Hepatoprotective Agent Research Articles

Biomedical applications of polysaccharide derived from tetrasporophyte tufts of Asparagopsis armata (Falkenbergia rufolanosa): Focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant and hepato-protective activities

A sulfated polysaccharide from tetrasporophyte tufts of Asparagopsis armata (Falkenbergia rufolanosa) (FRP) was extracted, then its structural, morphological and thermal properties were characterized. Antioxidant potential, enzymatic inhibitory effect and anticoagulant activities through activated partial thrombosis time, thrombin time and prothrombin time were also established. Additionally, this polymer was tested in vivo for its hepato-protective effect against toxicity induced by the fungicide — methyl thiophanate (MT). After MT injection, our data revealed a significant disruption in all biochemical and oxidative stress parameters associated with the hepatotoxicity features. Further, hepatic homogenates showed increased levels in inflammatory proteins consorted with detection of Bcl-2, IL-1beta, and P53 examined via immunohistochemistry revelation. These data were consolidate by liver histo-architecture and molecular investigation. However, the pre-treatment with FRP led to an effective healing process against MT's injuries. In summary, our data suggest that FRP could be assigned as a novel candidate for use as antioxidant, anticoagulant and hepato-protective agent.

Garcinone E Mitigates Oxidative Inflammatory Response and Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis via Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB and TNF-α/JNK Axis

Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae), a popular tropical fruit for its juiciness and sweetness, is an opulent fountain of prenylated and oxygenated xanthones with a vast array of bio-activities. Garcinone E (GE), a xanthone derivative reported from G. mangostana, possesses cytotoxic and aromatase inhibitory activities. The present research endeavors to investigate the hepato-protection efficaciousness of GE on concanavalin-A (Con-A)-instigated hepatitis. Results showed that GE pretreating noticeably diminishes both the serum indices (transaminases, ALP, LDH, and γ-GT) and histopathological lesions of the liver. It counteracted neutrophil and CD4+ infiltration into the liver. GE furthered the Nrf2 genetic expression and its antioxidants' cascade, which resulted in amelioration of Con-A-caused oxidative stress (OS), lipid per-oxidative markers (4-HNE, MDA, PC) reduction, and intensified antioxidants (TAC, SOD, GSH) in the hepatic tissue. Additionally, GE prohibited NF-ĸB (nuclear factor kappa-B) activation and lessened the genetics and levels of downstream cytokines (IL1β and IL6). Moreover, the TNF-α/JNK axis was repressed in GE-treated mice, which was accompanied by attenuation of Con-A-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrated the protective potential of GE in Con-A-induced hepatitis which may be associated with Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation and OS suppression, as well as modulation of the NF-κB and TNF-α/JNK/apoptosis signaling pathway. These results suggest the potential use of GE as a novel hepato-protective agent against autoimmune hepatitis.

„Vanishing bile duct syndróm“ ako prejav poliekového poškodenia pečene u pacienta po polytraume

Summary: Vanishing bile duct syndrome is a type of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury that occurs when the body is exposed to drugs or other foreign substances. We hospitalized a 44-year-old, so far healthy, male with gradually developing painless icterus and pruritus of the whole body after severe polytrauma. The patient had previously undergone a complex treatment (antibio tics, antifungals, parenteral nutrition, LMWH). Laboratory tests revealed a several-fold elevation of total and conjugated bilirubin with a 3-fold increase in ALP levels, no signifi cant elevation of transaminases, a decrease in prothrombin time and IgG4 antibody positivity. An MRCP scan was performed revealing irregular intrahepatic bile ducts, a dilated common bile duct and characteristics of primary or secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Further examinations ruled out infectious, metabolic, toxic and oncological causes of hepatopathy. A liver bio psy ruled out both autoimmune hepatitis and IgG4 hepatopathy and displayed images of “vanishing bile duct syndrome” in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Empirical treatment with high-dose intravenous N-acetylcysteine and other hepatoprotective agents led to a gradual decrease of bilirubin, normalization of coagulation parameters and remission of icterus and clinical complaints. This case report points to a cholestatic type of drug-induced liver injury with histologically confi rmed vanishing bile duct syndrome and the need to think of DILI as one of the causes of the otherwise unexplained hepatopathy. Key words: cholangitis – DILI – hepatopathy – IgG4 – vanishing bile duct syndrome

