Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Research Articles

The association of proBNPage with manifestations of age-related cardiovascular, physical, and psychological impairment in community-dwelling older adults

NT-proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) serum concentration can be transformed by simple formulas into proBNPage, a surrogate of biological age strongly associated with chronological age, all-cause mortality, and disease count. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess whether proBNPage is also associated with other manifestations of the aging process in comparison with other variables. The study included 1117 noninstitutionalized older adults (73.1 ± 5.6 years, 537 men). Baseline measurements of serum NT-proBNP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and creatinine, which have previously been shown to be highly associated with both age and all-cause mortality, were performed. These variables were compared between subjects with and without manifestations of cardiovascular impairment (myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), arterial revascularizations (AR)), physical impairment (long step test duration (LSTD), walking problems, falls, deficit in one or more activities of daily living), and psychological impairment (poor self-rating of health (PSRH), anxiety/depression, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 24). ProBNPage (years) was independently associated (OR, 95% CI) with MI (1.08, 1.07–1.10), stroke (1.02, 1.00–1.05), PAD (1.04, 1.01–1.06), AR (1.06, 1.04–1.08), LSTD (1.03, 1.02–1.04), walking problems (1.02, 1.01–1.03), and PSRH (1.02, 1.01–1.02). For 5 of these 7 associations, the relationship was stronger than that of chronological age. In addition, proBNPage was univariately associated with MMSE score < 24, anxiety/depression, and falls. None of the other variables provided comparable performances. Thus, in addition to the known associations with mortality and disease count, proBNPage is also associated with cardiovascular manifestations as well as noncardiovascular manifestations of the aging process.

The influence of sharply continental climate on immunophysiological parameters of cattle blood

The aim of the study was to research the influence of Central Yakutia's climate (Russia) on immunophysiological status of Kholmogor cattle (n=25). Cold winters, high summer temperatures and small amount of precipitation of the sharply continental climate require breeding of animals with high resistance and productivity. The objects of the study were blood samples. Complete blood count of samples determined that in the stall period leukocyte activity reaches the upper limit of the norm, or exceeds it. The highest values were observed in autumn. According to this, phagocytic activity was 84,11±2,56% and exceeded the norm by 7,3% (P<0,001). The neutrophil index was 8,5±0,2. The white cell count is appear to be increased by 16,8% in spring, as compared with other seasons. Meanwhile, phagocytic activity and phagocytic index in leukocytes are decreased by 24,1% and 16,6%, respectively. There was a significant increase in hematological parameters by 5.7%, 6.6% and 10.4% in January in comparison with autumn (P<0,05; P<,01). Significant decrease of erythrocyte number and hemoglobin level by 14,3% and 8,1%, respectively, were found in autumn compared with such levels in January (P<0,05; P<0,001). A decrease in these indicators occurs with an increase of the leukocytes number to 7,79±0,12х109 /L, which is 14,5% and 26,5% higher than those in the autumn and winter periods. The distinction is significant only for the winter period (P<0,01). Thus, it can be concluded that continuous stall period in conditions of Yakutia's sharply continental climate has a considerable influence on functioning of body systems and leukocyte activity in cattle blood.

On Iron Metabolism and Its Regulation.

Iron is a critical metal for several vital biological processes. Most of the body’s iron is bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Iron from senescent red blood cells is recycled by macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Dietary iron is taken up by the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in enterocytes and transported to portal blood via ferroportin (FPN), where it is bound to transferrin and taken up by hepatocytes, macrophages and bone marrow cells via transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). While most of the physiologically active iron is bound hemoglobin, the major storage of most iron occurs in the liver in a ferritin-bound fashion. In response to an increased iron load, hepatocytes secrete the peptide hormone hepcidin, which binds to and induces internalization and degradation of the iron transporter FPN, thus controlling the amount of iron released from the cells into the blood. This review summarizes the key mechanisms and players involved in cellular and systemic iron regulation.

