Hemispherical Shape Research Articles

DATA-DRIVEN CLUSTER SELECTION FOR SUBCORTICAL SHAPE AND CORTICAL THICKNESS PREDICTS RECOVERY FROM DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS.

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not achieve full symptomatic recovery after antidepressant treatment have a higher risk of relapse. Compared to pharmacotherapies, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) more rapidly produces a greater extent of response in severely depressed patients. However, prediction of which candidates are most likely to improve after ECT remains challenging. Using structural MRI data from 42 ECT patients scanned prior to ECT treatment, we developed a random forest classifier based on data-driven shape cluster selection and cortical thickness features to predict remission. Right hemisphere hippocampal shape and right inferior temporal cortical thickness was most predictive of remission, with the predicted probability of recovery decreasing when these regions were thicker prior to treatment. Remission was predicted with an average 73% balanced accuracy. Classification of MRI data may help identify treatment-responsive patients and aid in clinical decision-making. Our results show promise for the development of personalized treatment strategies.

New Atom Probe Tomography Reconstruction Algorithm for Multilayered Samples: Beyond the Hemispherical Constraint.

Accuracy of atom probe tomography measurements is strongly degraded by the presence of phases that have different evaporation fields. In particular, when there are perpendicular interfaces to the tip axis in the specimen, layers thicknesses are systematically biased and the resolution is degraded near the interfaces. Based on an analytical model of field evaporated emitter end-form, a new algorithm dedicated to the 3D reconstruction of multilayered samples was developed. Simulations of field evaporation of bilayer were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the new algorithm. Compared to the standard state-of-the-art reconstruction methods, the present approach provides much more accurate analyzed volume, and the resolution is clearly improved near the interface. The ability of the algorithm to handle experimental data was also demonstrated. It is shown that the standard algorithm applied to the same data can commit an error on the layers thicknesses up to a factor 2. This new method is not constrained by the classical hemispherical specimen shape assumption.

폐 한방슬러지 첨가배지를 이용한 팽이버섯의 생산 및 자실체 특성 검토

외화유출 감소와 버섯의 생산 단가를 절약하여 농가소득을 증대시킬 목적으로 폐 한방슬러지를 첨가한 배지에서 팽이버섯을 배양할 때 버섯재배를 위한 최적 생육환경 조건을 검토하였다. 그리고 최적 생육한경 조건에서 생산된 팽이버섯 자실체의 특성을 조사하였다. 폐 한방슬러지의 첨가농도는 10%가 적당하였고, 배지의 함수율은 폐 한방슬러지를 첨가하지 않은 대조구와 비슷한 약 65%가 적당하였다. 배양실 내의 온도는 <TEX>$16^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 습도는 75%~85%로 설정한 시험구에서 가장 왕성한 균사성장이 이루어졌다. 1,100 ml의 버섯재배용 병을 사용하여 현장실험을 행한 결과 병당 팽이버섯의 수확량은 대조구 및 시험구에서 약 275~282 g으로 거의 비슷하게 얻었다. 흰곰팡이 및 세균성 갈색무늬병 등 버섯질병의 발생은 전혀 관찰할 수 없었다. 그리고 기형버섯 및 2등품버섯 등이 약간 발생하기는 하였으나 전보에 비하여 그 편차가 줄어들어 상당히 균일한 버섯의 생육을 관찰하였다. 팽이버섯 자실체는 백색의 반구형으로 갓의 직경은 약 9.2~9.3 mm, 대의 길이는 약 12.7~12.8 cm, 뚜께는 3.3~3.4 mm로 대조구의 버섯품질과 거의 유사하였다. 버섯부위별 경도는 대조구와 시험구 모두 갓 부분(<TEX>$46.8{\sim}47.6g/cm^2$</TEX>)보다는 대 부분의 경도(<TEX>$54.6{\sim}57.3g/cm^2$</TEX>)가 약간 높은 것으로 나타났다. 트랜스지방 및 콜레스테롤은 검출되지 않았으며 100 g당의 열량 및 영양성분은 대조구와 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. This study aims to reduce the production cost of mushrooms and therefore boost the income of mushroom producers. The addition of a 10% concentration of herb medicine refuse was adequate for promoting mycelium growth in Flammulina velutipes. A moisture content of 60% in the culture medium was adequate for promoting hyphal growth. The optimum temperature and humidity were <TEX>$16^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 70%-85%, respectively. The average yield of Flammulina velutipes fruting body per 1,100 ml bottle was 275-282 g, which is similar to that of the control. The outbreak of diseases such as mildew and bacterial blotch in mushroom was never observed in the bottle treated with herb medicine refuse. Fewer deformed and second-class quality mushrooms were observed than in the control group. Deviation reduced, and mushroom growth was observed to be significantly uniform. The winter mushroom had a white fruiting body with a hemispherical shape. The diameter of the mushroom cap was 9.2-9.3 mm, stipe length was 12.7-12.8 cm, and thickness was 3.3-3.4 mm; these were almost the same as those in the control group. The partial hardness of winter mushrooms in both the experimental and the control groups showed that the stipe (<TEX>$54.6-57.3g/cm^2$</TEX>) is a little harder than the mushroom cap (<TEX>$46.8-47.6g/cm^2$</TEX>). The calories and nutrients per 100 g of mushrooms in the control and samples were similar to each other.

