. The viability of the negative control group was set at 100 %, and the percentage viability of all groups was determined accordingly.Results: Cell viability was significantly reduced at all dilutions in Group 5 (p = 0.00). This trend was also observed in Group 4. All dilutions except 1:32 significantly affected cell viability (p = 0.00). In Group 2, only the 1:1 dilution showed a toxic effect (p = 0.00). The samples in Groups 1 and 3 did not show statistically significant cytotoxicity to L929 cells (p &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: Herbal toothpastes containing substances such as sodium lauryl sulfate (Group 5) and sodium benzoate (Groups 2 and 4) are cytotoxic towards L929 cells. Groups 1 and 3 did not contain detergents but contain potassium sorbate as a preservative; hence, they are not toxic.

The Effectiveness of Use of Herbal Dental Paste on Gingivitis Marginalis in Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar Regency

BACKGROUND: The most common periodontal disease in developing countries is gingivitis. Gingivitis is a dental and oral health problem with a reasonably high prevalence in society at all age groups. Gingivitis is characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums. One way to prevent bleeding gums is to use herbal toothpaste. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of using betel leaf herbal toothpaste against gingivitis marginalis in Rima Jeuneu Village, Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar District. METHODS: This study used analytical survey research with a cross-sectional design. The location for this research is Rima Jeuneu Village, District. This research was conducted from September to October 2021. Bivariate data analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variable (brushing teeth using betel herbal toothpaste) and the dependent variable (gingivitis marginalis) in this study used the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results of statistical analysis using the Chi-square test found that there was a significant relationship between brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste and gingivitis marginalized in the community ((p) = 0.000 &lt;0.05). A survey reinforces that brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste has healthy gingival conditions (71.9%). The use of herbal betel toothpaste is effective in preventing gingivitis marginalis. Betel leaf toothpaste has an antibacterial effect against several types of bacteria, one of which is Streptococcus mutans. CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste with gingivitis marginalis in the people of Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar District. Brushing teeth using betel herbal toothpaste is effective in reducing the level of gingivitis

Antibacterial effect of an herbal toothpaste containing Bamboo salt: a randomized double-blinded controlled clinical trial

BackgroundThe inclusion of herbal antibacterial agents in the composition of toothpastes is becoming increasingly popular, due to lower side effects. The present study intended to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of a herbal toothpaste containing Bamboo salt on cariogenic oral bacteria.MethodsThe present double-blinded parallel randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 dental students (age range: 18–30). Following the baseline saliva sampling, the participants were randomly assigned into the case and control groups, to use the Bamboo salt herbal toothpaste and conventional non-herbal toothpaste, respectively. They were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day using the Bass technique. Saliva sampling was repeated after four weeks. The salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus at baseline and 4-week follow-up were determined and presented as the logarithm of colony-forming units per milliliter (log CFU/mL).ResultsA significant decrease in salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus was observed using both toothpastes (*P < 0.001). The difference between the antibacterial efficacy of two toothpaste types on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus was not statistically significant (P = 0.530, and P = 0.137, respectively).ConclusionDue to the comparable efficacy of the investigated herbal toothpaste with conventional toothpaste, it potentially qualifies as a complementary agent for self-care oral hygiene procedures.Trial registration: This trial was registered in the “Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials” (IRCT20210414050964N1) on 21/06/2021.

Unraveling the Increased Preferences for Herbal Toothpastes: A Survey-based Study in India

Unraveling the Increased Preferences for Herbal Toothpastes: A Survey-based Study in India

Formulation development and evaluation of novel herbal toothpaste from natural source

Herbal toothpaste with natural ingredients is more acceptable in public opinion than chemical-based synthetic formulations in the current oral dental care scenario due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries and preventing other dental disorders to which this generation is prone. In this composition, we use aloe Vera gel, clove oil, Neem powder, pomegranate peel powder, all of which have never been used before in any research. These extracts have anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties, as well as certain unique properties including anti-cancer and anti-fungal. Herbal toothpastes were evaluated to determine important physical characteristics such as pH, stability, extrudability, spreadability, foamability, and homogeneity in order to develop a more effective and stable product. The purpose of this project is to make and test herbal toothpaste. This research proves that our herbal-based toothpaste formulation with natural ingredients is as excellent as it gets in terms of performance.

The Effect of Toothpastes Containing Natural Extracts on Bacterial Species of a Microcosm Biofilm and on Enamel Caries Development.

