Character Height Research Articles

Correlaciones, parámetros genéticos y fenotípicos en rasgos cuantitativos y cualitativos de Swietenia macrophylla en Ucayali, Perú

The speed of growth in height of Swietenia macrophylla stands out in terms of resistance to attack by the Hypsipyla grandella borer and the selection of fast-growing families can make commercial plantings viable. The characters height, diameter, number of leaves and stem form of trees from 4 families of S. macrophylla, aged 47.5 months, planted in Ucayali, Peru, were used to investigate the possibility of selecting fast-growing genotypes. The average heritability (h2m) and selective accuracy (Acprog) between families were moderate for total height (Ht: h2m: 0.407; Acprog: 0.638) and commercial height (Hc: h2m: 0.472; Acprog: 0.687), in addition to Hc positively correlating with susceptibility to the drill attack. The stem form showed statistical differences between families and great h2m (0.984) and Acprog (0.921). The genetic (rg) and phenotypic (rf) correlations between traits showed that a selection of individuals with greater heights will generally result in greater growth in diameter, number of leaves and better stem form. The study highlights the importance of selecting families with fast growth in height and straight stems to enable, improve the quality and increase the productivity of commercial plantations with the species.

Theoretical study about the thermal stability and detonation performance of the nitro-substituted derivatives of 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) pyrimidine

The nitro groups are introduced into 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) pyrimidine to substitute the hydrogen atoms successively, through which a total of 31 derivatives are constructed to look for high energy density compounds (HEDCs). To probe the thermal stabilities, the heats of formation (HOFs) are calculated by using the G3MP2 method. To explore the dynamic stability, the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is performed to confirm the trigger bond, for which the bond dissociation energy is calculated using the B3PW91 method with the 6-311 + G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, the detonation velocity (D), the detonation pressure (P), the molecular density (ρ), the explosive heat (Q), and character height (H50) are also predicted. Based on our calculation, it is confirmed that D1, D2, D5, and E are potential high-energy-density compounds with sufficient stability and excellent detonation performance.

Developing Character Height Model for Tibetan–Chinese Bilingual Guide Signs Using Driving Simulation

Developing Character Height Model for Tibetan–Chinese Bilingual Guide Signs Using Driving Simulation

Setting method of exit advance guide signs in mountainous expressway tunnel based on information quantization theory.

Driving behavior in expressway tunnels is more complicated than in common roadbed sections because of differences in illuminance, visual range, speed perception, and reaction time. To explore the setting method of exit advance guide signs in expressway tunnels and improve the effectiveness of drivers' recognition of them, we propose 12 layout forms based on information quantification theory. In experiments, UC-win/Road was used to build a simulation scene, and the recognition reaction time of 12 element combinations of exit advance guide signs of different subjects was collected through an E-Prime simulation experiment. The loading effectiveness of the signs was analyzed based on the subjective workload and comprehensive evaluation scores of different subjects. The results are the following. The width of the exit advance guide sign layout in the tunnel is negatively correlated with the height of Chinese characters and the distance between the characters and the edge of the sign. The larger the height of Chinese characters and the distance between them and the edge of the sign, the smaller the maximum layout width of the sign. Considering the driver's reaction time, subjective workload, sign recognition, amount of sign information, sign accuracy, and sign safety of 12 different information combinations, we suggest that exit advance guide signs in tunnels should be laid out as Chinese/English place name + distance + guide arrow.

Comparison of font size and background color strategies for tag weights on tag maps

ABSTRACT Tag weight differences in tag maps are usually reflected by different font sizes. With this strategy, low weighted tags may be ignored and tag sizes may be misjudged due to differing word length, character height and word width. To address these shortcomings, this paper improves the layout method of tag maps by presetting anchor points. We construct weight contours based on corner points and center points of tag outer envelope rectangles and adopt hypsometric tinting as background color to reflect tag weight differences. Finally, we compare and analyze the background color strategy with the font size strategy from the perspectives of tag selection, tag recognition, tag recall, confidence, readability, and preference through eye movement experiments and questionnaire surveys. The results show that both strategies exhibit advantages (when tags are devoid of semantics), with the font size strategy being favored slightly in this abstract case. We provide tag map designers with a new visualization scheme for the expression of tag weight.