Nucleation and growth kinetics of electrodeposited Ni films on Si(100) surfaces

Nucleation and growth of nickel on n- and p-type Si(100) is investigated, using a plating bath composed of nickel sulphamate and boric acid. For n-type Si, the impact of applied potential and current density on nuclei density and deposit defectivity due to hydrogen gas bubble adsorption are studied. Cathodic current transients for p-type Si show a monotonous decay as a function of time, due to light ‘shadowing’ of the growing nuclei. A simple model is used to explain the observations. Additionally, the impact of the Si surface chemistry on the Ni deposition process is studied. On hydrogen-terminated Si, the nuclei have a hemispherical shape, while on anodically oxidized surfaces spherical nuclei are obtained.

FEM Investigation of Ductile Fracture Prediction in Two-Point Incremental Sheet Metal Forming process

Abstract Two-point incremental sheet forming (TPIF) is an advanced forming technology for production of complex customized functional components in small batches for aircraft, biomedical and automobile applications. This paper is concerned with FEM damage modelling using VUMAT in Abaqus/Explicit for fracture prediction in TPIF. The enhanced Lemaitre damage model accounting for the effect of micro-crack closure is adopted to predict ductile fracture in TPIF with a varying wall angle hemispherical shape. The material constants in the damage model are calibrated by minimizing force error using a Newton approach in a tensile test. The TPIF simulation results with the enhanced Lemaitre damage model are validated by the thickness distribution, fracture location and forming force evolution trends. It is concluded that the enhanced CDM-based Lemaitre model can be used for ductile fracture of AA 7075 aluminium alloy in TPIF with a hemispherical shape.

Optimization of SPR signals: Monitoring the physical structures and refractive indices of prisms

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can only be achieved if sufficient energy is provided at the boundary between metal and dielectric. An employment of prism as a light coupler by using Kretschmann configuration is one of the alternative for the production of adequate energy to be generated as surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). This work is carried out to investigate the effect of physical structure of the prism and its refractive index to the excitation of SPPs. A 50nm gold thin metal film with dielectric constant of ɛ=-12.45i+1.3 was deposited on the hypotenuse surface of the prisms. The physical structures of the prisms were varied such as triangular, conical, hemispherical and half cylindrical. These prisms were classified into two types of refractive indices (RI), namely n=1.51(type BK7) and n=1.77(type SF11). Based on SPR curve analyses, we discovered that strong SPR signals which consist of 82.98% photons were excited as SPPs can be obtained by using type-BK7 prism with physical structures of hemispherical or half cylindrical. From the view of selectivity ability as sensors, the usage of type-SF11 prisms (half cylindrical and hemispherical) able to enhance this impressive feature in which sharp SPR curves with small FWHM values were obtained. In conclusion, apart from properties of thin film materials, the physical structure of prisms and their RI values play crucial roles to obtain optimum SPR signal. High sensitivity SPR sensor can be established with the appointment of type-BK7 prisms (hemispherical or half cylindrical shape) as light couplers.