Royal jelly arranges apoptotic and oxidative stress pathways and reduces damage to liver tissues of rats by down-regulation of Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-κB and up-regulation of caspase and Nrf-2 protein signalling pathways

Introduction Royal jelly (RJ) from the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is a traditional product that is widely used as a food supplement to support the medical treatment of various diseases. Material and methods Our study continued for 8 weeks. 42 Wistar albino (8 weeks old) male rats were used in the study. The study included 6 groups; Group 1: Control group (fed with standard diet), Group 2: RJ (100 mg/kg, bw), Group 3: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw), group 4: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) group 5: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw) Group 6: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw). Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities in liver tissue were determined by spectrophotometer. Liver tissue samples were examined histopathologically and various protein levels were determined by Western blotting technique. Results RJ caused a significant decrease in MDA level, Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-κB protein expression levels, whereas induced a significant increase in GSH level, CAT activities and Bax, BDNF, caspase-6, caspase-3, Nrf-2 protein expression levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest RJ to be used as a hepatoprotective agent in the clinic to modulate the toxic effects of fluoride and other chemicals in the future.

Flavonoids: A Potent substance in Anti-ulcer and Hepatoprotective Agents

Ever since herbs were used from the ancient ages to treat various diseases in one or the other form of drugs for the betterment of mankind. Due to this usage slowly the verge cam e to a decline or over exploitation which resulted in decrease of production of natural resources. Looking in to the benefits the flora and fauna were rehabilitees in form of tissue culture, co preservation, plantation etc. for the availability in its natural form. Nature is the best chemist, which helps in combatting the aliments and provides the outcomes of it. It is impossible to find any plant, which has no medical use.
 Ulcer and liver diseases are at an alarming rate in the developing countries. A number of drugs, which are in the existing medications for peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases, shows a comeback region due to its adverse effects, and drug interactions. Drugs, which consists from the flora, has its importance in the treatment and shows a higher rate of acceptance. Flavonoids are the naturally occurring, low molecular weight molecules seen mostly distributed in the vegetable kingdom and holds an utmost thurst in declining the generation of reactive oxygen species. Secondary compounds like apigenin, sylimarin, genesis, quercetin, kaempherol and catechins has a significance role in these diseases.

Hepatoprotective potential of isolated flavonoids from Trapa natans L. against the paracetamol induced oxidative stress in rats

Overdose of paracetamol causes liver toxicity, due to oxidative stress by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that increases the levels of ALT and AST, and reduces the level of the antioxidant enzymes. Flavonoids are a source of natural antioxidants that assist in neutralization of ROS. Several studies have suggested that flavonoids can help protect the liver. The Water Chestnut, Trapa natans L. plants have long been used in the traditional system of medicine and possess considerable antioxidant potential. In this study, we tried to isolate flavonoids from T. natans L. and evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of the isolated compound. We isolated flavonoids from the extract of the aerial part of plant and characterized by UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The isolated flavonoid was induced orally once a day (30 mg/kg). The test drug (isolated compound) could lower the elevated levels of serum enzymes such as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin. Silymarin (30 mg/kg) was taken as a standard drug that exhibits significant hepatoprotective activity against the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity model in Wistar albino rats. The histopathological study of rat liver also strengthens biochemical evaluation analysis. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the isolated flavonoids act as hepatoprotective agents in rats.

