Abstract
In the scope of evaluation methodologies for Internet of Things (IoT) systems, some approaches concern security, while others latency. However, some methodologies evaluate systems that contain active entities, so-called actuators. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for evaluating such systems with actuator components using Graph Representation of the Angle of the Force and Time (GRAFT). GRAFT facilitates easy computation of the net force produced by physical or mechanical acts occurring on a daily basis on Earth. We use laws and definitions of physics describing the relations between Speed, Distance, and Time (SDT), apply them in a heliocentric system, and model the considered systems with a graph. The continuous movement of the Earth was shown to be weakening the total produced net force in some systems. We considered this weakening issue a problem, and we propose two possible solutions to overcome it by using restoration values, or reordering actuator sessions, in GRAFT to arrive to a more force-efficient system. We compared our default GRAFT algorithm to a special implementation using the Clock-Angle-Problem (CAP) for sessions. We also study and discuss an IoT-focused case for validating our approach, and we present a detailed explanation of the proposed GRAFT algorithm. The experimental results show the ability of GRAFT to provide highly accurate results, which also exemplifies that our GRAFT approach is programmable, hence deployable in real life scenarios.
Highlights
With 184 countries pledging to limit the increase in average global temperature to 1.5 ◦ C above pre-industrial levels [1], and scientists recommending a decrease of up to 90% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 [2], more ambitious pledges and further action is still required to meet those targets [3]
If the 100% ratio is required in some situation, a restoration value is needed to gain back the weakening of force caused by the rotation of Earth
Some Internet of Things (IoT) systems include actuator entities that are entitled to perform physical actions periodically, or upon specified data sensed by the sensors in the system
Summary
With 184 countries pledging to limit the increase in average global temperature to 1.5 ◦ C above pre-industrial levels [1], and scientists recommending a decrease of up to 90% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 [2], more ambitious pledges and further action is still required to meet those targets [3]. The European Commission has proposed a European Climate Law, which will turn political commitments into legal obligations for member states [4], referring to their 2018 commitment to reaching net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, calling for improvements in energy efficiency, which has been stagnating recently [5]. An evaluation model of actuator systems in terms of force exertion is helpful because it enhances the outcome of research and industries in terms of force efficiency, energy saving. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a relatively new paradigm suggesting that things can be connected to the Internet and provide usable data about their environments. Identification (RFID), that provide the capabilities to sense, actuate with, and communicate over the Sensors 2020, 20, 1894; doi:10.3390/s20071894 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors. Some use cases of the IoT paradigm include smart homes [10], smart cities [11], smart vehicles [12], and smart health [13]
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