Hepatoprotective Activity Research Articles

Biological Characterization of Cleome felina L.f. Extracts for Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Hepatoprotective Activities in Wister Albino Rats.

The present study aims to explore the phytochemical constitution and biological activities of Cleome felina L.f. (Cleomaceae). C. felina (leaves, stem, and root) extracts (acetone, methanol, and water) were qualitatively assessed for phytochemical presence. Methanolic leaves extract revealed more positive phyto-compounds among all the extracts; further, methanolic leaves extract was evaluated for FTIR, EDX, GCMS, antimicrobial assay, acute toxicity, and paracetamol-induced hepatoprotective activity in Wister albino rats. FTIR and EDX analysis unveiled important functional groups and elements in the leaves. GCMS analysis of methanolic leaves extract exposed 12 active phyto-compounds: major constituents detected were 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, formate-48.79%; 1-Decanol, 2-ethyl-13.40%; 1,6-Anhydro-β-d-talopyranose-12.49%; Ethene, 1,2-bis(methylthio)-7.22%; Decane-4.02%; 3-Methylene-7, 11-dimethyl-1-dodecene-3.085%; Amlexanox-2.50%; 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol, (1α,2β,3β,4α)-2.07%; L-Cysteine S-sulfate-1.84%; n-Hexadecanoic acid-1.70%; and Flucarbazone-1.55%. The antimicrobial assay showed a moderate zone of inhibition against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. glabrata at 100 µL/mL concentration. Additionally, acute toxicity revealed no behavioral sign of the toxic effect. The significant results were obtained for methanolic leaves extract (low-50 and high-100 mg/kg b.wt. dose) for hepatoprotective activity, where it dramatically reduced serum blood biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, Total bilirubin, and cholesterol) and exhibited elevated hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) concentration with lipid peroxidation retardation. To conclude, C. felina methanolic leaves extract ameliorated important phytochemical compounds and showed significant antimicrobial and hepatoprotective efficacy; therefore, utilization of C. felina leaves suggested in pharmacological applications, and in numerous cosmetics, herbicides, and food industries, would be a great scope for future hepatoprotective drug designing.

Multi-omics characterization of the microbial populations and chemical space composition of a water kefir fermentation.

In recent years, the popularity of fermented foods has strongly increased based on their proven health benefits and the adoption of new trends among consumers. One of these health-promoting products is water kefir, which is a fermented sugary beverage based on kefir grains (symbiotic colonies of yeast, lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria). According to previous knowledge and the uniqueness of each water kefir fermentation, the following project aimed to explore the microbial and chemical composition of a water kefir fermentation and its microbial consortium, through the integration of culture-dependent methods, compositional metagenomics, and untargeted metabolomics. These methods were applied in two types of samples: fermentation grains (inoculum) and fermentation samples collected at different time points. A strains culture collection of ∼90 strains was established by means of culture-dependent methods, mainly consisting of individuals of Pichia membranifaciens, Acetobacter orientalis, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Acetobacter pomorum, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Pichia kudriavzevii, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, and Kazachstania exigua, which can be further studied for their use in synthetic consortia formulation. In addition, metabarcoding of each fermentation time was done by 16S and ITS sequencing for bacteria and yeast, respectively. The results show strong population shifts of the microbial community during the fermentation time course, with an enrichment of microbial groups after 72h of fermentation. Metataxonomics results revealed Lactobacillus and Acetobacter as the dominant genera for lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, whereas, for yeast, P. membranifaciens was the dominant species. In addition, correlation and systematic analyses of microbial growth patterns and metabolite richness allowed the recognition of metabolic enrichment points between 72 and 96h and correlation between microbial groups and metabolite abundance (e.g., Bile acid conjugates and Acetobacter tropicalis). Metabolomic analysis also evidenced the production of bioactive compounds in this fermented matrix, which have been associated with biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant. Interestingly, the chemical family of Isoschaftosides (C-glycosyl flavonoids) was also found, representing an important finding since this compound, with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity, had not been previously reported in this matrix. We conclude that the integration of microbial biodiversity, cultured species, and chemical data enables the identification of relevant microbial population patterns and the detection of specific points of enrichment during the fermentation process of a food matrix, which enables the future design of synthetic microbial consortia, which can be used as targeted probiotics for digestive and metabolic health.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr: Updated Review