Sheet forming of woven fabric composite by combined cyclic stretch and deep drawing

The manufacturing of composites often requires transformation of 2-D fabrics into various structural 3-D shapes through preform processing without over straining of the yarns or wrinkling. Sheet forming of woven fabric composite by combined cyclic stretch and deep drawing was suggested. In order to prevent the wrinkling, the geometrical and mechanical properties of fabric should be chosen to get the final form of the prepregs beforehand. Geometrical investigation of the final bagged form dimensions are based on geometrical aspects of the wrapping of the fabric. In this study, an approach was proposed to form the reinforcement fabric composite through the dynamic bagging of the fabric by the application of cyclic stretching on the fabric during formation of 3-D reinforcement structure in hot environment. The dimensions of the flat fabric were calculated and the parameters of the forming process analyzed in two cases: hemisphere and flat top cone shape.

An Experimental and Numerical Study on Forming Force, Fracture Behavior, and Strain States in Two Point Incremental Forming Process

Two-point incremental sheet forming process (TPIF) is an emerging and promising manufacturing process for the production of complex geometries or customized functional sheet components. In this study, the single-pass TPIF process is investigated using experimental and numerical approaches to study the forming force evolution, fracture behavior and strain states with a varied wall angle hemisphere shape. It can be concluded that both the peak force and fracture depth increases with tool diameter and incremental depth in TPIF process. It seems the deformation mechanism or the failure mechanism is strongly dependent on particular forming conditions based on a failure parts morphology observation. FEM simulation results indicated that the major plastic strain is positive while the minor plastic strain is negative in the TPIF process on a hemiphere shape. it can be concluded that the strain increment and total equivalent plastic strain is affected by both tool diameter and incremental depth.

Competing Indentation Deformation Mechanisms in Glass Using Different Strengthening Methods

Chemical strengthening via ion exchange, thermal tempering, and lamination are proven techniques for strengthening of oxide glasses. For each of these techniques, the strengthening mechanism is conventionally ascribed to the linear superposition of the compressive stress profile on the glass surface. However, in this work we use molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the underlying indentation deformation mechanism beyond the simple linear superposition of compressive and indentation stresses. In particular, the plastic zone can be dramatically different from the commonly assumed hemispherical shape, which leads to a completely different stress field and resulting crack system. We show that the indentation-induced fracture is controlled by two competing mechanisms: the compressive stress itself and a potential reduction in free volume that can increase the driving force for crack formation. Chemical strengthening via ion exchange tends to escalate the competition between these two effects, while thermal tempering tends to reduce it. Lamination of glasses with differential thermal expansion falls in between. The crack system also depends on the indenter geometry and the loading stage, i.e., loading vs. after unloading. It is observed that combining thermal tempering or high free volume content with ion exchange or lamination can impart a relatively high compressive stress and reduce the driving force for crack formation. Therefore, such a combined approach might offer the best overall crack resistance for oxide glasses.

Interfacial characteristics of steam jet condensation in crossflow of water in a vertical pipe

An experimental study is performed to investigate the interfacial characteristics of steam jet condensation in crossflow of water in a vertical pipe. A high-speed camera is applied to capture the raw images of the condensing jet in the flow visualization test section. According to both the gray and gray-gradient profiles of the original images, an interfacial identification method is proposed to reveal the interfacial characteristics, including the jet plume shape, jet centerline trajectory and jet penetration length. Based on the expansion features of the two phase interface, the condensation regimes are classified into five categories, including double expansion-contraction, expansion-contraction, cylinder, contraction and hemisphere shapes. The steam mass flux, scaled by critical steam mass flux at ambient pressure, is found to be irrelevant to the transitional lines among the hemisphere, conical and expansion-contraction shapes in the condensation regime map. The jet momentum ratio as a dominant factor is introduced to correlate the jet centerline trajectory, and the predicted results are within ±20% of the experimental data. The dimensionless jet penetration length decreases with increase of ambient pressure, and is found to be in the range of 0.58–6.49 in present experiments. A correlation for prediction of the dimensionless jet penetration length is established, and the discrepancies between the predicted results and experiments are within ±15%.

