Male Height Research Articles

Formability Assessment Based on Q-Value for Optimizing the Deep Drawing Process of Automotive Parts Made from Aluminum Alloys Sheet

This paper presents a novel Q-value-based formability assessment for optimizing deep drawing processes. The Q-value, derived from thinning limit diagrams (TLDs), uses offset thinning and wrinkling limit curves to define severity levels. It is calculated by summing the product of Pascal’s triangle weighting factors and normalized element counts within each severity level. The effectiveness of this Q-value assessment was demonstrated using experimentally validated finite element analysis (FEA) to optimize blank size, tool geometry, and drawbead design (male bead height and contra-bead radius) for a deep-drawn AA5754-O automotive fuel tank. Validation of FEA results with experimental thickness measurements showed that the Barlat and Lian 1989 yield criterion provided higher accuracy than Hill’s 1948 model. An optimal condition, determined using the Q-value, consists of a 430 mm × 525 mm blank formed by a redesigned tool cooperated with optimized semi-circular drawbead geometries, achieving experimental significant formability improvements by minimizing wrinkling and thinning. During optimization, this study revealed a significant interaction between blank width and length, which influenced formability. Side-wall wrinkles were attributed to insufficient tool support for the blank during forming and were relieved through tool redesign. Furthermore, increasing the male drawbead height effectively reduced wrinkling but led to increased thinning, whereas increasing the contra-bead radius had the opposite effect.

Anthropometric Study of the Relationship Between Tibia Length and Height Ethnic Papuans

BACKGROUND : Height is an important main characteristic in the forensic anthropological identification process to determine the identity of a person. Estimating height based on the length of long bones such as the tibia, fibula, ulna, and humerus is one method that is widely used because it has a good correlation. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between tibia bone length and height in students of the Medical Education Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cenderawasih University who are indigenous Papuan. METHOD : This study applied correlative analytic method with a cross sectional approach. The research sample was students of the Medical Education Study Program at Cenderawasih University in 2020-2023. The tibia bone length was measured using a metline and height was measured using a microtoise directly on the research subject. Data were analysed with Pearson test. RESULT : Fifty-five subjects (25 males, 30 females), and found male height of 161.060 cm, a female height of 153.000 male tibia bone length of 26.620 cm, and a female of 34.170 cm. CONCLUSION : There was a relationship between tibia length and height with the results of the Pearson test obtained P value = <0.001

Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Its Progression in Dialysis Patients in West Delhi Centre: A Prospective Study

Background: There is a high prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Apart from this the pathogenic mechanisms of malnutrition are complex and involve an interplay of multiple pathophysiologic alterations including decreased appetite, decreased nutrient intake and dialysis related abnormalities. Methods: The study subjects were patients of CKD 5 (MHD) of age 18 to 60 years enrolled from Anjuman Medical centre in West Delhi. Total 30 subjects (15 males and 15 females) were enrolled from Dialysis centre and their basic demographic profile socio economic status, dietary habits and physical activity details were recorded. Dietary nutrient (calories, protein, fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and fluid) was calculated by Diet Cal version 10.0 software using a 3-day dietary recall and analysed was done using SPSS software version 21.0. Nutritional status were measured at baseline , 2 months and 3 months. Knowledge, Attitude, practice and Quality of life also recorded at 1 month and at 3 months after nutritional counselling. Results: The average BMI, weight, and height of males were (24.2 kg/m2, 67.6 kg, and 166 cm) and females were (22.2 kg/m2, 54.8 kg, and 158 cm) respectively. Blood pressure was 129±13 systolic and 79±10 mmHg diastolic. 23.3% had pallor, and 60% of patients were moderate and 33.3% were severely malnutrition. Handgrip was 21.7±6.9 kg. Protein intake changed from 52±15.9 to 73.2±11.4 in males and 47.8±50.4 to 57.0±13.7g in females after three months of the study. And energy improved from 1477±333 to 2253±494 in males and 1201±255 to 2106±346 kcal in females. Similarly, fat and phosphorus intake improved from 49.2±37.9 to 56.5±17.9 (p>0.080) and 728.9±287.7 to 1160.0±290.1 (p>0.000) respectively. While KAP was (8.5±2.0, 75.3±10.6 and 25.8±2.3) respectively and QoL also improved from 27.0±4.0 to 30.9±2.7 after 3 months of the study. Conclusion: After 3 months of study, QoL and KAP significantly improved. Further, there were significant changes in intake of energy, protein and phosphorus in all dialysis patients. In nutritional status weight, MUAC and handgrip showed significant increase result. Blood pressure, pallor and MIS score also improved.