Nonylphenol exposure in Labeo rohita (Ham.): Evaluation of behavioural response, histological, haematological and enzymatic alterations

The impact of acute and chronic exposure of nonylphenol (NP) on behaviour, histopathology, haematology and biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) was investigated in the current study. The 96 h LC50 of NP for L. rohita was estimated to be 0.548 mg L−1. Acute toxicity of NP induced several behavioural alternations. Further, sub-lethal NP exposure for a period of sixty days to 1/10th (0.0548 mg L−1), 1/15th (0.0365 mg L−1) and 1/20th (0.0274 mg L−1) of 96 h LC50 resulted a reduction in total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content whereas the total leukocyte count was observed to increase significantly. Among the biochemical parameters, blood glucose level increased, but there was significant decrease in total serum protein, albumin and globulin level. Significant alterations occurred in the histological architecture of gill tissue in NP exposed groups. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in gill tissues were elevated significantly while the concentration dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed on 20th, 40th and 60th day of NP exposure. An increased glutathione-S-transferase activity in gill tissue was also observed in NP exposed groups. The present ecotoxicological study provides a reliable indication for the obligation to control the use and safe disposal of NP.

The influence of clinical and chronic forms of magnesium deficiency on the haematological parameters of dairy cows

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of hypomagnesaemia on the haematological status and predictive values of haematological tests in the diagnosis of magnesium (Mg) deficiency in dairy cow herds. The study was carried out on 100 dairy HF cows, divided into two experimental groups and a control one.The two experimental groups (I - clinical form of hypomagnesaemia, II - chronic form of hypomagnesaemia) consisted of 40 cows and the control group consisted of 20 healthy cows. Blood samples were collected twice: before the commencement of the therapy and after three months. In both hypomagnesaemic groups, low erythrocyte count, haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and hematocrit (Ht) index values were observed. The indirect parameters of the erythrocyte system were within the standard reference range, with the exception of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) index, which, in approx. 45% of animals, was below the lower limit of the normal range. Haemolytic normocytic normochromic anaemia was detected through the hypomagnesaemia of the cows. In the first and second group, at the first blood sampling an increase in the eosinophil count was observed, which was statistically significant in relation to the second sampling. In the blood smear test, a variety of erythrocyte sizes (anisocytosis), polychromasia and Howell-Jolly bodies were detected in the affected cows. After supplementation with magnesium, the concentration of Mg in the serum of the treated animals returned to normal more rapidly than the haematological parameters. The authors assumed that these in the haematological parameters may be helpful in indicating the need for Mg supplementation.

Hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of blood of piglets under the influence of iron preparations

Hypoplastic anemia is a disease that is associated with a decrease in the number of red blood cells and / or hemoglobin per unit volume of blood due to hematopoietic disorders and is manifested by changes in metabolism and growth retardation. Particular attention was paid to changes in the body of piglets of the experimental group compared with the control in the probable period of manifestation of iron deficiency anemia. The uniqueness of the chemical structure of iron (IV) clatrochelate allowed us to assume that intramuscular administration of a solution of this substance to sows will provide the necessary need for iron during the first months of life of piglets. The influence of the proposed scheme of prevention of this pathology on the further development of young pigs was analyzed. The results of the study of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content and hematocrit were scientifically significant, because the gradual decrease in these indicators after the birth of piglets is a physiologically determined phenomenon for animals of this species. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of Iron (IV) clatrochelate in pregnant sows in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets and to determine its effect on hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of piglets' blood. To achieve this goal, 2 groups of newborn piglets-analogues were formed during their retention with suckling sows – control and experimental, 15 animals in each. The experiment lasted 60 days. Piglets from the experimental group were selected from sows who were injected 10 ml 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution twice intramuscularly during pregnancy. The results of the studies show that the content of hemoglobin in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was the same as in animals of the control group at 1 and 60 days of life, and 1.1–1.3 times lower in other periods of the study; hematocrit - was the same on the first day of life and 1.3–1.9 times lower in other study periods. Quantitative indicators of blood cells of piglets of the control and experimental groups did not exceed the normative values, but the number of erythrocytes in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was probably lower than the control indicator at 5, 9 and 30 days of life. Therefore, a double injection of 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution into pregnant sows 14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing provides a preventive effect on iron deficiency anemia in piglets born to them.