Magneto-Plasmonic Janus Vesicles for Magnetic Field-Enhanced Photoacoustic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors.

Magneto-plasmonic Janus vesicles (JVs) integrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic NPs (MNPs) were prepared asymmetrically in the membrane for in vivo cancer imaging. The hybrid JVs were produced by coassembling a mixture of hydrophobic MNPs, free amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs), and AuNPs tethered with amphiphilic BCPs. Depending on the size and content of NPs, the JVs acquired spherical or hemispherical shapes. Among them, hemispherical JVs containing 50 nm AuNPs and 15 nm MNPs showed a strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) window and enhanced the transverse relaxation (T2 ) contrast effect, as a result of the ordering and dense packing of AuNPs and MNPs in the membrane. The magneto-plasmonic JVs were used as drug delivery vehicles, from which the release of a payload can be triggered by NIR light and the release rate can be modulated by a magnetic field. Moreover, the JVs were applied as imaging agents for in vivo bimodal photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors by intravenous injection. With an external magnetic field, the accumulation of the JVs in tumors was significantly increased, leading to a signal enhancement of approximately 2-3 times in the PA and MR imaging, compared with control groups without a magnetic field.

Magneto‐Plasmonic Janus Vesicles for Magnetic Field‐Enhanced Photoacoustic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

AbstractMagneto‐plasmonic Janus vesicles (JVs) integrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic NPs (MNPs) were prepared asymmetrically in the membrane for in vivo cancer imaging. The hybrid JVs were produced by coassembling a mixture of hydrophobic MNPs, free amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs), and AuNPs tethered with amphiphilic BCPs. Depending on the size and content of NPs, the JVs acquired spherical or hemispherical shapes. Among them, hemispherical JVs containing 50 nm AuNPs and 15 nm MNPs showed a strong absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) window and enhanced the transverse relaxation (T2) contrast effect, as a result of the ordering and dense packing of AuNPs and MNPs in the membrane. The magneto‐plasmonic JVs were used as drug delivery vehicles, from which the release of a payload can be triggered by NIR light and the release rate can be modulated by a magnetic field. Moreover, the JVs were applied as imaging agents for in vivo bimodal photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors by intravenous injection. With an external magnetic field, the accumulation of the JVs in tumors was significantly increased, leading to a signal enhancement of approximately 2–3 times in the PA and MR imaging, compared with control groups without a magnetic field.

Simulation of embedded nanocrystal effects on the electron beam induced current collected by a nano-electrode

Three dimensional Monte-Carlo simulation is used to study the electron beam induced current technique. A circular and nanometric electrode is used to collect the induced current. This current is generated by the use of electron beam energy of 1 keV or 5 keV in a perpendicular configuration along a line passing through the electrode. The electrode – sample contact creates a depletion zone assumed of a hemispherical shape. The surface recombination velocity is assumed to be equal to zero, so each charge emerging at the surface of the sample can be collected with a given probability which depends on an opening angle allowing seeing the electrode. The collection process is affected by an embedded spherical nanocrystal which is considered as a recombination center. The strength of the effects depends on the depth of the nanocrystal and on the primary energy.

Evaluation of nonlinear effects at the focus of a hemispherical acoustic source

Several theoretical models exist for simulating nonlinear generation of harmonics for weakly or moderately focused waves. Under these conditions, the acoustic field can be considered as a directed beam. In the case of hemispherical sources, this assumption is no longer valid, so development of different models is needed. Here, a theoretical approach is presented for evaluating the amplitude level of the second harmonic generated in hemispherically focused fields. The approach is based on the successive approximation method and includes several steps. First, the linear acoustic problem is solved for a hemispherical source using a spherical harmonics series expansion. Next, the volume sources for the second harmonic generation are calculated using the solution to the linear problem. Finally, these sources are used for obtaining an analytic solution for the second harmonic amplitude at the focus. The developed method was applied to study the acoustic field of the ExAblate 3000 clinical transducer that has a hemispherical shape of 30 cm diameter, operating frequency of 670 kHz, and acoustic power of several hundred watts. Calculations predict that nonlinear effects are weak even for the free-field focusing in water at acoustic power levels up to 1 kW. [Work supported by RSF 14-15-00665.]