Glycemic Control and Adult Height: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study on Childhood Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Context Normal growth throughout childhood and adolescence is considered an indicator of adequate glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. While it has been suggested that growth in type 1 diabetes is reduced, the literature is conflicting and differences in final adult height and the risk of short stature depending on glycaemic control remain largely unexplored. Objective This work aims to assess adult height outcomes across levels of glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, as well as to investigate the effect of sex, age at disease onset, and timing of glycemic control in relation to puberty. Methods In this population-based Swedish cohort study, we collected data on glycemic control and height from specialist health-care visits of all individuals with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in the National Diabetes Register. Using linear and logistic regression, we compared suboptimal (glycated hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 53-75 mmol/mol [7.0-9.0%]) and poor (HbA1c > 75 mmol/mol [>9.0%]) to optimal (HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol [<7.0%]) glycemic control in relation to final adult height and the risk of short stature. Results Poor glycemic control was associated with lower final adult height (−2.91 cm [95% CI, –3.48 to −2.33] for males, −1.83 cm [−2.42 to −1.23] for females) as well as a higher risk of short stature in males (odds ratio 1.90 [1.07-3.35]) but not in females (0.73 [0.36-1.51]). For females, adult height was lower only among those with type 1 diabetes since before puberty and if the poor glycemic control occurred before puberty. For males, adult height was lower irrespective of their age at diabetes onset, but only if they had poor glycemic control during or after puberty. Conclusion Poor glycemic control after the onset of type 1 diabetes, compared to optimal control, is associated with lower adult height in males and females. The prepubertal period seems to be more critical for females than males.

Measurement of clavicular symmetry: A hint for midshaft clavicle fracture management

BackgroundClavicle fractures represent approximately 2.6∼4 % of all fractures. The management of midshaft clavicle fractures is a topic of debate. The evaluation of clavicular shortening relies on the assumption of clavicular symmetry. ObjectiveOur hypothesis posited that clavicles were not of identical length, challenging the assumption of clavicular symmetry. MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted at a level 1 hospital between February 1, 2022, and February 28, 2022, with a total of 200 consistent thoracic CT scans from patients with suspected pneumonia reviewed. Bilateral clavicle lengths were measured using thoracic CT plain scans. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were examined. Linear and logistic regression were performed. ResultsIn a total number of 170 patients, the left clavicles were 1.96 mm longer than the right clavicles on average (95 % CI 1.25-2.68, p < 0.001). In 118 patients (69.4 %), the bilateral clavicle length difference was between 0-5 mm; In 45 patients (26.5 %), the difference was 5-10 mm, and in 7 patients (4.1 %), the difference was greater than 10 mm. Positive correlations were found between height (p = 0.002), male gender (p < 0.001), and the absolute difference, respectively. ConclusionClavicle asymmetry is present with a positive correlation with male gender and height. Surgeons shall be aware of this asymmetry in managing midshaft clavicle fractures.

Deciphering Growth Patterns in Korean Children With Sotos Syndrome Through the Development of a Disease-Specific Growth Chart.

Sotos syndrome (SS) is a rare disorder characterized by overgrowth, distinctive facial features, and intellectual disability that is primarily caused by NSD1 pathogenic variants or 5q35 microdeletions. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and 339 anthropometric measurements over an average of 4.3 years of follow-up in 57 Korean children with SS. Sex-specific percentile curves for height, weight, and head circumference were developed using a generalized additive model that included factors such as location, scale, and shape. Males with SS demonstrated higher height before the age of 12.0, greater weight before 10.0, and larger head circumference before 15.5 compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Females with SS displayed higher height before 17.0, greater weight before 10.5, and larger head circumference before 12.0 compared to controls. Bone age was advanced compared to chronological age in 40% of males and 8% of females at their last visit. The predicted and target adult heights were not significantly different between groups. In subgroup analysis, the intragenic variant group (n = 48) showed a higher mean standard deviation score of height and weight in males, and head circumference in females compared to the microdeletion group (n = 9). Korean children with genetically confirmed SS exhibited overgrowth in height, weight, and head circumference. Overgrowth phenotypes were more prominent in patients with NSD1 intragenic variants than in those with microdeletions. This is the first study to provide reference data on the growth of Korean children with SS.