Abstract: Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal herb documented in the indigenous medicinal systems and used in many folk medicines to treat various ailments. D. styracifolium belongs to the legume family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and is preferably abundantly found worldwide. The plant possesses various phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Plant’s phytochemical accouter confers significant therapeutic properties and has been used traditionally for treating ailments like pyrexia, stranguria, renal calculi, dysuria, and oliguria. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of scientific findings of D. styracifolium phytoconstituents and their related anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, anti-urolithic and hepatoprotective activities in nonclinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies. More than 50 chemical compounds have been reported from D. styracifolium, including flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols, and phytosterols. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal uses of D. styracifolium, providing scientific evidence for ethnomedicinal claims and opening perspectives for future research.

Genus Knema: An Extensive Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology.

Knema (the Myristicaceae family) is a large genus of small-medium trees found in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia. Historical records dealt with the uses of Knema species as medicinal plants against various diseases, especially cancer remedies, or their application as tonic agents in Asian communities Objective: The aim of this review is to provide the most current knowledge on the traditional uses, chemical profiles, as well as pharmacological values of Knema plants. Through electronic search, the literature materials on Knema plants were acquired from scholarly journals, books, and internationally recognized scientific databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Sci-Finder, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. All full-text articles and abstracts on Knema were screened. Genus Knema, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology were the first selective keywords to search for references. Since the 1970s, more than 185 metabolites have been isolated from Knema plants and structurally elucidated. Among them, phenolic lipids, flavonoids, and lignans are the principal metabolites. Crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of Knema species possess a wide variety of pharmacological properties, such as antioxidative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities, but cytotoxicity is the most striking feature. Phenolic lipids containing long alkyl side chains and polar hydroxyl or acyl groups are found as the most active molecules in cytotoxic assays. Further studies on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities, toxicological assessments, pharmacological mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics are urgently needed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Capsules Containing Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit Nanoparticles

Phyllanthus emblica fruit has diuretic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antitumor, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antiulcerogenic activities making it possible as a traditional medicine in capsule form. Capsule preparations have the advantage of covering the unpleasant taste and smell of medicinal ingredients, easy to swallow, so they are practical to use. This study aimed to formulate Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticles in capsules and to test the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anti-inflammatory activity by observing denaturation inhibition in vitro. The method used to manufacture Phyllanthus emblica fruit simplicia nanoparticles was used using a High Energy Ball mill grinding machine. Capsule formulation was carried out with various doses of nanoparticles (100, 150, and 200 mg). Evaluation includes weight uniformity and disintegration time. Test of its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its anti inflammatory activity in vitro. The study found that all formulas could be made into capsules that met the evaluation test requirements. The results of the evaluation of disintegration time ranged from 6.17-11.33 minutes. For the evaluation results of weight uniformity, it was found that weight deviations in columns A1 and A2 were in the range between 0.9% to 2.8% and 0.9 to 1.3%. The study reports on the antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticle capsules (PFNP) against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results indicate that PFNP exhibits a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, with inhibition zone diameters of 10.83 mm, 11.6 mm, and 12.63 mm observed at 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg, respectively, against Streptococcus mutans. Similarly, PFNP demonstrated a dose-dependent antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters of 10.7 mm, 11.4 mm, and 12.1 mm observed at doses of 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg, respectively. PFNP capsules showed inhibition results with a value of 5.63%, 6.13%, and 6.80%. It was concluded that Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticles (Phyllanthus emblica L.) could be formulated in capsule dosage forms with doses of 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg; has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and has no anti-inflammatory activity.