Voacanga grandifolia (Miq.) Rolfe protects against alcohol-induced liver toxicity in rats

Objective: To evaluate the ethanol extract of Voacanga grandifolia for hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential against ethanolinduced liver toxicity in rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ethanol (7 g/kg) and then treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of Voacanga grandifolia extract. The phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of Voacanga grandifolia extract were evaluated by GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant assays. Biochemical indicators for liver damage and proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression were determined using biochemical kits, ELISA, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Additionally, histopathological study of the liver was performed. Results: GC-MS identified propanoic acid, meso-erythritol, D-pinitol, myo-inositol, and hexadecanoic acid in Voacanga grandifolia extract. Voacanga grandifolia extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) increased the concentration of enzymatic antioxidants while diminishing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and biochemical indicators. qRT-PCR assay showed that Voacanga grandifolia extracts upregulated antiapoptotic gene expression while downregulating pro-apoptotic gene expression. Furthermore, the plant extract improved the hepatic architecture of ethanol-intoxicated rats. Conclusions: Voacanga grandifolia extract demonstrates hepatoprotective activity against alcohol-induced liver injury in rats and could be a potential hepatoprotective agent.

Water extract of lotus leaves has hepatoprotective activity by enhancing Nrf2- and epigenetics-mediated cellular antioxidant capacity in mouse hepatocytes

• The main phenolics in LL-WE were EGCG, rutin, gallic acid, myricetin, quercetin, ellagic acid, etc. • LL-WE reduced the damage of mouse AML-12 hepatocytes caused by APAP-induced oxidative stress. • LL-WE promoted glutathione synthesis and activated the Nrf2 pathway. • LL-WE upregulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and downregulated HDACs and DNMTs. • LL-WE inhibited the in vitro activity of CpG methyltransferase (M.SssI). The liver is an important organ in the human body; however, studies have shown that the excessive intake of acetaminophen (APAP), the primary ingredient in marketing pain relievers, may cause oxidative damage to liver cells. Here we found that lotus leaf water extract (LL-WE) enriched with various phenolic compounds can prevent mice AML-12 hepatocytes from APAP-induced injury, and trigger the Nrf2 pathway in HepG2-C8 cells with ARE-luciferase plasmid. LL-WE effectively induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and glutathione synthesis, increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, and UGT1A), and reduced protein levels of epigenetic modification enzymes (HDACs and DNMTs) in AML-12 cells. LL-WE also inhibited the activity of M.SssI CpG methyltransferase in vitro . These results suggest that LL-WE can be a potential hepatoprotective agent to reduce oxidative stress-induced liver damage by activating the Nrf2 pathway and downregulating epigenetic modification enzymes.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Alcohol and drug overdoses cause liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer globally. In particular, an overdose of acetaminophen (APAP), which is generally used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent, is a major cause of acute hepatitis, and cases of APAP-induced liver damage are steadily increasing. Potential antioxidants may inhibit the generation of free radicals and prevent drug-induced liver damage. Among plant-derived natural materials, radishes (RJ) and turnips (RG) have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties due to the presence of functional ingredients, such as glucosinolate and isothiocyanate. Although various functions have been reported, in vivo studies on the antioxidant activity of radishes are insufficient. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of RG and RJ in APAP-induced liver-damaged mice. RG and RJ extracts markedly improved the histological status, such as inflammation and infiltration, of mice liver tissue, significantly decreased the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde, and significantly increased the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the APAP-induced liver-damaged mice. In addition, RG and RJ extracts significantly increased the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1, which are antioxidative-related factors, and regulated the BAX and BCL-2, thereby showing anti-apoptosis activity. These results indicated that RG and RJ extracts protected mice against acute liver injury, attributed to a reduction in both oxidative stress and apoptosis. These findings have clinical implications for the use of RG and RJ extracts as potential natural candidates for developing hepatoprotective agents.