Hindcasting the typhoon haiyan storm surge in coastal eastern leyte

This study introduces the 'Zero-Point Boundary' method to map the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan storm surge in coastal eastern Leyte. Utilising the 'Rivera Dispersive Wave Model' or RDM, we interpolated simulated storm surge and wave height data, subtracting them from a 5-m resolution digital terrain model raster provided by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to determine inundation limits and depths relative to the average Filipino male height (i.e., 165 cm). Validation against the 2013 joint survey conducted by the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) showed an 81 % accuracy rate when identifying water limit locations in Tacloban City, suggesting potential for future forecasting. However, the absence of compound flooding consideration in the simulations may have influenced this rate. Overall, this study underscores the importance of accurate modelling and communication in hazard mapping for enhancing preparedness and mitigation efforts, emphasising a balanced approach to risk perception.

Weight/height2: Mathematical overview of the world's most widely used adiposity index.

A footnote in Adolphe Quetelet's classic 1835 Treatise on Man described his algebraic analysis of how body weight ( ) varies with height ( ) in adult males and females. Using data on 12 short and 12 tall subjects of each sex, Quetelet established the rule that is approximately proportional ( ) to H2 in adults; that is, when for some constant . Quetelet's Rule ( ), transformed and renamed in the twentieth century to body mass index ( ), is now a globally applied phenotypic descriptor of adiposity at the individual and population level. The journey from footnote to ubiquitous adiposity measure traveled through hundreds of scientific reports and many more lay publications. The recent introduction of highly effective pharmacologic weight loss treatments has heightened scrutiny of BMI's origins and appropriateness as a gateway marker for diagnosing and monitoring people with obesity. This contemporary context prompted the current report that delves into the biological and mathematical paradigms that underlie the simple index . Students and practitioners can improve or gain new insights into their understanding of BMI's historical origins and quantitative underpinning from the provided overview, facilitating informed use of BMI and related indices in research and clinical settings.

Determining Chin Dimensions for Feminizing Genioplasty: An Anatomic Study.

Feminizing genioplasty warrants chin modification to achieve feminine characteristics. This study compared female and male facial skeletal dimensions and shape to guide feminizing genioplasty. Skulls stored at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were analyzed. Sex, age, and race were documented. Heights and widths of the face and chin were measured, normalized, and compared. Forty-three male (43.58±12.52-y-old) and 43 female (40.48±12.04-y-old) skulls were included. Within each group, 25 skulls were of African American (AA) origin and 18 were of Caucasian (C) origin. Absolute chin heights were larger in AA and C males compared with females (P<0.05). After normalization to lower facial height, there was a trend toward greater chin height in AA males compared with females (P=0.07). Parasagittal chin width in AA males was significantly larger than AA females (P=0.0006). Interforaminal chin width in C males trended toward being significantly larger than females (P=0.08). Following normalization of chin widths, no significant sex-based differences were noted for AA skulls except for the interforaminal/intergonial ratio, which was smaller in AA males (P=0.04). For C skulls, most normalized ratios were significantly smaller in males (P<0.05). C females had wider angles at the point of maximum chin projection (P=0.007) and wider symphyseal inclinations (P<0.0001). These differences were not present in AA skulls (P>0.05). Regardless of race, male chins appeared square, whereas female chins were round. While chin width reduction is not needed for most patients, height reduction could be considered. Chin contouring is the most central component of feminizing genioplasty.

