Heliocentric Research Articles

The Sun about Heliocentric Theory in Science Perspective and Al-Qur’an Tafsir al-Maraghi

This study aims to analyze the sun as the centre of the solar system in the heliocentric theory from the point of view of physics and the Qur'an. The research method used is a qualitative research method with library research (Library Research). The results of this study are proof of the truth that in the Qur'an, there is also a science that explains the heliocentric theory, which states that the sun is the centre of the solar system. Based on the idea of Nicolaus Copernicus in a book entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, it has been published that the heliocentric theory can overthrow the long-established geocentric theory. The Qur'an was revealed long before the astronomical concept of the earth's motion was put forward and was in line with the heliocentric view. In the Al-Qur'an, there are verses about the world, moon and sun, for example, Yunus: 5, al-Naml: 88, and Yasin: 38-40. The sun as the centre of the solar system is not static but also in motion. This is explained in the Al-Qur'an in Surah Yasin verses 38-40. Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi in Tafsir al-Maraghi emphasized that the heliocentric theory is by the Qur'an and the birth of the heliocentric idea is part of the miracle of al-Qur'an.

Cartography, geodesy, and the heliocentric theory:Yves Simonin'sunpublished papers

Cartography, geodesy, and the heliocentric theory:<scp>Yves Simonin's</scp>unpublished papers

Marsilio Ficino's Allegorical Reading of Optical Phenomena

As a Platonist, Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) was deeply interested in light and its qualities. As a matter of fact, the metaphysics of light is so fundamental for him that it appears, treated more or less systematically, almost in all of his works. As a physician, he was naturally concerned with the human corporeality and with the relation of human body to the physical world, both terrestrial and astral. However, when discussing astronomical and optical phenomena (e.g. refraction of light in water, camera obscura, and concave mirrors), he sees them primarily not as physical realities but as starting points for his allegorical hermeneutics and analogical interpretations. Similarly, when Ficino situates the Sun in the centre of the universe, as its warming heart, ruling king and animating soul, he does so in the context of a metaphysical, rather than cosmological, heliocentrism. Indeed, physical astronomical “facts” seem generally irrelevant to him, being obscured by their spiritual meaning. This becomes especially conspicuous in the perspective that Copernicus arrived at his heliocentric theory most probably with the knowledge of Ficino’s treatise On Sun (De Sole) and even quoting the same sources as Ficino.