Economic Importance of Garcinia Kola: Evidences of Shielding Outcome Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Kidney Toxicity in Experimental Models

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola) seeds on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in adult Wistar rats. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 65-145g were randomly divided into six groups of 5 rats each. Group A (control) rats were orally administered with 5ml/kg body weight of distilled water daily for 2 weeks, group B rats were administered distilled water orally daily for 2 weeks (volume per body weight) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 0.4 m1/kg intraperitonially as a single application on day 14 of the experiment. Group C rats were administered 100 mg of silymarin / kg body weight once daily for 2 weeks followed by a single dose of CCl4 (0.4 m1) on day 14 of the experiment. Group D rats were administered 400 mg aqueous extract bitter kola (Garcinia kola) / kg body weight orally once daily for 2 weeks. Group E and F rats were administered 400 mg and 200 mg aqueous extract bitter kola (Garcinia kola) seed) orally once daily for 2 weeks followed by a single dose of CCl4 (0.4 m1) on day 14 respectively. At the end of the experiment. Garcinia kola seed aqueous extract caused significant decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the serum of the extract treated groups. Histopathological examinations revealed distortion of histoarchitecture such as, sinusoidal congestion, necrosis, steatosis and fibrosis was observed in group B. The administration of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola seed remarkably inhibited histoarchitectural distortion induced by CCl4 administration. Effects of the extract at dose of 200mg/kg was comparable to the reference drug. Garcinia kola aqueous seed extract showed a remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as observed from the serum marker enzymes and antioxidant levels in liver tissues. CCl4 induced a significant rise in AST, ALT, and ALP with an increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduction lipid peroxidation (MDA). Treatment of the rats with the extract significantly (p<0.05) altered serum marker enzymes and antioxidant levels to near normal compared with CCl4- treated rats (group B). The activity of the extract at dose of 400mg/kg (group F) was comparable to the standard drug confirmed by histopathological examinations of liver sections. Conclusion: Garcinia kola aqueous extract has hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

An Overview of Medicinal Importance, Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects of Fraxin from Cortex fraxinus

Background: Medicinal plants and their derived products have been used in the medical field for the treatment of human diseases from a very early age. Phytoproducts, including numerous pure phytoconstituents have been used for the treatment of human health complications. Coumarin is a pure phytoconstituent of benzopyrone family derivatives. Fraxin is a coumarin glucoside found to be present in the bark of Fraxinus excelsior L. Fraxin has numerous physiological functions in medicine mainly due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective and analgesic activity. Methods: The present review mainly focuses on the medicinal importance, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fraxin. Pharmacological activities of fraxin have been reviewed in the present work through literature data analysis of different scientific research works. Analytical methods developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fraxin in herbal drugs have been reviewed in the present work through scientific data analysis of different research works. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus have been searched in the present work in order to collect scientific information on fraxin. Results: Present paper summarized the biological importance, therapeutic benefit and pharmacological activities of fraxin in medicine. Scientific data analysis of different literature work revealed the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of fraxin in medicine. The biological importance of fraxin in medicine was mainly due to its significant effect on acute respiratory distress syndrome, hepatotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, acute kidney injury, osteoarthritis, liver damage and tumor. Further pharmacokinetic data on fraxin were also collected and discussed in the present work to know the plasma drug concentration profile of fraxin. Analytical data of the present paper will be beneficial for the development of newer and effective analytical tools for the quantitative estimation of fraxin in different biological samples. However, scientific experiments on fraxin in the clinical use should be developed to scientifically validate the medicinal uses of fraxin. Conclusion: Present paper will be beneficial to all the scientific people in the biological field to know the therapeutic benefit of fraxin against various forms of human disorders.