Association Between Height and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: Analysis Using the 24-Hour Hypopharyngeal-Esophageal Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance-pH Monitoring

ObjectiveHeight has the strongest correlation with esophageal length among the external anthropometric indices. Based on the association between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and the upper esophageal sphincter, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between height and LPR. MethodsRetrospective chart analysis of patients who visited an outpatient clinic with symptoms of LPR and underwent a 24-hour hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (24-hr HEMII-pH) monitoring. The study analyzed the relationship between height and LPR by 1) in total of 219 patients 2) in males and females; and 3) in patients under age 60 and over age 60. ResultsThe relationship between height and LPR was analyzed for a total of 219 patients. There was no statistical significance between the number of pharyngeal reflux episodes and the height of subjects. When same analysis was done according to gender, the number of pharyngeal reflux episodes decreased as height increased in males, which was statistically significant, but not in females. Further analysis was done according to age in male and female respectively. In male under age 60, there was statistical significance between the number of pharyngeal reflux episodes and the height of subjects, but not in over age 60. Also, in female under age 60 and over age 60, there was no statistical significance between the number of Pharyngeal reflux episodes and the height of subjects. ConclusionsThis study suggests a correlation between height and pharyngeal reflux events in males and individuals under 60 years old tested with the 24-hr HEMII-pH monitoring.

Sexual dimorphism and functional allometry in scorpions: A comparative study from a neotropical species

Sexual dimorphism (SD), the divergence of secondary sexual traits between males and females within a species, can arise from diverse evolutionary forces, such as natural selection, mate choice, and intrasexual competition. Allometric scaling patterns of dimorphic traits are related to their functional roles and the different selective pressures that affect each sex. Generally, traits that threaten rivals involved in intrasexual competition tend to exhibit the highest allometric slopes. Conversely, non-sexual traits often display isometric scaling, while genitalia and traits in direct contact between the sexes during courtship and copulation typically show hypoallometry. A good approach to study patterns of SD and allometry is to complement interspecific studies with analyzes of case studies, where the functional aspect is known in detail. Here, we review the occurrence of SD and evaluation of allometry in the Order Scorpiones, allowing us to compare general trends in a broader comparative framework within the group. In addition, we examined SD and allometric slopes of multiple traits (including somatic traits used in sexual and non-sexual interactions, as well as genitalia) in adult individuals of the scorpion Timogenes elegans (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae). We found that at an interspecific level there was a variation in SD between species and morphological traits, with most traits showing a male-biased SD, except for the chelicerae, which were found to be wider in females. Regarding SD studies, we found relatively few reports of functional allometry showing differences in allometric patterns between species. The results in T. elegans follow some of the general patterns found in other scorpions. We found hypoallometry in genital traits and hyperallometry in the pedipalps of both sexes, with steeper allometric slopes observed for pedipalp height in males. These results suggest that genital traits are under stabilizing selective pressure, while pedipalps in both sexes may be under natural and sexual selective pressure. Understanding allometric patterns and their relationship to function in scorpions provides significant insights into the evolutionary pressures driving the divergence of morphological traits used in both sexual and non-sexual contexts.

Nexus between Anthropometric Indices in Hypertensive and Normotensive Adults: A Gender-Based Study in a Sprawling Urban Community

Adipose tissue in the body can be easily assessed using anthropometric measurements such as hip, waist, chest, and neck circumferences, waist-to-height ratio, body mass index (BMI), and subscapular skinfold thickness. Gender, age, lifestyle, ethnicity, genetics, and nutrition influence these measurements. Although extensive research exists on anthropometry, there is still a lack of data on the gender-specific correlations between anthropometric indices (or parameters), obesity, and blood pressure. This study aimed to investigate the gender differences in anthropometric parameters in hypertensive and normotensive adults, and to assess the gender-based correlations between anthropometry and blood pressure. A cross-sectional, quantitative study involving 355 adults, aged 20-75 years was conducted in Enugu City, South-East Nigeria. Data were collected using well-structured questionnaires, an electronic weighing scale, a stadiometer, a non-elastic fiber-glass tape, and an Accoson™ Desktop mercury sphygmomanometer. Student’s t-test was used to compare anthropometric parameters, and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the relationships between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05. The study found a 38.0% prevalence of hypertension. Gender comparisons revealed that more males were underweight (39.0%), with no cases of class 3 obesity. Females had higher rates of overweight (27.9%) and obesity (41.3%). In the hypertensive participants, all anthropometric parameters were higher when compared to normotensive participants, except for height in males, neck circumference and subscapular-triceps ratio in females. Hypertensive and normotensive males had greater weight, height, neck and chest circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio, and subscapular-triceps ratio than their female counterparts. Conversely, hypertensive and normotensive females had greater waist circumference, hip circumference, subscapular skinfold, triceps skinfold, BMI, and waist-to-height ratio compared to males. Anthropometric parameters are key indicators of obesity, a major global health issue due to its association with hypertension. The rising trend in obesity, driven by dietary changes, disproportionately affects women. Urgent interventions are needed to promote routine exercise, particularly among administrative workers, and to raise public awareness about the benefits of physical activity.