Intersections of Science and Society

As science educators, we experience the intersection of science and culture every time we talk with a student whose personal beliefs conflict with scientific knowledge. Outside of the classroom, we witness politicians and other influential people who doubt, distrust, or even condemn scientists and the knowledge they produce. Conflicts can arise when there is misalignment between science and one's religion, politics, or worldview.If we consider the history of science, Galileo's trial in the 17th century was certainly not the first conflict between science and culture, but it was perhaps the most prominent and its effects the most long-lasting. In On Trial for Reason, historian Maurice Finocchiaro provides a nuanced and thoughtful analysis of the trail of Galileo, including the issues that preceded it and those that continue today.In 1633, Galileo was convicted of heresy by the Catholic Inquisition for his empirical defense of the Copernican idea that the Earth rotated on its axis and revolved around the Sun (these perspectives are known as geokinetic and heliocentric, respectively). As a result of the trial, Galileo's published work was banned and Galileo himself was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life.On Trial is more than a historical retelling. It is a reflection on empiricism and the defense of scientific knowledge. It is about the conflict between innovators and those who cling to the past. It is also a rich historical analysis of an influential event that occurred during the nascent years of the scientific revolution. And yes, it is about the conflict between science and religion. But as Finocchiaro reveals, the conflicts between Galileo and the Catholic Church have since dissipated (more on that below).On Trial is intended for a general audience, but it teeters between scholarly manuscript and popular nonfiction. The writing style is formal, the arguments sometimes esoteric, and the passages redundant at times. But Finocchiaro does a great job of explaining complexities to a lay audience, clearly with the intent of promoting deeper understanding. Such awareness is required to understand the nuances of Galileo's trial, which involved theological, scientific, and epistemological arguments.For the most part, On Trial is written chronologically. After a brief overview of the entire Galileo affair, it backtracks to an earlier time when a dying Copernicus published his revolutionary model of a geokinetic and heliocentric universe. Copernicus, however, provided no rigorous empirical defense for his ideas and so they languished. It would be another 89 years until Galileo published his defense of Copernicus, thanks to his telescopic discoveries, and this finally gave the geokinetic and heliocentric model the scientific support it needed.Finocchiaro dispels the notion that Galileo's trial is a simple conflict between science and religion. For example, the Church was not united in its condemnation of Galileo. Several prominent theologians sided with him, even publishing their own pro-Copernican ideas. Interestingly, prior to his trial, Galileo had a personal and amicable relationship with the very pope who would later condemn him. Additionally, there were many sensible concerns about the scientific details, in addition to novel epistemological questions such as “whether artificial instruments like the telescope have any legitimate role in the search for truth.”On Trial recognizes Galileo as a pioneer in empiricism and critical thinking, a discoverer of astronomical observations and physical laws, and an important figure in the scientific revolution. Finocchiaro writes that Galileo advocated “the principle of autonomy, according to which scientific investigation can and should proceed independently of scripture.” Galileo had reverence for scripture and was deeply hurt by his conviction for heresy. In preparing for his trial, he crafted theological arguments for his principle of autonomy. He was condemned for this and for his Copernican ideas that contradicted a literal interpretation of the Bible.The irony is that Galileo was right on both accounts. The Earth does move around the Sun, and scripture does not have authority on scientific claims. Both were ultimately recognized by the Church. In the 1990s, for example, Pope John Paul II (who was posthumously declared a Saint) voiced support for Galileo's theological arguments, while bemoaning Galileo's trial as an injustice. Finocchiaro writes, “The Galileo affair displays not only conflicts between science and religion, but also harmonies between them. It embodies the complexity of the relationship between the two, as well as the way in which conflict and harmony can co-occur.”On Trial is recommended for biology educators, upper-level undergraduates, and graduate students seeking a nuanced case study that demonstrates the complex ways in which science, religion, and culture can intersect.

Загадка звёздного каталога Коперника (часть вторая) Система счёта времени и определение тройного движения Земли

Objecting to those who consider Copernicus’s work as repeating the achievements of Antiquity, we pay attention to his determination of uniform time necessary for applying any mathematical theory in particular, the one describing the observed uneven movements through a composition of circular and uniform rotations. Using the Egyptian year of 365 solar days, Copernicus analyzed the observations for the period from the first Olympiad up to his own observations. Generalizing the results of observations of two millennia and reducing them to the unique time system enabled his explaining the observed precession of equinoxes, and changes in the angle of inclination of the Earth’s equator to ecliptic by the lag of the Earth’s center rotation from that of its axis, simultaneously to exclude empty spheres from the medieval mechanical models of the Universe. Analyzing the observations of the period 4 times longer than that of Ptolemy, Copernicus managed to obtain the mean value of precession and the period of the Earth axis rotation practically coinciding with modern determinations. The proof of “the triple motion of the Earth” was necessary for affirmation of heliocentric system of the world.

The statistics of small-mass meteors observed simultaneously with optical imaging and the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar

We present a statistical analysis of meteors observed simultaneously with optical imaging and the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). The observations analyzed were from 3 nights (3, 4 and October 5, 2010), totaling 20.5 ​h of observation time. Optical observations alone revealed 493 meteors, while the PFISR data contained 9324 meteors over that same time period. There were 224 meteors that were detected by both PFISR and the optical imaging. The focus of this paper is on these 224 meteors that were detected by both methods. For these meteors, the masses were calculated from the optical light curves combined with the total velocities and were found to range between 0.4 and 204 ​mg. Using these meteor observations as a baseline, the minimum meteoroid mass detectable by the PFISR radar was estimated to be around 0.14 ± 0.01 ​mg for a 70 ​km/s meteor. The origination radiants of these 224 meteors were calculated in Heliocentric ecliptic coordinates and they were found to originate from many different areas in the northern hemisphere and not particularly concentrated to any of the sporadic meteor complex sources.