Hepatoprotective and antifibrotic activity of watercress extract in a model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats

Hepatoprotective and antifibrotic activity of watercress extract in a model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats

Antifibrotic Efficacy of a New Phytocomposition of Essential Phospholipids with Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ecdysterone, Lycopene and Proanthacyanidin in Experimental Severe Chronic Hepatitis Compared with Phosphogliv

Since the prevalence of acute and especially severe chronic liver diseases of various etiologies increases from year to year, this pathology is recognized as the main burden on health worldwide. Currently, it has been established that the use of drugs based on essential phospholipids and plant origin with antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity is very effective in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. In this regard, we studied under experimental conditions the effect of phytocomposition of soy lecithin, glycyrrhizic acid, lycopene and ecdysterone (conditional name hepalipin) and proanthacyanidin (conditional name yantacin) isolated from the plant Alhagi pseudalhagi on cytolytic-cholestatic liver damage, as well as on the development of fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of a new combination called Hepatocin obtained in a 1:1 ratio (100 mg/kg of Hepalipin and 100 mg/kg of Yantacin). All the studies conducted were conducted on adult nonlinear rats, while the experimental animals were divided into a control group infected with heliotrin, a substance with hepatotoxic action, a group receiving hepatocin, and an intact group that was not infected with heliotrin at the same time. In the conducted studies, hepatocin significantly inhibited the development of cytolytic-cholestatic liver damage, helped to maintain the functions of the liver synthesizing protein and glycogen, and when administered to experimental animals against the background of a chronic disease developing as a result of damage by heliotrin, it has an antioxidant effect. In addition, the use of hepatocin for more than two months in chronic liver damage or early stage fibrosis led to the restoration of serum enzymes of experimental animals, as well as regulators of cytochrome P450 and b5 fibrogenesis in liver tissues, PCNA, PDGF-BB to levels almost close to the initial (intact) values. Thus, in experimental conditions of chronic severe hepatitis or early stage fibrosis, hepatocin showed statistically significant advantages over Phosphogliv in terms of the intensity of hepatoprotective or antifibrotic action.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ZINC COMPLEX OF BETULINIC ACID ON PYRAZINAMIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN MICE

Background: Hepatotoxicity is a common side effect of pyrazinamide, a first line anti-tuberculous drug. Objective of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of zinc complex of Betulinic acid (BA) on pyrazinamide induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods: This experimental, randomized control study was conducted at Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, and National Institute of Health Islamabad from 1 Sep 2020 to 31 Aug 2021. Thirty male Balb/c albino mice were divided into three groups each having 10 mice. Group 1 received normal diet with no medication. Group 2 (NC) received pyrazinamide 500 mg/Kg daily for 28 days. Group 3 (DC) received Zinc complex of Betulinic acid 1 mg/Kg/day per oral once daily along with pyrazinamide. Final sampling was done on day 28 by intracardiac puncture for estimation of serum ALT and bilirubin level. Data was analysed on SPSS-21. Comparisons between the groups were analyzed using one way ANOVA (Post Hoc Tuckey test), and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Zinc complex of Betulinic acid treated group had significantly decreased serum ALT (58.00±5.639) and bilirubin (0.617±0.601) in comparison with pyrazinamide treated group. Conclusion: Zinc complex of Betulinic acid exerted significant hepatoprotective activity in pyrazinamide induced hepatotoxicity. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):36–8

A Review on Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.)

Background: Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) of is one of the most useful plant in Ayurveda. Many pharmacological studies have been conducted to investigate the properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multi-purpose medicinal agent. The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) Specifically, the literature was reviewed for articles pertaining to chemical properties and therapeutic benefits. This review is in a narrative format and consists of all publications relevant to Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) that were identified by the authors through a Google scholar search and books from Central library and library of Dravyaguna Vigyan department of Sai Ayurved College, Hospital and Research Centre Sasure-Vairag-Solapur. Result shows that Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) possesses antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and diuretic properties. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully understood. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) exhibiting a variety of therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.)is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant which is mentioned in Ayurvedic classical books.it is one of the plant which According to Ayurveda this plant is having Ras-Katu, Veerya-Ushna, Vipaka-Katu, Vaatahar and Kaphahar and Sheet . Many pharmacological studies have been conducted to investigate the properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multi-purpose medicinal agent. The main aim of this article is to collect and analyze the scientific information related to traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Methods: Scientific information on Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (e.g. MEDLINE/PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus) and books from central library as well as library of Dravyaguna department of Sai Ayurved College, Hospital and Research Centre Sasure-Vairag-Solapur. Results: Different plant parts of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) were reported to be used for the treatment of natural hair color, cough, skin diseases, and antidote in various poisonous bites such as rat bite. Various extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hypolipidimic, antioxidant, thrombolytic property, hepatoprotective activity . Conclusion: The mechanisms of action Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) for these properties are not fully understood. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of exhibiting a variety of therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Persicaria maculosa aqueous extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Persicaria maculosa aqueous extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