Development of a PCD Burnishing Tool and its Burnishing Performance

In this study, a polycrystalline composite diamond (PCD) was adopted instead of a single crystal diamond as a burnishing tool. At first, EDM machinability was compared between two kinds of PCDs (10μm grain size), i.e. standard PCD (S-PCD) and electrically conductive PCD (EC-PCD (which was made of boron doped diamond particles). EDM machining time to make a hemispherical shape was 17 minutes for EC-PCD and 37 minutes for S-PCD. Further experiments were conducted with EC-PCD of different grain sizes such as 2μm and 5μm. As a result, the smaller the grain size of EC-PCD the higher the machining efficiency was. Surface roughness values of the EC-PCD after finish EDM were Rz=1.7μm for EC-PCD010, Rz=1.4μm for EC-PCD005, and Rz=1.2μm for EC-PCD002. As a result of burnishing a carbon steel bar (S45C, φ30mm) with the EC-PCD tool, the surface roughness value after machining was improved from 10μm to 1μm.

Analysis of the out-of-plane compression and shear response of paper-based web-core sandwiches subject to large deformation

The mechanical response of three different structural core sandwich panels in out-of-plane compression and shear has been analyzed. Specific core shapes examined are arc-tangent, wavy trapezoidal and hemispherical. Unit cells consisting of representative elements of the core attached to face sheets were selected for analysis. Both face sheets and core were assumed made from paper. Finite element analysis employing large deformation and rotations and orthotropic elastic–plastic behavior was used. The results show that the arc-tangent and trapezoidal cores are prone to collapse by extensive bending and buckling, whereas the hemispherical core behaved more stably in compression and shear. Core sheets with a hemispherical shape were prepared from copy paper sheets in a specially designed forming machine. Sandwich test specimens were prepared from this core and tested in out-of-plane compression, and the load-displacement response was compared to predictions from finite element simulations. The experimental and finite element results were consistent.

The Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt-Co Catalysts Supported on Ta-Doped SnO2 for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Pt and Pt alloy nanoparticles supported on carbon were applied as cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The carbon support is appropriate for the support due to its high electrical conductivity and high surface area, although it corrodes under high potential conditions. Carbon corrosion leads to aggregation and detachment of the catalyst and reduces the performance of the PEFC. In our group, a highly durable Pt/Ta-SnO2 catalyst was developed for the cathode of PEFCs1). In this study, we synthesized Pt-Co alloy particles supported on Ta-SnO2 (PtCo/Ta-SnO2) in order to improve the activity while maintaining high durability. The Ta-SnO2 support was synthesized by the flame spray synthesis method. Pt67Co33, Pt75Co25 and Pt80Co20 catalysts were loaded on the Ta-SnO2 by the colloidal method. After heat treatment, the crystal phases, Pt/Co content, and microstructure were evaluated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), respectively. The electrochemical measurements were carried out by the half-cell method using the rotating disk electrode (RDE). The electrochemically active surface area (ECA) of each catalyst was estimated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The kinetically controlled current density (j k) and mass activity (MA k ) at 0.85 V were also estimated from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with Koutecky-Levich plots. The Pt:Co composition ratios (mol%) of the catalysts were 67.1:32.9(Pt67Co33), 74.6:25.4(Pt75Co25), and 80.9:19.1(Pt80Co20), which were well controlled to the desired ratios. The metal loading amounts (wt%) of the catalysts were 17.9, 17.4 and 15.4, respectively. The particle diameters (nm) were 2.7 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.9, and 3.1 ± 0.8, respectively. The catalysts were highly dispersed on the support with hemispherical shape (Fig. 1 (a)). Based on the HAADF-STEM image, it was confirmed that the lattice planes of the catalyst particles were oriented parallel to those of the support. This is expected to suppress the agglomeration of the catalyst particles during startup/shutdown. The Ta-SnO2 support particles formed a fused aggregated network structure, which is able to function as a pathway for both gas diffusion and electrical conduction2). The ECA values of the catalysts, estimated from the CV, were 56.2, 70.6, and 71.3 m2g-1. The LSV values of these catalysts (1750 rpm, Fig. 1 (a)) showed the same limiting current density of that of commercial Pt/carbon black (Pt/CB, TEC10E50E). The jk values at 0.85 V (Fig. 1 (b)) showed that the Pt75Co25/Ta-SnO2 catalyst had the highest oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, which reached 2.5 times larger than that for commercial Pt/CB. Acknowledgement This work was supported by funds for the SPer-FC project from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan. References 1) Y. Senoo, K. Taniguchi, K. Kakinuma, M. Uchida, H. Uchida, S. Deki, M. Watanabe, Electrochem. Commun. 51, 37 (2015). 2) K. Kakinuma, Y. Chino, Y. Senoo, M. Uchida, T. Kamino, H. Uchida, S. Deki, M. Watanabe, Electrochemica Acta 110, 316 (2013). Figure 1