The ESO supernovae type Ia progenitor survey (SPY)

Close double degenerate binaries are one of the favoured progenitor channels for type Ia supernovae, but it is unclear how many suitable systems there are in the Galaxy. We report results of a large radial velocity survey for double degenerate (DD) binaries using the UVES spectrograph at the ESO VLT (ESO SN Ia Progenitor surveY – SPY). Exposures taken at different epochs are checked for radial velocity shifts indicating close binary systems. We observed 689 targets classified as DA white dwarfs (displaying hydrogen-rich atmospheres), of which 46 were found to possess a cool companion. We measured radial velocities (RV) of the remaining 643 DA white dwarfs. We managed to secure observations at two or more epochs for 625 targets, supplemented by eleven objects meeting our selection criteria from literature. The data reduction and analysis methods applied to the survey data are described in detail. The sample contains 39 double degenerate binaries, only four of which were previously known. Twenty are double-lined systems, in which features from both components are visible, the other 19 are single-lined binaries. We provide absolute RVs transformed to the heliocentric system suitable for kinematic studies. Our sample is large enough to sub-divide by mass: 16 out of 44 low mass targets (≤0.45 M⊙) are detected as DDs, while just 23 of the remaining 567 targets with multiple spectra and mass &gt; 0.45 M⊙are double. The detected fraction amongst the low mass objects (36.4 ± 7.3%) is significantly higher than for the higher-mass, carbon-oxygen core dominated part of the sample (3.9 ± 0.8%), but it is much lower than expected from the detection efficiency for companion masses of 0.05 M⊙or higher and a 100% binary fraction. This suggests either companion stars of with a mass below 0.05 M⊙or some of the low mass white dwarfs are single.

A celestial motion-based solar photovoltaics installed on a cooling tower

Traditional photovoltaic systems are facing two major problems, including occupying excessive land resources and causing power loss due to long-distance power transmission. In this paper, we investigate an adaptive celestial motion-based solar photovoltaics, which is installed on the cooling tower of a thermal power plant. The proposed solar photovoltaics can rotate around its own axis and revolve around the cooling tower, which enables the solar panels to be always perpendicular to the solar rays based on the rotation and revolution of the earth. In order to estimate the technical and economic performance of the solar photovoltaics, three thermal power plants located in Wujing, Datong, and Hami in China are selected for a case study. Comparative analysis is conducted under four different photovoltaic configurations of fixed angle, adjustable azimuth, adjustable tilt, and adjustable azimuth and tilt of solar panels. Analysis and estimation results show that the capacities of photovoltaic installations reach 1.76 MW, 3.51 MW, and 1.82 MW, with corresponding annual power generation of 2.13 GWh, 6.00 GWh, and 3.94 GWh in Wujing, Datong, and Hami, respectively. The total profits are 27.9 million CNY, 60.7 million CNY, and 36.0 million CNY, with the return on investment of 240%, 261%, and 300%, respectively. Based on solar radiation, local electricity price, and cooling tower area, the payback period for PVs of the three studied power plants is about 6 years. The high energy and economic benefits indicate that the proposed photovoltaics has a good prospect for being considered as an auxiliary power generation system in thermal power plant.

Концепція пласкої землі в святому письмі

The article deals with the concept of flat Earth. There has a adherents and defenders in the modern world, despite the solid age of heliocentric teaching. Flat Earth apologists point out, that the evidence in favor of the scientific heliocentric theory is held on confidence. People should trust the testimony of astronauts, space exploration data, and more. However, the vast majority of people cannot verify this data from their own practical experience. If science is a criterion for truth, then the heliocentric concepts and flat Earth are far removed from this criterion. Moreover, in the cultural experience of the past we can find arguments in favor of the concept of a flat Earth. These testimonies are contained, in particular, in the Old Testament Bible, the sacred texts of Christianity and Judaism. The mythological and religious texts of other nations and cultures also refer to the idea of a flat Earth.