Phytochemical characterization, anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicity profile of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (pineapple) leaf in albino rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnanas comosus (pineapple) leaf is used in ethnomedicine to treat diarrhoea, inflammation, pain, bacterial infections and oedema. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to investigate the anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the toxicity profile of the aqueous Ananas comosus leaf extract (AACLE) in rats. MethodsMethanol ACLE was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg AACLE was administered. In the subacute toxicity study (28 days), rats in groups 2–4 received AACLE orally. The anti-diarrhoeal effect was studied using charcoal meal and castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic tests were measured using egg albumin-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing methods, respectively. For the subacute toxicity, anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory studies, AACLE was administered orally to rats at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. ResultsHexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, n-hexadecanoic acid and n-heptadecanol-1 were identified among other compounds with known pharmacological activities by GC-MS analysis. No deaths, behavioural changes, or signs of toxicity were observed in the acute toxicity study. Treatment with AACLE (28 days) decreased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione, and catalase increased when compared with control (P < 0.05). Treatment with AACLE did not cause significant changes in haematological or renal function parameters. Treatment with AACLE inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. Treatment with AACLE resulted in a dose-dependent (200–600 mg/kg) significant (P < 0.05) anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effect compared to standard drugs. ConclusionOur study revealed that ACLE is not toxic but contains bioactive compounds with anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activity. AACLE has antidiarrhoeal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in rats, which justifies its therapeutic use in traditional medicine.

Scopoletin a potential phytochemical therapy for antitubercular treatment drug induced liver injury (ATT-DILI) model in Wistar rats.

The hepatoprotective properties of scopoletin have been explored in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury but not in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) scenarios. Only N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has proven efficacy in DILI treatment. Accordingly, we conducted a study toassess the hepatoprotective action of scopoletin in the anti-tubercular treatment (ATT)-DILI model in Wistar rats, ifany. A total of 36 rats were evaluated, with six in each group. A 36-day ATT at 100 mg/kg dose for isoniazid, 300 mg/kg for rifampicin and 700 mg/kg for pyrazinamide were fed to induce hepatotoxicity in rats. Group I and II-VI received normal saline and ATT, respectively. Oral scopoletin (1,5 and 10 mg/kg) and NAC 150 mg/kg were administered in groups III, IV, V and VI, respectively, once daily for the last15days of the experiment. LFT monitoring was performed at baseline, days 21, 28, and 36. Rats were sacrificed for the histopathology examination. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels were significantly increased in group II (receiving ATT) compared to normal control on day 28 and day 36 (p<0.05). All three doses of scopoletin and NAC groups led to the resolution of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin changes induced by ATT medications effect beginning by day 28 and persisting on day 36 (p<0.01). An insignificant effect was observed on albumin and total protein levels. The effect was confirmed with antioxidants and histopathology analysis. The study confirms the hepatoprotective efficacy of scopoletin in a more robust commonly encountered liver injury etiology.

Structural elucidation of a highly branched α-D-glucan from Huangjiu and its hepatoprotective activity via gut microbiome regulation and intestinal barrier repairment