OFFLINE OCR ALGORITHM TO DETECT KURDISH/ ARABIC CHARACTERS IN SCANNED DOCUMENT

In this paper, Algorithm named (MRWL) Max Rightmost White Line is proposed to detect Kurdish/ Arabic characters’ segmentation in scanned document (printed document), it works in preprocess and segmentation stages of OCR processes, these two stages are significant parts of OCR and affects the accuracy of algorithm. The MRWL starts to remove text margins around document to reduce processing time, then, scans to find Top Line (TL) and Bottom Line (BL) for each sentence in paragraph which can be used to measure height of characters. Based on TL and BL, the Base Line (BSL) can be detected using horizontally Most Frequency Black Pixel (MFBP) which is useful to find characters’ segmentation (Atallah and Omar, 2008)
 . Finding TL, BL and BSL of each sentence help to find characters location in document. Six phases involve in algorithm, each phase has its own functionally. The Algorithm is tested with different input documents and the average accurate rate of detected segmentations is recorded as 96.93%.

Application of Sewage Sludge and Its Impact on Soil Characteristics, Including Morphological and Biochemical Properties of Vigna radiata Plant

This experiment was conducted in pots to study the effects of sewage sludge application on some morphological, physiological and accumulation characters of Vigna radiata. The experiment contained the following treatments: control (C) 0 gm sludge/30 kg soil, (T1) 300 gm sludge/30 kg soil, (T2) 600 gm sludge/30 kg soil and (T3) 900 gm sludge/30 kg soil. All sludge treatments showed a significant increase in all morphological, physiological and accumulation characters compared with control. (T2 ) treatment gave a significant increase as compared to other treatments in all morphological characters (height of the plant, leaf area, and total dry weight for shoots and roots). It increased by 34.1 cm, 33.1 cm2, 29.8 gm and 3.3 gm, respectively, compared with the control. T2 treatment also gave significant values in all physiological characters (chlorophyll and protein content) as compared to other treatments and the control treatment, (2.60 μg/gm and 17.7%) respectively compared with the control. T3 treatment showed a higher accumulation of Cd and Pb in all plant parts, the root system showed greater susceptibility to bioaccumulation than the shoot system for both the heavy metals.

Utilization of nyamplung industrial waste for compost and the response to nyamplung seedlings growth and nitrogen uptake

The solid waste (dregs seed) of nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) industry from seed pressing processes could be more than 50% of the dry seed weight. Nyamplung oil industry in Bantul (Yogyakarta) has been produced nyamplung oil 4-5 ton/month that produced dregs seed around 50-60%/ton nyamplung dry seeds. The accumulated waste has been piled up and immediately important to utilize it. This study aimed to determine (i) the effect of bioactivators with ameliorant material application and the interactions among treatments on nyamplung dregs compost quality, and (ii) the growth response, seedling quality index and nitrogen uptake on nyamplung seedlings with nyamplung dregs compost application. The study was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial. Two bioactivators Prouponic Gb#1 and cattle rumen bio starter were used in the study. The bioactivators were combined by ameliorants (no ameliorant, dolomite, and rice husk ash) with 3 replicates for each treatment. Analyses of soil chemical properties were carried out on nyamplung dregs before and after the treatments applied including: pH, DHL, N Total, C/N ratio, P Total, K Total. Those characters were compared to SNI No.19-7030-2004 on compost quality standards. DHL, C/N ratio, the total N, P, and K met the criteria on SNI. Seedling growth characters (height, diameter, number of leaves) and seedling quality index varied between nyamplung dregs compost treatments and control up to 16 weeks observation. Nyamplung dregs compost application showed the highest N uptake on nyamplung seedlings compared to the controls. Nyamplung seedling quality index was highly influenced by the uptake of N nutrients in the shoots and the roots than by height character and diameter.