Immunostimulatory activity of a novel ayurvedic propriety formulation based on extracts of herbs used in chyavanprash

Ethnopharmacological relevanceChyavanprash is an ayurvedic formulation, a Rasayana known to promote overall well-being, immunity, and vitality. It contains powerful antioxidants, good hepatoprotective and immunomodulating agents. Chyavanprash is also known to protect and strengthen respiratory health, thereby providing immunity against respiratory infections. A novel ayurvedic proprietary formulation (based on the aqueous extracts of herbs used in Chyavanprash) was developed to offer a differential taste experience and deliver a standardized quality for health benefits. The immune-stimulatory role of these extracts and the underlying mechanistic evidence had to be studied. Aim of the studyThe goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and prophylactic efficacy of the test product based on extracts of herbs used in Chyavanprash in a preclinical study. Material and methodsThe test product was studied to evaluate acute toxicity and prophylactic efficacy in influenza-like virus (HCoV-229E)-infected mice model for viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) load estimation in lung tissues. Immunophenotyping of B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cell subpopulations were assessed. Cytokines immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were also evaluated in serum samples. Two doses of the test product, 1,000 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight against the disease and normal control were studied. Quality control of the test product was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with gallic acid and ascorbic acid as marker compounds. ResultsAt a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight, the test product showed a 99.79% reduction in viral RNA load in lung tissues and a significant 2-fold increase in B cells, i.e., 19.89 ± 0.25% cells vs. 9.46 ± 1.67% in disease control (p <0.01). A significant change with increase in IgG, IgM and a decrease in IL-6, TNF-α was observed in both the test groups as compared with disease control. Mast cell degranulation in rat mesenteric bits, preincubated with test product 250 µg/mL concentration showed a 76.7% protection against compound 48/80 treatment. The product was safe even at the highest tested dose (5 g/kg body weight) in the acute toxicity study. ConclusionThis study proves that the formulation with extract of herbs used in Chyavanprash contains phytocompounds, which could be potential immunomodulatory agents that provide immunity and protection against allergies.

Exploring the Effective Components and Mechanism of Action of Japanese Ardisia in the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.

Japanese Ardisia is widely used as a hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in China. However, the active ingredients in Japanese Ardisia and their potential mechanisms of action in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are unknown. The pharmacodynamic substance and mechanism of action of Japanese Ardisia in the treatment of AIH were investigated using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology in this study. Following that, the effects of Japanese Ardisia were evaluated using the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acute liver injury rat model. The active ingredients and targets of Japanese Ardisia were searched using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and hepatitis-related therapeutic targets were identified through GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. A compound-target network was then constructed using Cytoscape software, and enrichment analysis was performed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Molecular docking technology was used to simulate the docking of key targets, and the AIH rat model was used to validate the expression of key targets. Nineteen active chemical components and 143 key target genes were identified. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the treatment of AIH with Japanese Ardisia mainly involved DNA-binding transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA transcription factor binding, cytokine receptor binding, receptor-ligand activity, ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding, and cytokine activity. In the KEGG enrichment analysis, 165 pathways were identified, including the lipid and atherosclerotic pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, hepatitis B pathway, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. These pathways may be the key to effective AIH treatment with Japanese Ardisia. Molecular docking showed that quercetin and kaempferol have good binding to AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, and CASP3. Animal experiments demonstrated that Japanese Ardisia could increase the expression of AKT1 and decrease the expression of CASP3 protein, as well as IL-6, in rat liver tissues. This study identified multiple molecular targets and pathways for Japanese Ardisia in the treatment of AIH. At the same time, the effectiveness of Japanese Ardisia in treating AIH was verified by animal experiments.

