Character Height Research Articles

HEIGHTS OF CHARACTERS IN BLOCKS OF $p$-SOLVABLE GROUPS

In this paper, it is proved that if $B$ is a Brauer $p$ -block of a $p$ -solvable group, for some odd prime $p$ , then the height of any ordinary character in $B$ is at most $2b$ , where $p^b$ is the largest degree of the irreducible characters of the defect group of $B$ . Some other results that relate the heights of characters with properties of the defect group are obtained.

A More Complex Isoleucine Aptamer with a Cognate Triplet

The simplest RNA that can meet a column affinity selection for isoleucine was previously defined using selection amplification with decreasing numbers of randomized nucleotides. This simplest UAUU motif was a small asymmetric internal loop. Conserved positions of the loop include isoleucine codon and anticodon triplets (Lozupone C., Changayil, S., Majerfeld, I., and Yarus, M. (2003) RNA (N. Y.) 9, 1315-1322). Using new primer sequences, we now select a somewhat more complex isoleucine binding RNA, requiring 4.7 more bits of information to describe. The newly selected structure is a terminal or hairpin loop of 20 nucleotides, 15 being invariant. An information profile shows that the new binding site contains five short functional loop regions joined by less significant single nucleotide positions. Among the important nucleotides is a conserved isoleucine anticodon, supporting the escaped triplet theory, which posits a stereochemical genetic code originating in RNA amino acid binding sites.

Influence of weed infestation on morphological parameters of maize (Zea mays L.)

The influence of various ways of regulation in weed infestation of silage maize stands was studied in 1999–2001. Four variants of stands were compared: 1. without weed eradication (check), 2. mechanically weeded throughout the whole vegetation period, 3. mechanically weeded from the beginning of vegetation till the phase of 5<sup>th</sup> leaf and later on without protection, 4. chemical weeding. The yield of dry mass and morphological characters (height of plants, stem diameter, number of ears per plant etc.) show the substantial negative effect of weed infestation upon the studied parameters. The yield from the check variant reached 8.09 t/ha, from the 2<sup>nd</sup> variant 13.24 t/ha, from the 3<sup>rd</sup> variant 11.46 t/ha and from the 4<sup>th</sup> variant 12.34 t/ha. The decrease of mass in individual parts of plants were observed but their percentage portions were not affected by the level of weed infestation. A high dependence ( = 0.01) between the mass of the whole plant and the ear mass (r = 0.98) was proved. The total number of leaves was not affected by the level of treatment. The results show that the mechanical cultivation of stands at the beginning of vegetation cannot prevent the yield depression cost by weed infestation and the studied parameters cannot reach the level of fully weeded variants.

Applying image descriptors to the assessment of legibility in Chinese characters

The current study derived seven descriptors from the pixel matrix of 5401 Chinese characters in the commonly used Ming, Kai, Li, and Hei fonts. A factor analysis was used to reduce the number of descriptors for a validation experiment. The three-factor solution (number of strokes, character height, and character width) explaining 89.54% of the variance was derived from 5401 characters in four fonts. A 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment using fonts, number of strokes, character height, and character width as the independent variables was conducted to evaluate the impact of each critical factor on the legibility of Chinese characters. Each tested character was chosen from the 500 most commonly used characters to minimize the effect of familiarity and ensure that all participants could recognize the character if it was legible. The 16 university students who participated in the experiment were asked to identify a Chinese character initially displayed on a PC screen at its minimum size and enlarged gradually until the participant could recognize it. The analysis of variance suggests that all the main effects of font, number of strokes, character height, and character width are significant. The legibility thresholds of the four type styles from the most to the least legible are in the Hei, Ming, Kai, and Li sequence. Number of strokes is the only significant factor in predicting the legibility threshold for each individual font. However, if predicting the legibility threshold across four fonts, character height is the other significant factor with about the same predictive power as number of strokes. The legible threshold is increased by the number of strokes and decreased by the character height and character width.