Touching text line segmentation combined local baseline and connected component for Uchen Tibetan historical documents

The text lines of ancient Tibetan books are skewed and distorted, strokes are broken, and complex adjacent text lines touch each other, which makes text line segmentation extremely challenging. In this paper, a text line segmentation method based on local baselines and connected component allocation is proposed. First, the pseudotext line is detected by analyzing the horizontal projection, straight line detection and the average character height information, and then the local baseline position is determined in the pseudotext line area by the projection method. Second, the adhesion area detection is performed, which mainly includes the adhesion between characters and the adhesion between characters and strokes. The position relationship between the connected components is used to complete the adhesion between characters. A convolutional neural network is used to complete the adhesion between characters and strokes. Then, the watershed algorithm is used to segment touching connected components. Finally, the broken strokes are assigned to the text lines in which they belong according to the characteristics of Tibetan character structures. Subsequently, the assigned strokes are postprocessed to complete stroke correction, and finally the line segmentation is completed. Experiments show that this method can effectively reduce the influence of text line distortion and skew on text line segmentation, has a high degree of robustness, and has good segmentation accuracy for image text lines in Tibetan documents with touching and broken strokes.

Effects of text space of Chinese-English bilingual traffic sign on driver reading performance

Chinese-English bilingual traffic signs (CEBTS) are widely applied in public spaces within China, but few studies have addressed the spatial arrangement of the two languages on CEBTS and road standards provide little guidance for it. This study investigates whether changes in ‘separating space’, the vertical space between bilingual place names on CEBTS, affects driver reading performance. Ten sign combinations were developed using variations in the sign’s graphic complexity, total number of place names, and the spatial distribution of the place names. Each sign was displayed in a 3D graphics rendered clip of someone driving towards the road sign in random order. Participants identified destinations by reading the signs shown in the clip. The speed and the accuracy of responses was recorded. 39 English-reader participants were recruited and equally split into three groups. Three levels of separating space 0.5H, 0.75H and 1H; H refers to one Chinese character height, were prepared according to a between-subject factorial design. The results show that the separating space affected the response time regardless of sign combinations. Both 0.5H and 0.75H separations caused significant faster reading time and higher accuracy than 1H, but 0.75H appears to achieve better result. The findings contribute to the legibility research concerning bilingual signs with two very different character sets. This study considers improving sign legibility through spatial arrangement of the bilingual text, which is currently limited in the field of Chinese road sign legibility. The findings could inform future standards for Chinese-English road signs.

Health View to Decrease Negative Effect of High Heels Wearing: A Systemic Review.

Effective recommendations about how to decrease adverse effects of high heels (HH) need to be provided, since wearing HH is inevitable for most women in their daily life, regardless of their negative impacts on the foot morphology. The main purpose of this systematic review was to summarize studies which have provided specific information about how to effectively offset the negative effects of wearing HH, in the case of women, by means of examining heel height, insole, and heel base support (HBS). Some evidence indicate the following: (i) the range of appropriate heel height for HH shoes is 3.76 cm to 4.47 cm; (ii) compared to small HBS, the larger ones effectively increase gait stability, reduce risk of ankle injury, and improve comfort rating during HH walking; and (iii) the use of a total contact insert (TCI) significantly decreases plantar pressure and the impact on the foot, resulting in higher perceived comfort. It must be noted that these results are based on short-term research; therefore, any conclusions with regard to effects in the long term should be taken with a grain of salt. Nevertheless, future studies should be aimed at combining numerical and experimental methods, in order to provide personal recommendations for HH shoes by considering heel height and HBS size, based on the individual characters (weight, height, and age).

Automatic splicing of Chinese single-sided shreds based on character feature and typesetting characteristics

In this paper we proposed an automatic splicing algorithm for regular cross-cut single-sided shreds of pure Chinese document, which was based on the characteristics of character and typesetting. The algorithm began with extracting the characteristics including character width, character height, line height and line spacing, after which the shreds meeting the typesetting requirement were spliced according to the edge similarity. Afterwards, the horizontal projection vectors of the shreds were corrected and the shreds were clustered by row according to horizontal projection similarity. A greedy algorithm with rejection strategy was then used to complete the intra-cluster horizontal splicing of shreds based on edge similarity. The experiment results revealed that the algorithm proposed in this paper had the characteristics of both high splicing speed and high accuracy.