Pure peripheral spondyloarthritis, is it exceedingly rare? A real-world experience from an Indian tertiary care hospital

Background: Peripheral spondyloarthritis (pSpA) is usually associated with psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or preceding infection (called reactive arthritis). Pure pSpA is a clinical entity wherein there are enthesitis, dactylitis, or arthritis, without any of the above-associated conditions. We aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and management profile of pure pSpA, among patients with pSpA presenting to the rheumatology outpatient department. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective, observational study, medical records of all the patients diagnosed as pSpA by a rheumatologist, between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018, were included. Among these, thirty patients qualified to be called pure pSpA, and we reported their demographic characteristics (age and sex), clinical features (onset of disease, clinical signs, and symptoms), laboratory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein), radiological findings, and treatment pattern. Results: Thirty patients fulfilled the criteria for pure pSpA. The mean age (standard deviation) of the patients at onset was 32 ± 5.8 years. The mean disease duration before diagnosis was 9.7 months. Arthritis, enthesitis, and dactylitis were present in 29 (96.7%), 8 (26.7%), and 9 (30%) patients, respectively. Eighteen (60%) patients had monoarthritis, while 11/30 (36.7%) had oligoarthritis, at presentation. HLA B27 was positive in 24/30 (80%) patients. Seven patients (23.3%) had bilateral sacroiliitis on imaging and two (6.7%) had unilateral sacroiliitis. Twenty patients (66.7%) required conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), while two (6.7%) required biological DMARDs in the form of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors. Conclusion: Pure pSpA is a relatively rare clinical disease which presents with either a mono or oligoarthritis and shows good treatment response to csDMARDs.

Analysis of Gene Mutation Types in 141 Cases of α-Thalassemia in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province

To detecte the carrying rate, the type and distribution of α-Thalassemia gene mutation in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and analyze the differences in average erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content (MCH) and hemoglobin among different types of α-Thalassemia. The DNA samples from small cell hypochromic carriers or anemia patients and women of childbearing age who underwent hematological screening in The First People's Hospital of Honghe State was from 2015 to 2019 were enrolled and analyzed, and the mutation types and frequency of alpha-thalassemia positive rate were diagnosed by PCR reverse dot blot or PCR fluorescence dissolution curve. Among the 1 016 samples, 141(13.88%) of the patients were diagnosed as α-thalassemia. The α-thalassemia was subdivided into 3 types, silent (36.17%), minor (51.77%), and HbH disease (12.06%), and the MCV, MCH and HB levels were detected and showed a obvious decrease trend with significant difference (P < 0.05). The gene mutation types were 9 kinds, the deletion type gene was mainly --SEA (51.06%), followed by -α3.7/αα deletion (29.79%), the α- mutation type gene was mainly αcsα(3.55%). The absence of complex heterozygote was most common, which was 17 cases, accounting for 12.77%, mainly --SEA/-α3.7 (10.64%). The areas were mainly distributed in Mengzi (47.52%), followed by Jinping (17.02%). Ethnic groups were mainly distributed in Han nationality (49.65%), followed by Zhuang (15.60%), Yi (3.48%) and Dai (7.09%). The patients with double heterozygous mutation was slightly higher in Mengzi than that in Jinping County (4.26% vs 3.55%), the Dai (2.13%) showed Zhuang ethnic group (2.13%) had the relatively high incidence except the Hans, and showed the most serious anemia. Alpha-thalassemia in Honghe prefecture of Yunnan Province shows complex genetic diversity and significant genetic heterogeneity, and the mainly type of gene mutation is --SEA and --SEA/-α3.7, which is mainly distributed in Han, Zhuang and Dai ethnic groups in Mengzi, Jinping. The anemia index of HbH group is the most obvious, and it is significantly different from other groups.

Prevalence Of Leucocytozoonosis And Plasmodiosis In Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) That Are Maintained In The Household Scale

Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium are blood parasitic protozoa that can be found in poultry blood including ducks. These protozoa can cause Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in poultry. Spread of the disease through different biological vectors. Similium sp. and Culicoides arakawae as vectors of Leucocytozoonosis and vectors of Plasmodiosis are Culex sp., Culiseta sp., and Aedes sp. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks that are maintained on a household scale. Ducks are taken from four locations (breeders on a household scale) in Besan Village. In each location, 5 ducks were taken so that the total number of ducks used was 20. This research used purposive sampling method. Samples of duck blood were made as blood smear preparations and stained with 10% Giemsa stain solution then observed under a microscope. The parameters observed were the percentage of blood samples infected with Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium and hematological parameters (total leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and PCV value). The results showed that Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium were not found in duck blood cells. The prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks was 0%. The average value of duck blood profile through One Way Anova statistical analysis showed no significant difference between ducks from each sampling location (p&gt; 0.05) and the value of duck blood profile for all samples was within the normal range.