This study investigated the effects of herbal toothpaste on bacterial counts and enamel demineralization. Thirty-six bovine enamel samples were exposed to a microcosm biofilm using human saliva and McBain saliva (0.2% sucrose) for 5 days at 37 °C and first incubated anaerobically, then aerobically–capnophilically. The following experimental toothpaste slurries (2 × 2 min/day) were applied: (1) Vochysia tucanorum (10 mg/g); (2) Myrcia bella (5 mg/g); (3) Matricaria chamomilla (80 mg/g); (4) Myrrha and propolis toothpaste (commercial); (5) fluoride (F) and triclosan (1450 ppm F), 0.3% triclosan and sorbitol (Colgate®, positive control); (6) placebo (negative control). The pH of the medium was measured, bacteria were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enamel demineralization was quantified using transverse microradiography. The total bacterial count was reduced by toothpaste containing Myrcia bella, Matricaria chamomilla, fluoride, and triclosan (commercial) compared to the placebo. As far as assessable, Myrcia bella, Matricaria chamomilla, and Myrrha and propolis (commercial) inhibited the outgrowth of S. mutans, while Lactobacillus spp. were reduced/eliminated by all toothpastes except Vochysia tucanorum. Mineral loss and lesion depth were significantly reduced by all toothpastes (total: 1423.6 ± 115.2 vol% × μm; 57.3 ± 9.8 μm) compared to the placebo (2420.0 ± 626.0 vol% × μm; 108.9 ± 21.17 μm). Herbal toothpastes were able to reduce enamel demineralization.

A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Commonly Used Fluoridated Toothpaste, Herbal Toothpaste, Toothpaste with Zinc Hydroxyapatite, and Toothpaste with Calcium Sucrose Phosphate in Children: A Scanning Electronic Microscopic Study.

AimThe aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the remineralizing potential of commonly used fluoridated toothpaste, toothpaste with calcium sucrose phosphate, toothpaste with zinc hydroxyapatite, herbal toothpaste, and to compare them.BackgroundThe process of demineralization and remineralization is balanced and occurs concurrently in the oral cavity, but even a mild disruption in this mechanism could lead to dental caries. Dental caries is a threat in the Third World countries and more common entity in childhood. The caries prevalence is reported to be 41% for children within the age of 2-11 years.Materials and methodAccording to previous studies and standard sample size calculating formula the sample size of 48 was calculated, the teeth were subjected to demineralization - remineralization process and were observed under scanning electron microscope.ResultsThe outcomes of this study suggest that the remineralizing potential of toothpaste with zinc hydroxyapatite (p = 0.0001*) was highest as compared to toothpaste with fluoride (p = 0.0087*), herbal toothpaste (p = 0.9034), and toothpaste with calcium sucrose phosphate (p = 0.0002*).ConclusionAll the four toothpastes showed an adequate amount of remineralization but the highest amount of remineralization potential was seen with toothpaste containing zinc hydroxyapatite.Clinical significanceThe clinical significance of our study is to give clear and evidence-based idea to the dentist and the parents about the remineralizing toothpaste available in the market for children. Treating demineralization at an initial stage would help to remineralize the tooth structure and thereby limit further destruction of the tooth structure which will preserve the beautiful smile of the child.How to cite this articleSoneta SP, Hugar SM, Hallikerimath S, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Commonly Used Fluoridated Toothpaste, Herbal Toothpaste, Toothpaste with Zinc Hydroxyapatite, and Toothpaste with Calcium Sucrose Phosphate in Children: A Scanning Electronic Microscopic Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S158-S163.

The efficiency of natural wound healing and bacterial biofilm inhibition of Aloe vera and Sodium Chloride toothpaste preparation

BackgroundPrevention is a preliminary focus of periodontitis treatment. Rather than giving complicated treatment to a periodontitis patient, a variety of toothpastes have been suggested to prevent periodontal disease progression. Herbal toothpastes containing natural plant components for maintaining or increasing healing might be a treatment modality for improving oral hygiene. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant with active ingredients that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, increased sodium in the environment inhibits microorganism growth. A toothpaste containing salt and aloe vera may be an option to provide good oral hygiene.AimTo assess the in vitro cell migration of human gingival fibroblasts and antimicrobial effects of an herbal toothpaste containing A. vera and Sodium chloride.MethodsThe cytotoxicity of 0.02% or 0.2% toothpaste solution on human gingival fibroblast cell line was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell migration after treatment with 0.2% (v/v) toothpaste was determined using a Boyden Chamber assay. The effect of the toothpaste on inhibiting Porphylomonas gingivalis planktonic and biofilm growth was compared with Chlohexidine (CHX) using a Disk Diffusion and Biofilm susceptibility test, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay, inhibition zone and percentage of live cells in the biofilm were statistically analyzed with One-way analysis of variance. Cell migration and biofilm inhibition were evaluated using the independent sample t-test and multiple t-test, respectively (p = 0.05).ResultsNeither test concentration of the toothpaste solution was toxic to the target cells. The 0.2% concentration was selected for the cell migration experiment. The herbal toothpaste formulation significantly increased cell migration compared with the control group (culture medium) (p = .02) The antimicrobial effect of this formulation on the P. gingivalis planktonic form was lower compared with 0.12% CHX (positive control group), however, it demonstrated greater P. gingivalis biofilm formation inhibition compared with the 0.12% CHX group.ConclusionsThe alternative use of an herbal toothpaste instead of a non-herbal toothpaste formulation should be considered for promoting oral health care. However, further clinical studies are necessary before it can be considered for patient use.