In Vivo study of Antidiabetic Activity from Ethanol Extract of Clitoria ternatea L. Flower

Background: Clitoria ternatea L. or telang flower is a plant whose all parts have benefits for the human body. The benefits of telang flower include antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and hepatoprotective agent. Clitoria ternatea L. flower as an antidiabetic treatment works by increasing insulin secretion, inhibiting the formation of advanced glucose end products, as well as inhibiting the work of enzymes involved in the production of glucose in the blood. In this study using an experimental method, using 25 mice which were divided into 5 groups. The negative control group (aquadest), the positive control group (glibenclamide 5 mg), and the three groups with variations in the dose of 96% ethanol extract of telang flower 200, 400, 600 mg/kg BW. The results: The results showed that the negative control group did not experience a decrease in blood sugar levels; the positive control group by giving glibenclamide 5 mg experienced a decrease in blood sugar levels of up to 48.6 mg/dl. In 200 mg dose extract; 400; 600 mg of tested animals showed a decrease in blood sugar up to 48.2 mg/dl, 31.2 mg/dl, 43 mg/dl respectively. The conclusion: Based on the data obtained, it was then analyzed statistically using the One Way ANOVA test, resulting in a significant value &lt;0.05, then the Kruskal-Wallis Test was carried out. It could be concluded that there was a significant difference in decreasing blood sugar levels. Different dose of Clitoria ternatea L. extract gives a significant effect on reducing blood sugar levels.&#x0D; Keywords: Antidiabetic, Extract, Clitoria ternatea L., Flower

Comparative antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential quercetin and corycavidine from &lt;em&gt;Hedyotis corymbosa &lt;/em&gt;(L.) Lam. and &lt;em&gt;Solanum xanthocarpum&lt;/em&gt; Schrad &amp; Wendl

Liver disease is the major health issues in current era. Antioxidants play the essential role in hepatoprotection by protecting the hepatic cells against free radicals. Flavonoids and alkaloids are the essential plants bioactive that play the major role in the antioxidant system. In our project we used diamond flower Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. and Yellow berried Nightshade Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad &amp; Wendl., and both plants have major phytoconstituent which acts as antioxidants. Thus, the aim of the current study validates the isolation, characterization, and determination of in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective consequences of corycavidine and quercetin that were isolated from Diamond flower Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. and Yellow berried Nightshade Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad &amp; Wendl.. The study intent to isolate and identify the antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent from two different plants and compare their hepatoprotective potential to obtain the most effective liver protective phytoconstituent. Quercetin was isolated from S. xanthocarpum by column chromatography employing n-butanol: acetic acid: H2O (2:2:6) as a solvent system, however, corycavidine was isolated from H. corymbosa by column chromatography employing chloroform: methanol: diethylamine (4:1:2.2) as mobile phase. Structural illustrations were confirmed by UV, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Both the phytoconstituents, corycavidine and quercetin, were explored for their antioxidant potential by investigating CAT, SOD GSH, and LPO in liver homogenates of experimental rats. Additionally, the in vivo hepatoprotective effect was examined against simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), which induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. The liver protective activity was computed by determining distinct biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, cholesterol and urea along with hematological parameters and histopathological studies. The results of spectroscopic methods confirmed that the isolated phytochemical constituent from the H. corymbosa is corycavidine, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, however from S. xanthocarpum is quercetin a flavonoid. Both phytoconstituents significantly (P &lt;0.05 P &lt;0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, urea, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level in experimental rats. Furthermore, it also signifies the blood parameters at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg and restored the body protection system. The histological examination exhibited that corycavidine and quercetin at a dose of 100 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around the central vein with nearly normal liver architecture. The results expressed the hepatoprotective outcome of quercetin is preeminent than corycavidine and therefore, scientifically validates its traditional application.

Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) Extract Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Exerts Hepatoprotective Effects in Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats.