Design of Panel Pattern Array in LED Flat Light for Improvement of Illuminance

A pattern array integrated on the front panel of a LED flat light was designed to improve the illuminance. Various pattern shapes were fabricated, including square pillar, hexagonal pillar, circular pillar, and hemispheres. Among them, the hemispherical pattern shape showed the highest improvement in the illuminance of the LED flat light due to a decrease in the total internal reflection of light. Using both a ray-tracing simulation and an experiment with a hardware fabrication, the optimal conditions in the pattern size of the hemispherical pattern array for the maximum improvement of the illuminance were investigated.

Analysis of the preforming behaviour of the braided and woven flax/polyamide fabrics

Natural flax fibres have been extensively recognized by automotive industries to reduce the weight of vehicles and obtain recyclable composite parts. Most of composite parts are produced by using resin transfer moulding or thermoforming processes. As the first step of these two composite manufacturing processes, the preforming is quite important. Braided and woven fabrics are widely used as textile reinforcements to manufacture the advanced composite parts. But few research works concern the preforming of the reinforcements based on natural fibres and also there is no analysis of dry braided fabrics forming. In the present work, the studies of formability behaviour of braided and woven fabrics made of the same flax/polyamide 12 commingled yarns are performed. Furthermore, an experimental comparison between the preforming behaviour of braided and woven flax/polyamide fabrics is investigated under identical preforming conditions. The different formability behaviour and the defects developed during preforming stage are analysed. First results obtained on hemispherical shape show a higher deformability for the braided reinforcements, which can generate some forming defects, in particular buckles.

EFFECTS OF PISTON BOWL GEOMETRY ON COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ON DIESEL ENGINE: A CFD CASE STUDY

The present paper investigates effect of piston bowl geometry on combustion and emissions. One of the important parameters which affect the combustion in diesel engine is piston geometry. In this study four different piston geometries (HEMISPHERICAL, OMEGA, SINGLE CURVED, DOUBLE CURVED) have been selected for comparative study. Numerical investigation has been carried out using commercially available code AVL FIRE which is a finite volume based code .Automatic mesh generation feature of code is utilized for modelling. For validation of numerical model, simulation results of baseline shape have been validated with experimentally available results. Simulation has been carried out for various piston geometries while keeping parameters such as speed, compression ratio and mass of fuel injected constant. The study has been carried out at full as well as half load .A comparative study for in-cylinder pressure, rate of heat rejection, velocity and temperature field, turbulence kinetic energy has been performed .Emission and performance parameters like SOOT, NO ,efficiency and BSFC have been studied . The results indicated that omega shaped piston works best for the current set-up. As compared to baseline shape of hemisphere, it gives 12% higher NO but 19% less SOOT. Also, the efficiency and BSFC are better for omega shaped piston. KeywordsOMG, SC, DC, HEMI, piston bowl, combustion, emission, CFD, AVL, simulation ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------