Method of Setting Exit Advance Guide Signs in Highway Tunnels Based on the Driver’s Eye Movement With Markov Chains

While the number of highway tunnels is increasing, the current Chinese criteria and Uniform Traffic Control Equipment Manual (MUTCD) 2009 guidelines provide no clear method for setting exit advance guide signs in highway tunnels. To solve this problem, this paper proposes separate guide signs, consisting of location and distance signs. Location signs on the tops of tunnels use Chinese characters with a height of 40 cm and a width 20 cm. The distance signs are 62.6 m from the location signs with a character height and width of 1.5 m and a total sign length of 22.5 m. Four schemes were tested, in which the distance sign was on the left or right wall of the tunnel and the vehicle was in the left or right lane. At the “Perception” and “Recognition” stages, the pupil area change rate of the four schemes had a slight difference to no sign but were always less than the 20% threshold line. A Markov chain was employed to analyze the driver's eye movement characteristics to evaluate the effect of separate guide signs. The results are the following. In the left lane, when a distance sign on the left wall of the tunnel appeared, the driver's fixation points were relatively balanced, except in the left area. After the sign disappeared, the driver's fixation points were no different than before, except in the front area. However, when a distance sign appeared on the right wall, 77.84% of the driver's fixation points were concentrated in the front and right areas, which decreased the driving safety. Similar results were obtained in the right lane. Therefore, distance signs should be placed on the left wall of the highway tunnel. This study can forewarn a driver in a tunnel of the exit location and distance and help the driver to exit the highway safely.

Otolith measurements to estimate standard length of gobiid fish (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

The relationship between morphometric characters (length, weight and height) of otolith and fish standard length was determined for six intertidal gobiid species from the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. A total of 144 sagittal otoliths were extracted and anlysed from Periophthalmus waltoni, Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Scartelaos tenuis, Istigobius ornatus, Bathygobius meggitti and Trypauchen vagina. Regression equations were derived and found that there is no significant difference in regression coefficients between left and right otoliths of the species studied. Results of the study showed that otolith length (OL) and height (OH) could estimate standard length in all the species studied except in T. vagina, where the otolith weight gave the best estimate of standard length. Results clearly indicated that otolith dimensions of the gobiid fishes studied could provide information about the species and size.

Change of Ellipsoid Biovolume (EV) of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) along an Urban–Suburban–Rural Gradient of Central Slovakia

Changes in the structure of ground beetle communities indicate environmental stability or instability influenced by, e.g., urbanization, agriculture, and forestry. It can affect flight capability and ellipsoid biovolume (EV) of ground beetles. Therefore, we analyzed ground beetles in various habitats. In the course of the period from 2015 to 2017, we recorded in pitfall traps 2379 individuals (1030 males and 1349 females) belonging to 52 species at six localities (two rural, two suburban, two urban). We observed the decrease in the average EV value and morphometric characters (length, height, and width of the body) of ground beetles in the direction of the rural–suburban–urban gradient. Our results also suggest a decrease in EV of apterous and brachypterous species and an increase in macropterous species in the urban and suburban landscapes near agricultural fields. The increasing EV of apterous and brachypterous species and the decreasing of macropterous species was observed in rural landscape conditions with not continuous cover forestry and partial forest management. The creation of habitat fragments in urbanized conditions is key to maintaining the average EV in apterous and brachypterous species in urban and suburban landscapes.

Learning-Free Text Line Segmentation for Historical Handwritten Documents

We present a learning-free method for text line segmentation of historical handwritten document images. This method relies on automatic scale selection together with second derivative of anisotropic Gaussian filters to detect the blob lines that strike through the text lines. Detected blob lines guide an energy minimization procedure to extract the text lines. Historical handwritten documents contain noise, heterogeneous text line heights, skews and touching characters among text lines. Automatic scale selection allows for automatic adaption to the heterogeneous nature of handwritten text lines in case the character height range is correctly estimated. In the extraction phase, the method can accurately split the touching characters among the text lines. We provide results investigating various settings and compare the model with recent learning-free and learning-based methods on the cBAD competition dataset.

Visual Demand and Acuity Reserve of Chinese versus English Newspapers.