Could Cisplatin Loading on Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Improve Its Therapeutic Efficacy on Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line and Reduce Its In Vivo Nephrotoxic Effects?

Nanotechnology is a possible solution to the drawbacks of cancer therapy because it decreases the clinical side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and increases their clinical activity. Thus, this work compared the in vitro cytotoxic activity and in vivo side effects of cisplatin (CP) with those of CP-loaded green silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs). The cytotoxic activity of CP, green AgNPs, and CP-AgNPs against PC-3, a human prostate cancer cell line, was assessed using MTT assay. CP-AgNPs had a superior cytotoxic effect on PC-3 cells with a 50% inhibition of viability (IC50) of 27.05 μg/mL, followed by CP with an IC50 of 57.64 μg/mL and AgNPs with an IC50 125.4 μg/mL. To evaluate in vivo side effects, 40 male adult Wistar rats were assigned into four groups and intraperitoneally injected with normal saline (control), CP (2.5 mg/kg body weight), green AgNPs (0.1 mL/kg body weight), and CP-AgNPs (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Intraperitoneal CP injection caused a substantial reduction in erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration and a marked increase in urea and creatinine levels and disturbed the renal oxidant/antioxidant status. Furthermore, it caused noticeable structural alterations and significant upregulation of renal Bax and caspase-3 mRNA along with a significant downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 mRNA expressions. The loading of CP on green AgNPs significantly relieved the CP-induced pathological alterations and considerably enhanced its therapeutic effectiveness on PC-3 cells. These outcomes reflect the possible use of CP-AgNPs as a more efficient and safer anticancer agent than free CP.

АДАПТИВНЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КАРТИНЫ КРОВИ КЛАРИЕВОГО СОМА НА ФОНЕ ТРЕКРЕЗАНА ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ В ИСКУССТВЕННОЙ СРЕДЕ

The work is devoted to the study of trecresan adaptogen effect on hematological parameters of sharptooth catfish bred in an artificial environment. In particular, the effect of trecresan on general hematological parameters and antioxidant system of African sharptooth catfish was assessed, since breeding in an artificial environment is accompanied by stress, in which oxidative processes increase, leading to damage of biological membranes and disruption of cell functioning. Blood samples were analyzed using an Axio Imager.M2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The analysis of enzymatic activity (units / mg of protein) was carried out on a UV-1800 double-beam spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The obtained results indicate that in case of trecresan adaptogen application, there was a tendency to a proportion increase of monocytes, platelets and stab neutrophils. There is an increase of the total amount of intracel- lular hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in erythrocytes and in the blood of fish bred with application of trecresan adaptogen. Trecresan induces production of interferons, increases the body immune status, activating cellular and humoral immunity, leads to a decrease of toxic products formed during lipid peroxidation by increasing the activity of enzyme unit in the antioxidant system and ensures antioxidant defense improvement of sharptooth catfish bred in an artificial environment. It strengthens the body immune system and increases resistance to adverse environmental factors. In our studies, trecresan revealed itself as a mild, effective immunomodulator.

Flavonoid-rich extract of Buchholzia coriacea Engl. seeds reverses Plasmodium berghei-modified haematological and biochemical status in mice