ON SIMPLE MODULES FOR THE RESTRICTED LIE ALGEBRAS OF CARTAN TYPE

ABSTRACT Let be a restricted special Lie algebra, Hamiltonian Lie algebra or a contact Lie algebra. In this paper, we construct the simple having character height at most zero with exceptional weights. We also determine the dimensions of these modules.

Some simple modules for the restricted Cartan-type Lie algebras

Every simple module having character height at most one for a restricted Cartan-type Lie algebra g can be realized as a quotient of a module obtained by starting with a simple module S for the homogeneous component of degree zero in the natural grading of g , extending the action trivially to positive components and inducing up to g . It is shown that if S is not restricted, or if it is restricted and its maximal vector does not have exceptional weight, then the induced module is already simple.

Simple Modules with Character Height at Most One for the Restricted Witt Algebras

The simple modules with character height at most one for the restricted Witt algebras are considered. Their classification, construction, and dimension formulas are reduced to the same for the general linear algebra. Results of Chang and Shen are recovered in the process.

Avaliação de progênies de taxi-branco (Sclerolobium paniculatum) e estimativas de parâmetros genéticos

Progênies de meios-irmãos de Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, com quatro anos de idade, foram analisadas para verificar a existência e a magnitude da variabilidade genética dos caracteres de crescimento em altura, diâmetro à altura do peito, sobrevivência, número de hastes e produção de biomassa. Foram utilizadas 10 repetições num delineamento de blocos casualisados com 21 tratamentos (progênies), com as parcelas experimentais representadas por cinco plantas num espaçamento de 3 x 3 m, implantado no Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Amapá, Amapá, Brasil. Variações genéticas altamente significativas foram observadas para todos os caracteres estudados. Em geral os coeficientes de herdabilidade a nível de médias de famílias mostraram notável superioridade em relação aos demais tipos. As estimativas de ganhos genéticos com a seleção entre e dentro de progênies mostraram a possibilidade de significativos avanços genéticos para os caracteres estudados. Os progressos genéticos com seleção dentro de famílias proporcionaram maiores estimativas de ganho do que a seleção entre famílias, para todos os caracteres estudados.

Variability of selected characters of production biology and essential oil accumulation in populations of Achillea crithmifolia

AbstractAlthough data on chemical properties of Achillea species are numerous, morphological studies are rare. Therefore, during 1995‐97, some morphological and production biological characters (height, width, number of stems, dry flower mass and leaf colour) of Achillea crithmifolia, their stability over years and generations, their dependence upon plant age and their correlations with the accumulation of essential oil were examined. The populations investigated were raised from seed materials stored in the genebank of the Department.The considerable diversity of the populations indicated a high degree of heterozygosity of these traits in natural stands. Variability was highest in number of stems (15.3‐37.4 pieces) and essential oil content (0.63‐1.27%). This variability did not disappear during three successive generations of inbreeding, although a decrease in variance was observed. Essential oil content was shown to have a higher heritability than other properties. Correlations of plant height, width and number of shoots were medium (r = 0.539‐0.757), and their correlation with the essential oil content was also significant. Both the year of examination and age of the plants exerted a strong influence on most of the characters studied.

Análise de trilha sob multicolinearidade em pimentão

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) desdobrar correlações genotípicas em efeitos diretos e indiretos de componentes primários e secundários sobre a produção de frutos, em genótipos de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), por meio de análises de trilha; b) comparar métodos alternativos de estimação dos coeficientes de trilha para contornar os efeitos adversos da multicolinearidade. Com base nas magnitudes dos efeitos diretos e indiretos, nenhum dos componentes primários ou secundários mostrou ser importante na seleção dos genótipos mais produtivos. Em populações segregantes, o caráter altura da planta poderá ser útil em resposta correlacionada, por meio de seleção indireta. Na ocorrência de multicolinearidade de moderada a severa entre os caracteres, a eliminação de variáveis do modelo de regressão e a análise de trilha em crista mostraram-se eficientes para reduzir as altas variâncias dos coeficientes de trilha encontradas. Contudo, quando várias variáveis necessitam ser eliminadas, o processo de descarte torna-se difícil e muitas análises podem ser necessárias. A análise de trilha em crista, por sua vez, deve contornar os efeitos adversos da multicolinearidade, sem que haja grande redução nos valores dos coeficientes de determinação dos modelos de regressão.