Environmental pollutants present a potential source of toxicity when exposed to humans. The study was aimed at investigating the potential of Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) as a hepatoprotective agent in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity causing lipid profile disturbance. The aqueous methanolic (30 : 70 v/v) extract of O. ramosa Roxb. (AME.Or) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, whereas the antioxidant activity of its constituents was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The hepatoprotective and antihyperlipidemic effects of AME.Or was investigated by dividing animals into five groups (A-E). Animals were either treated with normal saline or CdCl2 (6.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) followed by treatment with silymarin (100 mg/kg), or AME.Or (200 mg/kg) and AME.Or (400 mg/kg) for consecutive three weeks. Blood samples were collected, and the serum lipid profile was assessed on the 11th and 21st day of treatment. Histopathological analysis was performed after euthanization. In vitro analysis of AME.Or revealed 64% inhibition as free radicals scavenging potential during DPPH, total phenolic content (TPC) (79.92 mgGAE/g), and total flavonoids content (TFC) (38.75 mgRE/g). The group intoxicated with CdCl2 showed significantly high (p ≤ 0.05) levels of the liver function indicators and lipid profile than in the control group. The higher dose of AME.Or (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (p ≤ 0.001), decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides (p ≤ 0.01) while significantly increased high density lipoprotein (HDL; p ≤ 0.01) as compared to the intoxicated group. The histopathological analysis of the liver revealed signs of necrosis in the intoxicated group, while AME.Or treated groups showed marked improvement. The findings accentuate the therapeutic importance of O. ramosa (Roxb.) as a hepatoprotective remedy.

Effect of Corn Silk extracts on Hepatic steatosis in doxorubicin treated Albino Rats.

Objectives: To determine hepatoprotective effects of cornsilk extracts through laboratory and histopathological parameters in albino rats. Study Design: Experimental Animal study. Setting: Animal House and Histology Laboratory of Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore. Period: April 2019 to April 2020. Material &amp; Methods: The study was carried out on 30 albino rats and was divided among three groups having ten rats in each group. Group A was labelled as a control group. Groups B and C were labelled as experimental groups. Cellular steatosis as a histological parameter and ALT and AST levels are measured to access the hepatoprotective effects of corn silk. Results: It was found that the mean AST and ALT were also significantly different among the groups analyzing p-value &lt; 0.001. Fisher’s exact test showed that there was significant difference in the percentage of cellular steatosis among groups. Conclusion: It was found that cornsilk extract can be recommended as a hepatoprotective agent against DOX-induced hepatic damage.

Chemical Composition of Tagetes patula Flowers Essential Oil and Hepato-Therapeutic Effect against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Toxicity (In-Vivo)

The liver is a crucial organ among body organs due to its wide functions, in particular, detoxification and metabolism. Exposure to detrimental chemicals or viral infections may provoke liver dysfunction and ultimately induce liver tissue damage. Finding natural substances for liver disease treatment to overcome the conventional treatments' side effects has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Our current work was conducted to investigate the hepato-therapeutic activities of essential oil (EO) isolated from Tagetes patula flowers. EO was extracted using the hydro-distillation (HD) technique and its chemical composition was identified by GC/MS. Then, the hepatic treatment potential of extracted EO was evaluated in vivo against CCL4 in rats. HD of T. patula flowers yielded highly chemical constituents of EO along with significant antioxidant potential. A coherent molecular network was fashioned via the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) to visualize the essential components and revealed that the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene was the most predominant volatile constituent which accounted for 24.1%. The treatment of CCL4 led to significant induced oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde, total protein, and non-protein sulfhydryl, as well as elevated serum aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. In addition, it disrupted the level of lipid profile. The post-treatment using T. patula EO succeeded in relieving all toxic effects of CCl4 and recuperating the histopathological signs induced by CCL4. Silymarin was used as a standard hepatoprotective agent. The obtained results demonstrated that the extracted EO exerted high protective activities against the toxicity of CCL4. Moreover, the T. patula flowers EO can be used as a natural remedy to relieve many contemporary liver diseases related to oxidative stress.

A Comprehensive Study of Therapeutic Applications of Chamomile.

Chamomile has a long history of traditional medicinal uses. The two commonly used varieties with therapeutic applications are German chamomile known as Matricaria chamomilla L. and Roman chamomile or Chamaemelum nobile L. The plant contains many components, namely, flavonoids, terpenoids, and coumarins, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. The review discusses recent developments that help in establishing its role as a therapeutic agent in various areas as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-allergic, anticancer, and anti-hypertensive agent. Not much is known about its role in the treatment of CNS disorders and metabolic syndromes, which are also discussed. The chemical components responsible for the therapeutic activity and the respective mechanism of action are also elaborated.