BackgroundMalaria still remains a serious global public health challenge and the growing resistance of Plasmodium species to the existing antimalarial drugs is aggravating the burden. Considering the growing knowledge of the contribution of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and hepatic and kidney damages, in addition to the well-known anaemia and hypoglycemia in pathogenesis of malaria complication, a good antimalarial candidate should not only kill malaria parasite but also normalize the associated haematological and biochemical modifications. Buchholzia coriacea (Capparaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in treating malaria whose antimalarial activity has been investigated. Aimto evaluate the ameliorative effects of flavonoid-rich extract of B. coriacea seeds (FEBCS) on modifications in haematological and biochemical status induced by malaria in mice. Materials and methodsFEBCS was prepared and its effects on malaria parasitemia, haematological (packed cell volume, total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts and haemoglobin concentration) and biochemical (liver, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant and lipid profile) status of P. berghei Anka-65-infected mice were evaluated using established protocols. In addition, the phytochemicals in FEBCS as well as its acute toxicity status were investigated. A total of sixty inbred Swiss albino mice (7 weeks, body weight of 26 ± 5 g) were used for this study (30 were used for acute toxicity study while the rest for antimalarial study) and were maintained on commercial rodent diet and water ad libitum in our animal laboratory. ResultsUpon treatment with combisunate (140 mg/kg/ b.w.) and FEBCS (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d body) for four consecutive days (4-day suppressive assay), there were significant reductions in parasitemia levels compared with baseline. When the parasitemia levels of mice post-treatment and pre-treatment were compared, it was observed that FEBCS exhibited a dose-dependent chemosuppression which were however, lower compared to that by combisunate. Compared to the malaria control, it was observed that FEBCS improved the status indicators of haematology and biochemistry to near normal levels. There was no significant morphological and behavioural sign of toxicity, indicating that FEBCS was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. ConclusionThese findings suggest that FEBCS possesses antimalarial activity, and normalized haematological and biochemical alterations triggered by malaria. This finding necessitates the isolation and characterization of the active principles in FEBCS which could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antimalarial agents.

Study of Hematological Parameters and Morphometric Indices of Erythrocytes in Rats Exposed to Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles.

In female Wistar rats, we studied the effects of daily 20-day administration of intragastric suspension of nanosized calcium oxide on hematological indices (the counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, stab/segmented neutrophils, and the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and morphometric parameters of erythrocytes (equivalent Feret's diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, and convexity). The study revealed significantly (up to 3.1 times) decreased levels of hemoglobin, platelets, hematocrit, averaged content of hemoglobin in erythrocyte, and platelet volume relatively to the control values. The established morphometric parameters of blood erythrocytes attested to predominance of spherocytes, which can be regarded as systemic response of the body to calcium oxide nanoparticles fraught with possible deterioration of perfusion in microvasculature and hypoxia in the tissues.

Acetylcholinesterase activity and thyroid hormone levels in Ecuadorian adolescents living in agricultural settings where organophosphate pesticides are used.

Organophosphates are frequently applied insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity resulting in cholinergic overstimulation. Limited evidence suggests that organophosphates may alter thyroid hormone levels, although studies have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to test the associations between AChE activity, a physiological marker of organophosphate exposure, and thyroid function in adolescents. We included information of 80 adolescent participants (ages 12-17y in 2016, 53% male) growing up in agricultural settings in Ecuador. We measured fingerstick erythrocytic AChE activity and hemoglobin concentration, and concurrent serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free-T4 (fT4) concentrations. General linear models were used to test associations which adjusted for demographic and anthropometric variables. TSH associations were further adjusted for fT4. The mean (SD) AChE, TSH and fT4 levels were 3.77 U/mL (0.55), 2.82 μIU/ml (1.49) and 1.11ng/dl (0.13), respectively. Lower AChE activity, indicating greater organophosphate exposure, was marginally associated with greater fT4 concentrations (difference per SD decrease in AChE activity (β)=0.03ng/dL, [90% CI: 0.00, 0.06]) but not with TSH (β=-0.01 μIU/ml, [-0.38, 0.36]). Gender modified the AChE-TSH association (p=0.03). In girls, lower AChE activity was associated with higher fT4 levels (β=0.05ng/dL [0.01, 0.10]) and lower TSH concentrations (β=-0.51 μIU/ml, [-1.00, -0.023]). No associations were observed in boys. These cross-sectional findings suggest that alterations in the cholinergic system from organophosphate exposures can increase fT4 levels coupled with a beyond-compensatory downregulation of TSH in female adolescents. This is the first study to characterize these associations in adolescents.

Dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos affects systemic and hepatic immune-cell phenotypes in diabetic mice

Hyperglycemia induces low-grade systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation, leading to overstated reactions to immune stimuli and diabetes-related organ damage. Tissue inflammation is characterized by leukocyte infiltration, and T cells play crucial roles in directing leukocyte-mediated inflammatory responses. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) on systemic and hepatic immune-cell phenotypes in C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Mice received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ for 5 consecutive days to induce diabetes, and diabetic mice were given either an AIN-93-based control diet or a CPF-containing diet at doses of 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 days. Results showed that dietary exposure to CPF had no influence on the body weight or the erythrocyte hemoglobin A1c level in diabetic mice. Both blood and hepatic neutrophil populations were enhanced by CPF exposure. CPF-exposed groups had lower percentages of blood T cells without altering the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, and lower expression levels of the Bcl-2 antiapoptotic gene in the spleen. CPF exposure reduced the percentage of blood regulatory T cells (Tregs); however, the Treg population was upregulated in the liver even when hepatic T cells were not affected by CPF in diabetic mice. Hepatic expressions of Treg-related genes were suppressed in all CPF-exposed groups. Higher plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and expression levels of the hepatic interleukin-1β gene were observed in diabetic mice exposed to medium and high doses of CPF. These findings suggest that dietary exposure to CPF affects the distribution of both myeloid and lymphoid immune cells in the blood and liver under hyperglycemic conditions, which may lead to hyperinflammation when encountering immune stimuli.

Toxicological Effect of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn

Euphorbia heterophylla has been reported to possess enormous medicinal benefits hence there is a need for holistic research on its toxicological effects. Four different solvents (cold and hot water, chloroform and 80% methanol) were used to extract the aerial parts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. Experimental albino rats were obtained from Federal University of Technology Akure’s Microbiology Department Animal House. Toxicological analysis of Euphorbia heterophylla extracts was carried out on the experimental albino rats. The animals were grouped into thirteen with three rats in a group different concentrations of the extracts were administered orally to different groups of the rats for a period of two weeks (14 days). Sterile distilled water was administered to the negative control group. During the 14 days of extracts administration, the animals were observed for clinical manifestations like salivation, nervousness, imitability, itching of the nose and diarrhoea. After the expiration of the two weeks, the animals were sacrificed and vital organs like heart, liver, kidney and intestine were harvested and examined for any degenerative changes and lesions. Blood samples were collected before and after the administration of the extracts to check for blood parameters (Packed Cell Volume (PCV), white blood cell count (total and differential), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and haemoglobin (Hb) estimation. The toxicological results of the extracts showed various degrees of abnormalities detected in the histopathological sections of the intestine, kidney and the heart. It was found that all the extracts at different concentrations burnt the intestinal walls of all the animals tested. There were significant reductions in the total white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil counts while there was a significant increase in the lymphocytes count after the administration of the extracts. The findings of this study revealed that Euphorbia heterophylla had toxicological effects on the albino rats organs but increases there lymphocytes count, boosting their immune system, however advance researches to eliminate the toxic phytochemicals from the extract is recommended.

Assessment of the adaptability of Dutch breeding Holstein cattle to the conditions of the steppe zone of the Central Ciscaucasia

The analysis of homeostasis was carried out on the basis of hematological blood parameters of highly productive Holstein cattle (average milk yield is 9300 kg, robotic farm, n = 106) which made it possible to establish average indicators and their variability in new, to a certain extent, extreme conditions. Analysis of the results obtained indicates that contrary to the established opinion about the relative stability of indicators of the hematological composition of blood, the organism of imported animals is experiencing rather strong overloads as evidenced by the high degree of variability of different blood elements. Some animals lose their fatness dramatically, even against the background of an average nutritional value of a balanced daily diet, sufficient for a milk yield of 30-33 kg of milk. High variability was noted in the number of lymphocytes (lim) - 64.3, medium cells (Mid) - 56.5 and granulocytes (Gran) - 42.5 percent. More stable indicators for the average volume of erythrocytes - 5.3, the content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (MCH) - 8.7, the concentration of hemoglobin (HGB) - 9.1 and hematocrit number (NBT) - 10.6 percent.