Anthropometric measurements of children with neurofibromatosis type I: impact of plexiform neurofibroma volume and treatment.

In children and adolescents/young adults (CAYA) with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), associations between anthropometric measurements, plexiform neurofibroma (pNF) tumor volume (TV), and treatment history are unknown. We retrospectively investigated anthropometrics in CAYA on the National Cancer Institute (NCI) NF1 Natural History Study who had pNF TV assessed by imaging (n = 106). We determined CDC height/weight percentiles and estimated Preece-Baines (PB) height growth curve parameters. We evaluated variables that could impact height/weight including: (1) pNF volume, (2) pNF directed therapy, and (3) serum IGF-1. 23% of males and 20% of females had height <5th percentile; 13% of males had weight <5th percentile. Estimated median final adult height for males was 171.6 cm (CDC 23rd percentile) and for females was 156.2 cm (CDC 14th percentile). Inverse associations between height and weight percentiles and pNF volume were observed (Spearman's r = -0.277, -0.216, respectively). Estimated median final height was not meaningfully affected by patients who received pNF-directed treatment with MEK inhibitor. 52% of low serum IGF-1 measurements were concurrent with a height percentile <5th. Greater than expected percentages of patients had height/weight <5th percentile, and median final adult heights were <CDC 25th percentile. pNF volume was inversely associated with height/weight percentiles. Children and adolescents/young adults with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) seen at a research hospital have lower height and weight percentiles than normative populations. Growth percentiles are inversely associated with plexiform neurofibroma tumor volumes and impacted little by MEKi treatment history in this subset of patients. These findings align with prior investigations of growth in the NF1 population but are the first to examine the association with tumor burden.

The impact of hygienic living conditions on the differentiation of male body height at the beginning of the twentieth century in the USSR

BackgroundThe positive changes in hygienic living conditions are commonly believed to explain secular changes in body height and the age of maturity. However, it is difficult to estimate the separate impacts of these factors due to the lack of social and economic data and variations in the sources of information.We hypothesized that final male body height could be associated with various socioeconomic indicators, such as the development of the medical care system, the quality of nutrition, and the level of sanitary and hygienic conditions. Moreover, we hypothesized that male body height could be associated with the level of morbidity in the region during the time of conscript childhood (from 1 to 7 years old).Materials and methodsWe used two main sources of information in the analyses. The first is the data from the Statistical Reference Book published by the Central Statistical Committee in 1929. The second is the annual data from the Statistical Reference Book published in the Russian Empire. Since the conscripts were born between 1906 and 1909, we used datasets from 1910 to 1913. To analyze the data, we used a method of analyzing interacting variables called St. Nicolas House Analysis (SNHA).ResultsOur analyses revealed direct associations between the morbidity of some diseases and male body height and other anthropometric parameters.ConclusionsThere are associations between conscript final body height and the morbidity of influenza, dysentery and some venereal diseases, such as chancroid and syphilis. There were no associations between conscript final body height and the level of morbidity during childhood. However, other final parameters, such as BMI, weight, and chest circumference, could be associated with the morbidity of malaria, scabies, scurvy, and scarlet fever during childhood. The prevalence of these diseases could be strongly connected with unfavorable living conditions. The results are similar for both urban and rural areas.

Anastrozole vs Letrozole to Augment Height in Pubertal Males With Idiopathic Short Stature: A 3-Year Randomized Trial.