GRAFT: A Model for Evaluating Actuator Systems in terms of Force Production.

In the scope of evaluation methodologies for Internet of Things (IoT) systems, some approaches concern security, while others latency. However, some methodologies evaluate systems that contain active entities, so-called actuators. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for evaluating such systems with actuator components using Graph Representation of the Angle of the Force and Time (GRAFT). GRAFT facilitates easy computation of the net force produced by physical or mechanical acts occurring on a daily basis on Earth. We use laws and definitions of physics describing the relations between Speed, Distance, and Time (SDT), apply them in a heliocentric system, and model the considered systems with a graph. The continuous movement of the Earth was shown to be weakening the total produced net force in some systems. We considered this weakening issue a problem, and we propose two possible solutions to overcome it by using restoration values, or reordering actuator sessions, in GRAFT to arrive to a more force-efficient system. We compared our default GRAFT algorithm to a special implementation using the Clock-Angle-Problem (CAP) for sessions. We also study and discuss an IoT-focused case for validating our approach, and we present a detailed explanation of the proposed GRAFT algorithm. The experimental results show the ability of GRAFT to provide highly accurate results, which also exemplifies that our GRAFT approach is programmable, hence deployable in real life scenarios.

On the censorship of Tycho Brahe’s books in Iberia

ABSTRACTIt is known that throughout the seventeenth century the world system proposed by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) assumed a preponderant position in the Iberian cosmological debate, according to many opinions the one showing the best agreement to empirical evidence. Moreover, the Tychonian model (or variants thereof) did not present the difficulties of apparent contradiction with scriptures, as the heliocentric system of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) did, since it kept the earth fixed at the centre of the world. However, Tycho, as a Lutheran author, was targeted by the Inquisition. Passages of various works of the Danish astronomer were included in the Spanish Indices of 1632, 1640 and 1707, although the formal condemnation of the Roman Inquisition never materialized. In the network of the Society of Jesus a seemingly informal censorship also circulated, apparently based on Tridentine determinations, published in 1651 in the influential work of Giambattista Riccioli (1598–1671) Almagestum novum. In this paper I will discuss the scope, effects and limitations of the censorship of Tycho's scientific books in Portugal and Spain, through the analysis of several annotated copies, preserved manly in Iberian libraries, with a special attention to books with a well-established provenance in past Jesuit colleges.

Laboratory Implementation of a Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid DC-AC Electricity Generation System

The rotation and revolution of the earth affect the solar irradiation and wind availability of a location respectively. Wind energy availability is dependent on solar activity making them to be complementary and consequent upon the law of conservation of energy can be separately and as well be combined to convert their energy (light or mechanical) into electrical energy for electric power generation. For an improved, reliable, continuous and sustainable electric energy supply without degradation of the environment as is the case with electric power derivation from the conventional fossil fuels that are hydrocarbon based, an attempt is made in this work to combine photovoltaic and wind energy systems’ output voltages to obtain a hybridized system. The output voltage of the photovoltaic and wind energy system at established optimum conditions is coupled and fed through a rectifier for regulation, stabilization and amplification. The resultant voltage as obtained at stage three of the optimum conditions – highest optical irradiation, maximum wind speed at zero degree position of light source to photo (solar) cell and fan to wind energy generator, is almost twice the sum of the output voltages of the solar energy system alone and wind energy system alone. The resultant dc voltage is fed into an inverter for de- rectification and the alternating voltage (AC) waveform monitored on an oscilloscope.