Evidence in the UK Biobank for the underdiagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria

PurposeErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), characterized by painful cutaneous photosensitivity, results from pathogenic variants in ferrochelatase (FECH). For 96% of patients, EPP results from coinheriting a rare pathogenic variant in trans of a common hypomorphic variant c.315-48T>C (minor allele frequency 0.05). The estimated prevalence of EPP derived from the number of diagnosed individuals in Europe is 0.00092%, but this may be conservative due to underdiagnosis. No study has estimated EPP prevalence using large genetic data sets. MethodsDisease-associated FECH variants were identified in the UK Biobank, a data set of 500,953 individuals including 49,960 exome sequences. EPP prevalence was then estimated. The association of FECH variants with EPP-related traits was assessed. ResultsAnalysis of pathogenic FECH variants in the UK Biobank provides evidence that EPP prevalence is 0.0059% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0042–0.0076%), 1.7–3.0 times more common than previously thought in the UK. In homozygotes for the common c.315-48T>C FECH variant, there was a novel decrement in both erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hemoglobin. ConclusionThe prevalence of EPP has been underestimated secondary to underdiagnosis. The common c.315-48T>C allele is associated with both MCV and hemoglobin, an association that could be important both for those with and without EPP.

Changes in morphological composition of blood in rats under intragastric load with walnut meal

The basis for the existence of all living organisms is homeostasis. Any living organism is an open dynamic self-regulating system and self-regulation is based on the feedback principle. The use of biologically active substances, for example, plant meal, opens up great possibilities for modulation of physiological processes in the body. Walnut fruit meal also has a rich composition, contains almost all microelements, large amounts of protein as well as carotene, quinones, lecithin, water-soluble vitamins and flavonoids. The aim of the work was to study the adaptive changes in the morphological composition of rat blood to intragastric loading with walnut meal in the form of suspension on distilled water. The experiment was carried out on 60 white laboratory rats. Conclusion: intragastric loading with distilled water suspension of walnut meal in a concentration of 15 mg/100 g body weight of clinically healthy rats was accompanied by an increase in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte count by 6.8%, 7.0% and 9.6%, respectively, compared with the control group animals.

The Relationship Between Osteoarthritis and Sarcopenia in Geriatric Diabetic Patients

Objectives:Osteoarthritis is a common disease affecting the quality of life in the elderly population. Osteoarthritis is a painful condition commonly encountered in patients aged 65 years and older and it may cause muscle weakness. Sarcopenia is a condition that has an increasing prevalence in the elderly population. The present study evaluated the relationship between sarcopenia and osteoarthritis.Methods:The study included 100 patients aged 65 years and older who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into two groups as Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 was composed of 50 patients with diabetes and osteoarthritis and Group 2 was composed of 50 patients with diabetes but without osteoarthritis. A detailed medical history was obtained from all patients and all patients underwent physical examination. The get-up and go test was performed, handgrip strength was measured with a hand dynamometer, bioimpedance analysis was performed, and mid-upper arm circumference, calf circumference and waist circumference were measured, and laboratory tests including complete blood count, biochemical nutritional parameters, liver and kidney function tests, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were ordered. The Kellgren and Lawrence grading system was used to evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis and the skeletal muscle mass index was used to evaluate the muscle mass. These parameters were compared between the two groups.Results:Of the study participants, 1% had severe sarcopenia, 22% had moderate sarcopenia, and 77% did not have sarcopenia. Albumin (p=0.013), magnesium (p=0.038), total protein (0.004), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.047), hemoglobin level (p=0.018), muscle strength (p=0.046), height (p=0.033), and muscle mass (p<0.05) were significantly different in patients with osteoarthritis compared to patients without osteoarthritis. Patients with osteoarthritis achieved poorer results on the get-up and go test (p=0.014), and mid-upper arm circumference (p=0.028), and calf circumference (p=0.016) were lower in this group. There was a negative moderate correlation between the muscle mass and the Kellgren and Lawrence grade (p<0.05, r: −0.405), whereas there was a positive moderate correlation between sarcopenia index and the Kellgren and Lawrence grade (p<0.05, r: 0.320) in patients with osteoarthritis.Conclusion:The present study is the first to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and osteoarthritis in geriatric diabetic patients. The present study found a significant relationship between osteoarthritis and sarcopenia in geriatric patients with type II diabetes mellitus. The authors suggest that pain associated with osteoarthritis results in immobility, decrease in functional performance, and thus development of sarcopenia.