Insufficient efficacy and safety data for off-label use of aromatase inhibitors to augment height in boys with short stature. To compare anastrozole and letrozole in treatment of idiopathic short stature in pubertal boys. Open-label trial with 2 treatment arms. Pediatric Endocrine Clinic at Stanford. A total of 79 pubertal males ≥10 years with bone age (BA) ≤ 14 years, predicted adult height (PAH) < 5th percentile or >10 cm below mid-parental height. Anastrozole 1.0 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg daily for up to 3 years. Annual hormone levels and growth parameters during treatment and a year posttherapy; annual BA and PAH (primary outcome measure); spine x-rays and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years. Compared with anastrozole (n = 35), letrozole (n = 30) resulted in higher testosterone levels, lower estradiol and IGF-1 levels, and slower growth velocity and BA advance. The PAH increase observed at year 1 in both groups did not persist at years 2 and 3. Change in PAH from baseline was not different between treatment groups. In groups combined, PAH gain over 3 years vs baseline was +1.3 cm (P = .043) in linear mixed models. Letrozole caused greater deviations than anastrozole in hormone levels, growth velocity, and BA advancement, but no group differences in PAH or side effects were found. Change in PAH after 2 to 3 years of treatment was minimal. The efficacy of AI as monotherapy for height augmentation in pubertal boys with idiopathic short stature may be limited, and safety remains an issue.

FORENSIC DNA PHENOTYPING FOR CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION

The purpose of the work – to carry out an analysis of modern achievements andpossibilities of forensic DNA phenotyping to determine the external characteristics ofa person, his biogeographical origin and age in order to facilitate criminal investigations.Conclusions. Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) involves the prediction of a person’sexternal characteristics regarding appearance, biogeographic origin, and age based onDNA samples from a crime scene to support investigations and help to find unknowncriminals who cannot be identified through forensic STR profiling.DNA-based appearance prediction has moved beyond eye, hair and skin color andincluded new features such as eyebrow color, freckles, hair structure, male pattern hairloss and height. DNA-based biogeographic inference of ancestry has progressed fromcontinental ancestry to detecting subcontinental ancestry and resolving models of commonancestry in genetically mixed individuals. DNA-based age estimation is now possible notonly through blood testing, but also through somatic tissues such as saliva and bone, aswell as new markers and tools for analyzing semen. Technological advances have madeit possible to use forensic DNA technology with greatly increased multiplexing capabilityto simultaneously analyze hundreds of DNA predictors using targeted massively parallelsequencing (MPS). Forensically validated MPS-based FDP tools for DNA-based crimescene prediction are used to identify: several features of appearance; multiregional origin;several appearance features together with multiregional origin; age by different tissue types. Despite recent advances that are likely to increase the impact of FDP in criminal casesin the near future, bringing reliable prediction of appearance, ancestry, and age fromcrime scene DNA to the level of detail and accuracy, that forensic scientists may desire,requires further intensive scientific research, along with technical developments andforensic validation.

Sex differences in cervical disc height and neck muscle activation during manipulation of external load from helmets.

Neck pain associated with helmet-wear is an occupational health problem often observed in helicopter pilots and aircrew. Whether aircrew helmet wearing is associated with physiological and biomechanical differences between sexes is currently unknown. This study investigated neuromuscular activation patterns during different helmet-wearing conditions. The helmet load was manipulated through a novel Helmet Balancing System (HBS) in healthy, non-pilot male and female participants (n=10 each, age 19-45years) in two phases. Phase A assessed the acute effects of helmet-wear on neck muscles activation during head movements. Phase B examined changes in muscle activity and cervical disc height after wearing a helmet for 45 min. In Phase A, muscle activity was similar between sexes in many movements, but it was higher in female participants when wearing a helmet than in males. The HBS reduced muscle activity in both sexes. In Phase B, female participants exhibited a greater level of muscular fatigue, and male participants' cervical disc height was significantly decreased [5.7 (1.4) vs. 4.4 (1.5)mm, P<0.001] after continuous wearing. Both sexes showed no significant change in muscle fatigue and disc height [male: 5.0 (1.3) vs. 5.2 (1.4)mm, P=0.604] after applying HBS. These findings demonstrate sex-specific physiological and biomechanical responses to wearing a helmet. They may indicate different postural and motor control strategies, associated with different neck pain aetiologies in male and female aircrew, the knowledge of which is important to reduce or prevent musculoskeletal injuries associated with helmet wearing.