A Literature Review of Artocarpus lacucha Focusing on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of the Plant.

Studies have shown that approximately two-thirds of the plant species in the world have some medicinal value. Artocarpus lakoocha is a synonym for Artocarpus lacucha and is a plant that can be found in Indonesia. This medicinal plant has been used to treat many diseases. (1) Objective: This article discusses the scientific investigations carried out on A. lacucha, namely the plant’s chemical content, pharmacological activity, and active compounds. (2) Methods: The design of this study was based on an article that was a review of previous research. A search for relevant publications over the past ten years (2012–2022) using data from Pubmed, Proquest, Ebsco, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar resulted in the discovery of 369 articles. (3) Results: Fifty relevant articles investigate A. lacucha’s substances and their applications in the health field. The presence of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds has been reported, which is evidence that A. lacucha possesses antidiarrheal, immunostimulant, anticholesterol, and hepatoprotective agents. (4) Conclusions: Mobe (A. lacucha) is a plant native to North Sumatra, Indonesia. This plant is efficacious as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antiglycation, and anticholesterol, and can also be used for anti-aging and wound healing. In addition to its various benefits, it turns out that this plant also has many active compounds that are useful to the health sector, especially the pharmaceutical field.

Antioxidant, hypoglycemic and protection of acute liver injury activities of Ganoderma lucidum spore water extract

• Preliminary analysis of chemical composition of sporoderm-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore water extract (BGLWE). • BGLWE had great antioxidant activities and hypoglycemic activities. • BGLWE attenuated CCl 4 -induced liver injury. • BGLWE could be used as a raw material for hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective functional foods. This study determined the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic activity, and acute liver injury-protective effects of sporoderm-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore water extract (BGLWE). A total of 549 substances were identified in BGLWE, among which, the top three identified substances were nicotinamide (9.75 %), gamma-aminobutyric acid (9.44 %), and phytosphingosine (8.36 %). BGLWE exhibited pronounced scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and hydroxyl radicals (IC 50 of 0.2456, 0.3637, and 3.573 mg/mL, respectively) and also possessed high ferric ion reducing power (absorbance from 0.22 to 3.06). BGLWE showed good inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC 50 of 4.87 and 5.06 mg/mL). In animal experiments, compared with the control CCl 4 group, the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase of BGLWE were increased by 51.52 % and 41.79 %, respectively, while the malondialdehyde content was decreased by 53.99 %. These results support the use of BGLWE as a natural hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective agent that has potential applications in food and medicine.

A review of therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and its main constituent, silymarin, on cancer, and their related patents.

For more than 2000 years, Silybum marianum L. (milk thistle) has been used for treating different complications such as jaundice, hepatitis, and cancers. It has also been shown that silymarin, a flavonolignan extract of the plant, demonstrates chemopreventive effects against cancers. This patent review presents and discusses recent patents concerning the anticancer effects of S. marianum and silymarin. The data were gathered by searching an extensive literature review conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Google Patent, Patent Scope, and US Patent. Milk thistle and silymarin have been used in a variety of medical, therapeutic, and pharmaceutical fields, according to a large number of documents and patents. Milk thistle and silymarin have been used as complementary treatments for cancers such as skin, prostate, and colorectal cancers, as well as hepatoprotective agents. Silymarin exerts a chemopreventive effect on reactivating cell death pathways by modulation of the antiapoptotic proteins and synergizing with agonists of death domain receptors. Based on the results of these patents, silymarin could be beneficial to oncology patients, especially for the treatment of the side effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics. Following the human propensity to use phytocompounds rather than medicines based on chemical constituents, special attention must be paid to tie the value of milk thistle and silymarin from basic science to clinical applications.