Sexual selection, parasites and bower height skew in a bower-building cichlid fish

The good genes mechanism of sexual selection predicts that secondary sexual ornaments may reliably reveal a males resistance to parasites. We studied correlates of courtship and spawning success in a species ofCopadichromis, a lekking cichlid fish from Lake Malawi, Africa, which builds sand bowers. We present the first evidence of a negative relationship between the structure of an extended phenotypic character (height skew of sand bowers) and male parasite load. Males that spawned had significantly fewer dilepipid cestodes in their livers than males that did not spawn, never before demonstrated in a lekking species of fish. Furthermore, males that spawned had significantly heavier gonads than 'unsuccessful males. We also found significant correlations between relative liver weight and some measures of reproductive success. This may indicate females are choosing to mate with males in better condition.

Blocks of factor groups and heights of characters

Blocks of factor groups and heights of characters

Normal subgroups and heights of characters

Normal subgroups and heights of characters

Genetic variation in chrysanthemum for resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis

AbstractIn a choice‐experiment, 42 chrysanthemum cultivars were screened for resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Oviposition preference, two types of feeding damage and thrips numbers per flower were recorded as measures of resistance. A large genetic variation in thrips resistance was found among the cultivars screened. The amount of feeding damage was strongly determined by oviposition preference. Besides, a positive correlation was found between the oviposition preference in non‐flowering chrysanthemums (number of eggs) and flowering chrysanthemums (number of thrips per flower). Thrips feeding on young, developing tissues, causes growth damage because affected cells are unable to expand and leaves become distorted. Thrips feeding on older, expanded leaves causes cells to become filled with air, resulting in ‘silver’ damage. The amounts of growth‐ and ‘silver’ damage were negatively correlated suggesting that thrips chose either young or older leaves to feed on. The order of resistance among cultivars did not change during the experiment. In order to get more insight in resistance mechanisms the influence of some plant‐ and flower characters on resistance was examined. The plant characters height, number of leaves, flower production and flower weight were all negatively correlated with resistance. It is suggested that tall chrysanthemum cultivars with many and large flowers may invest less in defence than smaller cultivars, and therefore are more damaged by thrips.

Early evaluation of Racosperma auriculiforme and R. mangium provenance trials on four sites in Zaire

We examined provenance variation in two Racosperma species (R. auriculiforme and R. mangium) on four test sites in Zaire. Seeds for the two species were obtained from Northern Territory and Queensland of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Congo and Zaire. Growth and morphological characters (height, diameter, number of stems, branch angle, stem straightness, volume and flowering), survival and wood specific gravity were measured at ages 3, 9, 15 and 21 months. Site effects were significant and significant provenance differences existed in all traits except branch angle. The rank of provenances changed across sites, indicating significant genotype × environment interactions. Correlations of field growth traits (diameter, height and volume) at different ages were positive but negatively correlated with nursery results. Clinal variation was observed, especially for survival rate. The Racosperma provenances with the greatest volume production were from Papua New Guinea. They are suited for reforestation programs in Zaire and other tropical countries sharing similar biogeoclimatic conditions. Additional genetic gains in growth and wood density could be obtained through selection and breeding of superior individuals from these provenances.

Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator

An inexpensive programmable annotator, completely compatible with at least three models of widely used graphic recorders (Raytheon LSR-1811, Raytheon LSR-1807 M, and EDO 550) has been developed to automatically write event marks and print up to sixteen numbers on the paper record. Event mark and character printout intervals, character height and character position are all selectable with front panel switches. Operation is completely compatible with recorders running in either continuous or start-stop mode.

Efficiency of Early Selection for Yield Performance in Wheat

AbstractSelection for yield in early generations is difficult, mainly due to a shortage of seed. In the breeding company Fr. Strube the breeder uses three‐way crosses and first selects for yield between F2′‐derived lines in the F4′. The generations are called F1, F2′, etc., because the first generation is already segregating. The efficiency of this selection was checked in the F5′ and F6′. For this purpose F3′‐derived progenies, corresponding to poor and good yielding bulks in F4′, were selected. In later generations the average yield of the group of strains with good yield in the F4′ was 4 % (F5′) and 3 % (F6′) higher, respectively, than the mean of the strains with low yield in the F4′. Strains with very low yielding potential can easily be discarded in the F4′. The risk of discarding lines with a very high yield is minimal. Selection for yield in the F4′ was as effective as in the F5′. The importance of testing F2′‐derived bulks in the F4′ is not only based on the assessment of yield but also on the possibility of reliable intensive selection through recording visual characters (height, resistance against diseases) in a second environment in parallel to the single plant progenies.

Character Aspect Ratio and Design Tradeoffs

The American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Workstations specifies that character height-to-width ratios be within the range of 1:0.7 to 1:0.9. The empirical literature, however, fails to provide unequivocal support for that requirement. In designing CRT displays there is a complex interaction among several parameters, including character aspect ratio and character height. The present study compared a font with a character aspect ratio within the range allowed by ANSI/HFS 100–1988 to a font with a character aspect ratio outside that range. Using three different visually-intensive tasks, no real performance differences between the two fonts were observed. The study demonstrated that meeting individual design specifications, such as those provided in ANSI/HFS 100–1988, does not necessarily produce the most legible character set. It is argued that a performance-based compliance procedure may allow more flexibility in the design of visual display workstations.

The Older Driver — A Challenge to the Design of Automotive Electronic Displays

Older drivers present unique challenges to the display designer. Approximately 30 percent of all drivers in the U.S. are over 50 years of age. Visual impairment, e.g., presbyopia, begins after 40. After age 55, approximately 91 percent of the population use bifocals. Unfortunately, bifocals with significant add power create zones of decreased acuity in the critical instrument panel viewing distances of 500–800 mm. In this paper, the demands for vision in driving are related to the special visual disabilities associated with the older driver, such as increased sensitivity to glare, high contrast ratio blurring of electronic displays and increased time for target recognition. A computer legibility model is presented to relate the principal factors in design, namely character height and width, viewing distance, contrast ratio and background luminance with legibility impairment associated with various age groups. Implications of model predictions to display design are discussed.

Cloud detection and analysis: A review of recent progress

The major types of cloud retrieval algorithms are reviewed with special emphasis being placed upon recent (i.e., post 1981/1982) developments and novel techniques. Satellite-based retrieval algorithms can be grouped into three classes: threshold methods, statistical procedures, and radiative transfer techniques, although each algorithm depends upon implicit, if not overt, inversion of the radiative transfer equation. The fourth type of retrieval differs very considerably from the satellite-based techniques as it depends upon surface-based measurements which are generally, but not always, human rather than computer based. There is a tendency to assume that surface-based observations, especially of total cloud amount, are “correct” but that they may differ from satellite-based retrievals because of the differences in viewing geometry. Actually the literature reveals surprisingly few intercomparison studies. None of the satellite-based techniques have yet been well-validated in a variety of situations, while surface-based observations are made in all terrain and climate regimes. Overall there seems to be good reason to believe that surface-based observations of cloud amount and especially of low cloud amount, character, and base height, can add significantly to satellite-based global nephanalyses now operational or currently being planned.