ABSTRACTSIGNIFICANCEThis study suggests that Chinese newspaper characters are more legible than English newspaper letters. Characters in Chinese newspapers have higher acuity reserve than English newspapers.PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to evaluate visual demand and acuity reserve for Chinese newspapers in comparison with published data on U.S. newspapers.METHODSThe test distances for visual acuity in Chinese clinical studies were reviewed systematically. Characters from different sections of newspapers printed in simplified Chinese were evaluated. The character height, frequency, and visual demand and acuity reserve of each newspaper section were determined for Chinese characters of the six different levels of complexity.RESULTSMore than 70% of Chinese clinical studies measure near visual acuity at either 33 or 40 cm. The height of Chinese characters ranged from 1.95 to 3.28 mm across different sections of five newspapers compared with 1.0 to 2.0 mm for English letters. The frequency of Chinese characters from least to most complex ranged from 7 to 34% across 12 sections of one Chinese newspaper. The angular threshold across the six complexity levels of Chinese characters ranged from 4.62 to 5.93 arcmin (0.54 to 0.69 mm at 40-cm reading distance) with a weighted angular threshold of 5.18 arcmin compared with 3.37 arcmin (0.39 mm) for the English letters. For Chinese newspapers, at 40-cm reading distance, the acuity reserve for the smallest and largest median size was 3.55 and 4.61, respectively.CONCLUSIONSChinese characters are larger than English characters in all newspaper sections newspapers by a factor of 1.60 to 2.34. Given that Chinese characters need to be 1.54 times larger than English letters to provide the same acuity reserve, on average, Chinese newspapers are more legible than U.S. English newspapers.

Nutritional Assessment of Japanese Encephalitis and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome confirmed patients of Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh

Malnutrition and infectious diseases are closely interlinked, Japanese Encephalitis and Acute Encephalitis
 Syndrome has also been associated with malnourishment and or poor immune system of children. The
 present study investigates the nutritional and growth status of children of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, infected
 with JE/AES. For this study 100 patients were selected (58 boys and 42 girls) purposively. The subjects were
 divided into 3 age groups viz, 1-3, 4-7 and 8-10. Their anthropometric characters viz, height and weight
 were measured. The results were compared with WHO standard. From the study, it is clear that a large
 number of JE/AES patients from Gorakhpur UP suffer are severely malnourished. The nutritional status of
 both boys and girls is lower than the WHO standard both in terms of overall bodily development and BMI.

Theoretical exploration about the thermal stability and detonation properties of nitro-substituted hypoxanthine

Nitro-substituted derivatives of hypoxanthine are designed by substituting the hydrogen atoms by nitro groups. The heats of formation (HOF) are calculated at the G3MP2 level to confirm the thermal stability. Also, the bond dissociation energy (BDE) accompanied by the bond order is calculated at the same level to explore kinetic stability. To evaluate the potential application as high-energy density materials, the explosive heat, the molecular density, the detonation pressure, and detonation velocity are estimated by using the Kamlet-Jacobs (K-J) equation. Furthermore, the molecular sensitivities are considered by calculating the character height (H50) and the amount of free space per molecule in the crystal lattice (ΔV). Based on our calculations, the trinitro-substituted hypoxanthine (C) is screened out as the potential high-energy density compounds for further study.

On heights of characters of finite groups

In this paper we first state a conjecture on the lower bound of the maximal height of characters in a p-block of a finite group. Then we show that our conjecture holds for all blocks of covering groups of a sporadic simple group, for all blocks of a quasi-simple group G with G/Z(G) isomorphic to A6,A7 or a simple group of Lie type with an exceptional covering group, for all blocks of a symmetric group, as well as for all blocks of finite general linear or unitary groups. For the proof of the case with symmetric groups, it relates to an open question of Olsson on the existence of t-core partitions, where t≥3 is an integer. As a byproduct, our investigation on heights of characters of the symmetric groups and of the general linear or unitary groups also gives evidence for the Isaacs-Moretó-Navarro-Tiep Conjecture, claiming that the number of distinct irreducible character degrees of a Sylow p-subgroup P of an arbitrary finite group G is at most one more than the number of irreducible character degrees of G that are multiples of p.