Edward Gresham’s Astrostereon, or A Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603), the Copernican paradox, and the construction of early modern proto-scientific discourse

This paper investigates the functioning of the ‘Copernican paradox’ (stating that the Sun stands still and the Earth revolves around the Sun) in the late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, with particular attention to Edward Gresham's (1565–1613) little-known and hitherto understudied astronomical treatise – Astrostereon, or A Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603). The text, which is fully appreciative of the heliocentric system, is analysed within a broader context of the ongoing struggles with the Copernican theory at the turn of the seventeenth century. The article finds that apart from having a purely rhetorical function, the ‘Copernican paradox’ featured in the epistemological debates on how early modern scientific knowledge should be constructed and popularised. The introduction of new scientific claims to sceptical audiences had to be done both through mathematical demonstrations and by referring to the familiar concepts and tools drawn from the inventory of humanist education. As this article shows, Gresham's rhetorical techniques used for the rejection of paradoxicality of heliocentrism are similar to some of the practices which Thomas Digges and William Gilbert employed in order to defend their own findings and assertions.

Construction of correspondences between the sky we see and the heliocentric model: problem-based learning in 7th grade of elementary school

AbstractWe present the results of the implementation of a didactic sequence based on the formulation and resolution of astronomical problems by seventh grade elementary school students from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its objective is to generate a meaningful understanding of the heliocentric model of the Solar System from the systematization of topocentric observations of the sky, either direct or mediated by resources such as diagrams, Stellarium software and tables, which we correlate with the parallel globe, other models with specific material and the Solar System Scope software. Throughout the sequence we address topics such as the diurnal and annual movement of the Sun, the night sky, astronomical ephemeris, Moon phases and eclipses. These are developed in parallel to the sphericity of the Earth and the concept of motion in science. For each of these topics we start from its recognition. We then implement strategies to guide students towards a possible description from the local point of view, and then extend it to other locations on the surface of the Earth. We encourage them to explain their ideas about the possible links between these topocentric observations and the corresponding relative positions of the celestial objects as seen from an external point of view to the Earth. These ideas are then contrasted with geocentric and heliocentric models. Here we highlight the integrative instances in which the students formulated problems in small groups and shared them for their resolution. Thus, motivated and challenged by the collaboration between peers, they became the protagonists of their learning.

Pembuatan Aalat Peraga Kiara Payung dalam Pembelajaran Sistem Tata Surya

The props "Kiara Payung" are a tool in learning the Solar System. This props is a unit of several components of props that can visualize various phenomena such as rotations and revolutions of the earth and moon, solar and lunar eclipses, tides of seawater, position of celestial bodies in their orbits, and artificial satellite motion. Named "Kiara Payung" because the components of the model of the solar system phenomenon are integrated to form a shade tree "Kiara Payung" which is planted in the school environment. While the word "Payung" to remind that the framework of used umbrellas as one of the materials for making props. The purpose of the use of teaching aids is to concretize the material of the solar system as well as to improve student learning outcomes. The effort to concretize the material is done by modeling the teaching aids in the classroom, while to find out the improvement in student learning outcomes is used the test method. The test is conducted twice at the end of each subject. Test data retrieval is focused on the VI C, which has always been lower than other class VI. Learning outcomes show that by using the props "Kiara Payung" students' understanding of the material of the solar system is better. In addition, there is an increase in student learning outcomes. As many as 34 students in grade VI C, in the first test learning completeness only reached 73,6% and in the next test it increased to 91,2%

The pre-telescopic observations of the Moon in early seventeenth-century London: The case of Edward Gresham (1565-1613).

This article supplements the history of the pre-telescopic observations of the Moon at the turn of the seventeenth century with an analysis of the hitherto understudied manuscript Astrostereon or the Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603), written by Edward Gresham, an English astrologer and follower of the heliocentric theory. In this treatise, Gresham presents the results of his observations of the surface of the Moon. These findings are discussed against a wider background of contemporary writings by Galileo Galilei, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler and Michael Maestlin. Furthermore, Gresham's studies of the Moon are shown as part of London astronomical pursuits represented by Gilbert, the author of the first map of the Moon made on the basis of naked-eye observations (c.1600), and by Thomas Harriot, who outran Galileo in telescopic observations of the Moon (1609). It is suggested that Gresham's reports may have helped Harriot to select the time of his first observation of the Moon and therefore determined its result.