Polysaccharides in Huangjiu, a traditional fermented food, are expected to be potentially effective ingredients in protecting against alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Elucidating their precise structural and functional characteristics is essential for in-depth understanding of structure-activity relationships of hepatoprotective polysaccharides. Herein, a major polysaccharide component HJPS1–2 was purified from Huangjiu with an average molecular weight of 3.49 kDa. Structural analyses inferred that HJPS1–2 backbone was composed of (1 → 4)-linked α-D-Glcp and a single α(1 → 6)-D-Glcp-α(1 → 6)-D-Glcp branched unit for every three α(1 → 4)-D-Glcp. An ALD mouse model was further established to clarify the underlying effect of HJPS1–2 on ALD alleviation. Biochemical detection and histopathological assessment revealed that HJPS1–2 intervention remarkably improved ethanol-induced hepatic dysfunction and steatosis. HJPS1–2 treatment ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis of ALD mice in a dose-dependent manner, mainly manifested as restoration of microbial diversities, community structure and bacterial interaction patterns. Compared with ethanol group, the strikingly elevated intestinal short-chain fatty acids' levels and enhanced intestinal barrier function after HJPS1–2 intake might contribute to reduced serum and liver lipopolysaccharide levels and subsequently suppressed release of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating ALD. Collectively, this research supports the potential of food-derived polysaccharides to hinder the early formation and progression of ALD through maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

In Silico Assessment of the Role of Iridoid in the Treatment of Zika and Influenza Virus Infection

Iridoids have been showing anticancer, antiproliferative, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, and immune stimulatory activities. Zika and H3N2 viruses belong to the RNA virus category, which was responsible for the reoccurrence of epidemics and pandemics in the last decades. Both infections are the type of zoonotic diseases that transmit very fast. In this manuscript, we selected 59 iridoids (iridoid glycosides, secoiridoids, bis-iridoids, and non-glycosidic iridoids) and performed molecular docking (MD) interaction studies against PDB ID: 7VLG (Zika virus receptor) and PDB ID: 6EUY (H3N2 influenza virus receptor). MD interaction revealed that 2'-O-(4-methoxycinnamoyl) mussaenosidic acid and 6-O-trans-p-Coumaroyl–8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester showed a maximum dock score of –8.6 kcal/mol and –9.2 kcal/mol against PDB ID: 7VLG and PDB ID: 6EUY, respectively. The MD interaction data was confirmed by MD simulation and MMPBSA analysis. MD simulation data showed that RMSD and RMSF were within the limit. MM/PBSA analysis data showed that free binding energy of –21.398 kJ/mol and –127.169 kJ/mol observed with 2'-O-(4-methoxycinnamoyl) mussaenosidic acid–7VLGand 6-O-trans-p-Coumaroyl–8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester–6EUY, respectively. ADMET studies showed that both the final molecules were nontoxic in nature, but they required modification during formulation development. These data confirmed that if we reroute these iridoids toward Zika virus and influenza (H3N2) strains, it will be beneficial for mankind.

Comparative Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a multi-factorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the primary factor in preventing glucose from achieving its desired levels in patients with the condition. Hyperglycemia results from a lack of insulin secretion, inadequate insulin action or both. Materials and Methods: The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (B. pinnatum) on some biochemical parameters in diabetic induced albino rats were investigated. Two different concentrations of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants were used to treat alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results: The study found that alloxan administration significantly increased blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, with the highest reduction in group 7 and the lowest in group 5. The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum and G. latifolium leaves showed potential hepatoprotective and renal protective activities, but mild urea level alteration was observed. The study suggests that these extracts may be beneficial for diabetic rats. Conclusion: The study reveals that alloxan monohydrate can induce diabetes in animals, and ethanolic extracts from B. pinnatum leaves and G. latifolium leaves may reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide showed better hypoglycaemic effects. Alloxan may cause hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, but the extracts may also cause mild urea level alteration.