Study of Herbal Toothpaste Made from Virgin Coconut Oil and Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb)

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of utilizing virgin coconut oil (VCO) and gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) in several combinations on the manufacture of herbal toothpaste on its characteristics and antibacterial activity. The research design used is a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three repeats so that in this study 5 x 3 there were 15 combinations of treatments. The resulting research data is then analyzed using the F test and if the data differs is real then proceed with the Duncan News Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) test to find out the significant level difference of 5% between treatments. The determination of formulations in the manufacture of toothpaste using a concentration of 10% VCO as a toothpaste base refers to the previous research formula and the addition of 0.9%, 1.8%, 2.6%, 3.5%, and 4.3% of gambier. Based on research that has been done, it can be concluded that the addition of gambir concentrations has a real influence on the pH value and foam formation but does not affect homogeneity, hedonic values (color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall value) and the diameter of the bland zone against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The best toothpaste preparation is treatment 3, which is the addition of 2.6% of the toothpaste base preparation with a pH value of 8.42, homogeneous, foam height of 10.70 mm, color preference (3.85), the aroma (4.25), flavor (3.30), texture (3.45), overall (3.80), strong indicator bland zone diameter (34.55 mm).

Comparison of Surface Roughness of Two Commercially Available Glass Ionomer Cements after Brushing Simulation with Herbal and Fluoridated Toothpaste - An In vitro Study

Introduction: Glass ionomer cement is a restorative material used in dentistry as a filling material and luting cement. Nowadays many consumers have started using natural toothpaste in order to avoid synthetic and artificial products. The aim of this study is to compare the surface roughness of two commercially available glass ionomer cements after subjecting them to brushing simulation with herbal and fluoridated toothpaste.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Glass ionomer cements of two different brands (D- tech and gold label) were moulded into small discs of custom sizes. Their surface roughness before subjecting them to brushing simulation was recorded using Mitutoyo SJ 310 stylus profilometer. Then the glass ionomer cement pellets were mounted on die stones. 4 samples of D-tech and 4 samples of gold label were taken. The mounted samples were placed in a tooth brush simulator (ZM3.8 SD Mechatronik). The samples were subjected to 30000 cycles of brushing with standard and herbal toothpastes. After brushing simulation the GIC samples were again checked for their surface roughness using the stylus profilometer.&#x0D; Results: The values were recorded and analysed in the SPSS software. The obtained results from the one way ANOVA test were depicted in the form of tables and graphs. Surface roughness of D-Tech Colgate group GIC samples was increased after brushing simulation. The p-value is 0.469 &lt; 0.05, hence statistically not significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: From the results obtained we can conclude that gold label brand glass ionomer cement showed less surface roughness when compared to D tech brand glass ionomer cement after brushing simulation with herbal and fluoridated toothpaste.

Oral hygiene status, interdental cleaning and perception of gingival bleeding among a group of pregnant women in Nigeria

Background: Hormonal and vascular changes in pregnancy can lead to exaggeration of inflammatory response to local irritants like dental plaque causing pregnancy gingivitis which if not treated can result in advanced periodontal diseases and consequent adverse pregnancy outcomes.&#x0D; Objective: To assess the oral hygiene and gingival bleeding perception of pregnant women&#x0D; Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Oral hygiene status and gingival status were assessed with Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and gingival bleeding index respectively. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 25. Results were presented in frequency and percentages and chi square analysis done for the categorical variables with statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Results: One hundred and fifty-one participants with age range of 20 to 43 years with a mean age of 29.85±4.05years participated in the study. All participants used toothbrush to clean their teeth and 44.4% used medium bristled toothbrush. Two-third used herbal toothpaste. More than two-thirds (84.1%) of the participants used both horizontal and vertical tooth brushing technique. Only 33.8% brushed twice daily. Though 92.1% claimed to clean interdentally, only 19.4% used dental floss. Prevalence of gingival bleeding was 31.8%. Two persons (1.3%) thought it normal to bleed from the gum while brushing and 86.8% did not know one can bleed from the gum during pregnancy Forty-four (29.1%) and 18(11.9%) of participants had fair and poor oral hygiene status respectively. 55.6% bled on probing and had gingival bleeding index of 1 and 2. Four (2.6%) of participants had gingival recession measuring 3mm to 4mm and 8.6% had halitosis. Statistical analysis of the association between participants’ perception of gum bleeding and oral hygiene status showed statistical significance.&#x0D; Conclusion: The knowledge of pregnancy gingivitis is poor among the participants. There is the need to educate them about this and incorporate periodontal care into antenatal care so as to increase their quality of life during pregnancy.