Hestia: The Indo-European Goddess of the Cosmic Central Fire’

The Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton (470-390 BCE) created a unique model of the Universe and he placed at its centre a ‘fire’, around which the spheres of the Earth, the Counter-Earth, the five planets, the Sun, the Moon and the outermost sphere of fixed stars, also viewed as fire but of an ‘aethereal’ kind, were revolving. This system has been considered as a step towards the heliocentric model of Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE), the astronomical theory opposed to the geocentric system, which already was the communis opinio at that time and would be so for many centuries to come: but is that really so? In fact, comparing the Greek data with those of other ancient peoples of Indo-European language, it can be assumed that the ‘pyrocentric’ system is the last embodiment of a theological tradition going back to ancient times: Hestia, the central fire, was the descendant of an Indo-European goddess of Hearth placed at the centre of the religious and mythological view of a deified Cosmos where the gods were essentially personifications of atmospheric phenomena and of celestial bodies.

Should Naturalists Believe in the Anthropocene?

The concept of the Anthropocene draws attention to human activity's impact on the planet at the geological scale. It is tempting to reason that like evolution, a heliocentric solar system or quantum mechanics, climate science compels us to accept as real a radical new ontology, the 'anthroposphere', with far-reaching social and political consequences. I wish to argue that this temptation should be resisted. The Anthropocene cannot be understood entirely as a natural scientific phenomenon, although it can be treated as such for certain purposes. It is also an irreducibly social phenomenon. This is not to say that it is a socially constructed concept like nationhood, but that it is constituted by natural causal processes that are irreducibly entangled with social causal processes. Adopting the Anthropocene as a working concept therefore requires that we understand the causal processes involved in bringing it about as social causal processes, while also viewing these processes as objectual, open to public scrutiny and capable of compelling public assent. Social causes are not, however, easily subjected to such a naturalistic treatment. I conclude that the Anthropocene is not currently a suitable candidate for inclusion in a naturalist ontology.

Hestia: The Indo-European Goddess of the Cosmic Central Fire

The Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton (470-390 BCE) created a unique model of the Universe and he placed at its centre a ‘fire’, around which the spheres of the Earth, the Counter-Earth, the five planets, the Sun, the Moon and the outermost sphere of fixed stars, also viewed as fire but of an ‘aethereal’ kind, were revolving. This system has been considered as a step towards the heliocentric model of Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE), the astronomical theory opposed to the geocentric system, which already was the communis opinio at that time and would be so for many centuries to come: but is that really so? In fact, comparing the Greek data with those of other ancient peoples of Indo-European language, it can be assumed that the ‘pyrocentric’ system is the last embodiment of a theological tradition going back to ancient times: Hestia, the central fire, was the descendant of an Indo-European goddess of Hearth placed at the centre of the religious and mythological view of a deified Cosmos where the gods were essentially personifications of atmospheric phenomena and of celestial bodies.

Загадка звёздного каталога Коперника (часть первая)

The Copernican catalog differs from the catalogs of previous epochs by transferring the reference point of ecliptic longitudes from the vernal equinox to the star γ Aries. This violation of the tradition which did not influence the catalogs of subsequent epochs, is regarded by N. I. Idelson as an anachronism, and in the opinion of E. P. Fedorov, this idea of Copernicus was ahead of time. Since the contradictions in the evaluation of Copernicus’ works are inherent in the literature of the 20th century, it is necessary to recall the pre-Copernican astronomy and refer to the text of his works. Our study consists of three parts (papers). The first one is devoted to the period from the studying the motion of heavenly bodies upon celestial sphere to passing to the World structure and the movements of the Solar system bodies. Copernicus’s heliocentric theory made invaluable contribution into the solution of this problem, impossible without determining the distances. The previous basis of astronomical observations was increased by 20 thousand times. A similar advance in the determination of distances by a mathematically exact method is hardly possible in the foreseeable future.