Chrysin attenuates paclitaxel-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis

AimsPaclitaxel (Pax) is a chemotherapeutic drug from the taxane family that is used in the treatment of human cancer, including ovarian, breast, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Chrysin (CR) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-diabetic, and anti-carcinogenic properties, as well as hepatoprotective and renoprotective activities. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of CR against Pax-induced hepatorenal toxicity on inflammation, apoptosis, antioxidant levels, oxidative DNA damage, and histopathology in rats. Material and methodsThirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 7): Group I (normal control), Group II (CR alone at a dose of 50 mg/kg), Group III (Pax at a dose of 2 mg/kg), Group IV (Pax+CR 25), and Group V (Pax+CR 50). The expressions of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl-2) and antioxidant genes (SOD1, CAT, GPx3, and GST) were evaluated using RT-PCR from paraffin sections. Caspase 3, KIM-1, NF-kB, COX-2, and 8-OHdG were also determined by immunohistochemical examination. Key findingsThe results revealed that Pax exposure caused hepatic and renal damage in rats, which was indicated by a significant elevation of caspase 3, Bax, KIM-1, NF-kB, COX-2, and 8-OHdG. However, there was a marked downregulation in the expressions of the Bcl-2, SOD1, CAT, GPx3, and GST genes. In contrast, rats given CR in combination showed better gene expression, histological structure, and immunohistochemical staining results. SignificanceConsequently, CR exhibited the ability to reduce oxidative DNA damage, exert anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and mitigate the toxic effects of Pax-induced hepatorenal toxicity.

The Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Antioxidant, and Hepatoprotective Activity of Prenanthes purpurea L. and Caffeoylquinic Acids in Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity on HEP-G2 Cells.

Oxidative stress is a common phenomenon of many liver disorders; it both affects patient survival and directly influences the applicability, effectiveness, and toxicity of drugs. In the pursuit of reliable natural remedies for hepatoprotection, this study reports on the complete phytochemical characterization, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities of the Prenanthes purpurea methanol-aqueous extract in an in vitro model of diclofenac-induced liver injury (DILI). An ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-HRMS) was conducted, delineating more than 100 secondary metabolites for the first time in the species, including a series of phenolic acid-hexosides, acylquinic, acylhydroxyquinic and acyltartaric acids, and flavonoids. Quinic acid, chlorogenic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic and 5-feruloylhydroxyquinic acid, caffeoyltartaric and cichoric acids, eryodictiol-O-hexuronide, and luteolin O-hexuronide dominated the phytochemical profile and most likely contributed to the observed hepatoprotective activity of the studied P. purpurea leaf extract. The potency and molecular basis of cellular protection were investigated in parallel with pure caffeoylquinic acids in a series of pretreatment experiments that verified the antiapoptotic and antioxidant properties of the natural products.

Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. (Family: Poacea/Gramineae) is being used to treat numerous ailments in traditional/folklore and indigenous system of medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiparasitic, analgesic, antipyretic and anticancer activities; however there is no documented evidence regarding its hepatoprotective efficacy. AimThis study was aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (HECJ) against paracetamol (PCM) induced liver damage in albino Wistar rats, and to identify the bioactive components present in the extract responsible for the said activity. Materials and methodsFive groups of rats (n = 6) were orally treated with: 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (normal control), 50 mg/kg silymarin (reference standard), HECJ [515 mg/kg (low dose) and 720 mg/kg (high dose)] (test groups) for 7 days daily, followed by induction of hepato-toxicity using PCM (2 gm/kg) on 7th day (PCM control; reference standard; test groups). The blood samples to estimate the level of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein; liver tissue homogenate for antioxidant markers (GSH, GST, GPx, and LPO) and liver section for histopathological analysis were collected. Isolation and characterization of phytochemicals from HECJ was done by preliminary screening, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe animals pre-treated with HECJ dose-dependently and significantly alleviated the PCM-induced alterations in liver enzymes, plasma proteins, serum total bilirubin and antioxidant markers levels. The histopathological analysis suggest that PCM causes marked necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, while preservation of the normal hepatic architecture was observed in groups pre-treated with, reference standard drug silymarin, and HECJ. Preliminary screening of the extract, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of some important bioactive components such as phenolics, flavonoids, glycoside, tannins, steroids, fatty acids, sterols, esters, saponins, terpenes/terpenoids and essential oil which could be synergistically responsible for the plant's hepatoprotective effect. ConclusionsThis study concluded that C. jwarancusa could be taken as a beneficial natural product for its hepatoprotective efficacy; however, future line of work is required to establish its precise mechanism of action.