MicroRNA-133a (miRNA-133a) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are different-type crucial biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), whose levels are great significance for AMI diagnosis and treatment. Herein, a novel photoelectrochemical-electrochemical (PEC-EC) dual-mode biosensing platform for dual-target assays of miRNA-133a and cTnI was developed. In which, a PEC-EC dual-mode sensing platform for miRNA-133a was constructed based on the changes of the photocurrent inhibition effect and the electrochemical signal of Fc on the Fc-hairpin DNA probe (Fc-HP)/ZnCdS-quantum dots (QDs)/ITO electrode. Furthermore, under magnetic separation and the specific interaction between cTnI and its aptamer, the N-doped porous carbon-ZnO polyhedra (NPC-ZnO)-hemin-capture DNA probe hybrid (NH-CP) was obtained and introduced to the Fc-HP/ZnCdS-QDs/ITO electrode via hybridization between NH-CP and Fc-HP. The hemin molecules encapsulated in NH-CP could effectively induce the photocurrent-polarity-switching of the Fc-HP/ZnCdS-QDs/ITO electrode and generate a new electrochemical signal originating from hemin. Thus, cTnI was assayed sensitively and selectively by the PEC-EC dual-mode biosensing platform. Here, Fc and hemin not only serve as the electrochemical indicators, but also respectively inhibit the photocurrent and switch the photocurrent polarity of ZnCdS-QDs. Furthermore, the proposed biosensing platform could be easily expanded to the detection of other multiplex-type biomarkers via the change of the sequences of the related DNA probes, implying its significant potential in clinical diagnosis and biological analysis.