ESTIMATION OF STATURE FROM NASAL HEIGHT IN MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS IN UDAIPUR

Objective: Stature refers to a person's height when standing upright. It is a vital measure of physical identity. In archaeological operations or forensic exams following a mass disaster, height is estimated using rudiments or bone pieces for identification. In order to determine stature, separate regression formulae should be developed for each population group. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Umarda, and Udaipur. A total of 110 students (55 males and 55 females) aged between 18 to 25 y, participated in this study. Those with craniofacial defects were excluded from study. Height was measured from vertex to floor by stadiometer. Results: The study showed that in males mean values are significantly higher than females for both nasal height as well as stature; nasal height in (male 48.54±3.584 mm; female 46.75±3.763 mm) and stature in (male 170.3±7.902 cm; female 159.61±5.383 cm). In total student’s as well as in males and females, nasal height had a weak positive linear relationship with stature; r=0.283 in total students, r=0.222 for male and r=0.123 for female. The regression equation for stature and nasal height was found to be Y=134.053+0.648× nasal height for total students, Y=146.487+0.496×nasal height for males, Y=151.328+0.177× nasal height for females. Conclusion: The observed correlation is statistically significant in total students (p value&lt;0.05) but not significant in males and females (p value&gt;0.05). Overall nasal height had a weak positive linear correlation with stature.

Estimation of Stature from Head Length and Head Breadth in Undergraduate Medical Students: An Anthropometric Study

Background: Height is a significant parameter for growth and development of an individual. The aim of our study is to estimate stature from Head Length (HL) and Head Breadth (HB) in living and to derive the correlation and regression formulae between them. Methods: This is a descriptive study. A total of one hundred and ninety four medical students, presently studying at Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, aged between eighteen and twenty four years were selected as the subjects for the present study. Two skull measurements namely head length and head breadth were taken by following standards- Anthropometric methods and technique and the Standing height was measured using a stadiometer. Results: The Regression equation for stature of males using head length is 153.02+0.75HL and using head breadth is 141.65+1.67HB. The regression equation for stature in females using head length and breadth are 100.837+3.081HL and 112.23+3.002HB respectively. Conclusion: From our study we conclude that there is a weak positive correlation between height and head length in both males and females. The data obtained may be useful in anthropological research, forensic, genetic research, as well as in medical clinical practice.

Multivariate genetic architecture reveals testosterone-driven sexual antagonism in contemporary humans

Sex difference (SD) is ubiquitous in humans despite shared genetic architecture (SGA) between the sexes. A univariate approach, i.e., studying SD in single traits by estimating genetic correlation, does not provide a complete biological overview, because traits are not independent and are genetically correlated. The multivariate genetic architecture between the sexes can be summarized by estimating the additive genetic (co)variance across shared traits, which, apart from the cross-trait and cross-sex covariances, also includes the cross-sex-cross-trait covariances, e.g., between height in males and weight in females. Using such a multivariate approach, we investigated SD in the genetic architecture of 12 anthropometric, fat depositional, and sex-hormonal phenotypes. We uncovered sexual antagonism (SA) in the cross-sex-cross-trait covariances in humans, most prominently between testosterone and the anthropometric traits - a trend similar to phenotypic correlations. 27% of such cross-sex-cross-trait covariances were of opposite sign, contributing to asymmetry in the SGA. Intriguingly, using multivariate evolutionary simulations, we observed that the SGA acts as a genetic constraint to the evolution of SD in humans only when selection is sexually antagonistic and not concordant. Remarkably, we found that the lifetime reproductive success in both the sexes shows a positive genetic correlation with anthropometric traits, but not with testosterone. Moreover, we demonstrated that genetic variance is depleted along multivariate trait combinations in both the sexes but in different directions, suggesting absolute genetic constraint to evolution. Our results indicate that testosterone drives SA in contemporary humans and emphasize the necessity and significance of using a multivariate framework in studying SD.