Height-diameter Ratio Research Articles

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Pinus massoniana Seedlings to Different Light Gradients

Light intensity is a critical factor regulating photosynthetic capacity in plants. However, the effects of varying light intensity on morphological and photoprotective mechanisms in Pinus massoniana seedlings have not been explored in depth, especially those in the first seedling growing season. We measured the growth, photosynthetic physiology, biochemistry, and chlorophyll fluorescence of P. massoniana seedlings at four light gradients: 100% relative irradiance (RI, full sunlight), 70% RI, 50% RI, and 20% RI. The seedling height at 70% RI was 9.27% higher than that at 100% RI. However, seedling height was inhibited under low light intensity; at 20% RI, all seedlings died. The decreasing light intensity inhibited ground diameter growth but increased the height-diameter ratio. The secondary needle emergence rate was 53.4% higher at 70% RI than at 100% RI but was only 2% at 50% RI. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents increased significantly with decreasing light intensity. The increased Chl b and Car contents promoted the photoreceptor potential of the violet (400~420 nm), blue (440~480 nm), and yellow-orange (597~655 nm) regions in leaves. Among the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′, Y(II), qp, and ETR all reached maximum values at 70% RI but were significantly lower at 50% RI than at 100% RI. However, decreasing the light intensity caused a reduction in NPQ. The 70% RI level increased POD and SOD activity and the contents of osmotic regulation substances and slowed MDA accumulation. Seedlings at 70% RI had a higher growth rate, higher photosynthetic activity and potential, and significantly greater stress resistance than the other seedlings. Therefore, appropriate shading measures were beneficial to the cultivation of vigorous seedlings. Furthermore, spectral reflectance indexes were found to be a suitable tool for monitoring the photosynthetic physiological characteristics, stress resistance characteristics, and growth status of P. massoniana seedlings in real time.

Varying rectangular spacing yields no difference in forest growth and external wood quality in coniferous forest plantations

Historically square or almost square spacing design has been used in plantation forest, as it has been claimed to maximize productivity. In this study, based on field experiments established in the mid-1980s, we tested the effect of square or different rectangular planting designs (2 × 2, 1.33 × 3, 1 × 4, 0.8 × 5, 1.46 × 1.46 × 4 m) on productivity, stand heterogeneity, and external wood properties of three coniferous species: Scots pine, Lodgepole pine, and Norway spruce. Stand production (volume, diameter), external wood properties (ovality, branch thickness, living crown height, height-diameter ratio), and stand heterogeneity (Gini coefficient) were not significantly affected by the different rectangular designs. Based on this evidence, we propose that more flexibility is available than previously thought for rectangular spacing layouts and consequently for the choice of planting spots and machinery operations.

Theoretical Study on the Influence of Welding Collar on the Shear Behavior of Stud Shear Connectors

Arc stud welding will melt the root of the stud to form a welding collar. For the purpose of exploring the influence of welding collar, numerical method is adopted for the theoretical analysis on shear resistance of the stud under several groups of different welding collar parameters. Firstly, the shear resistance between whether the headed studs considering the welding collars or not is compared. Then, the radius and height parameters of welding collar are changed. Finally, the increment ratio of bearing capacity by welding collars with the same height-diameter ratio is taken into consideration. Experimental data from three push-out test are adopted to validate the accuracy of the numerical method. The results show that the welding collar changes the yield area at the bottom of the stud. The height parameter has less influence than the radius. Under the condition that welding collars have the same height-diameter ratio, the improvement of shear resistance with different diameters roughly converges to 7.28%. The formulas of various countries show that at the height-diameter ratio of 0.25, the average value of bearing capacity of welding collar in various specification approach 7.1% of formula value.

Analysis of airfoil pillars with impinging jets in a heat sink

In the current work, computational fluid dynamics investigation has been performed in case of air foil shaped pillars in heat sink with impingement of jet. The investigation has been made in terms of thermal and fluid attributes. Height diameter ratio is taken as design variable. The influence of design parameters has been focused on the response parameters like temperature, pressure, transfer of heat, convection coefficient, Nusselt number. The numerical model has been constructed to discuss the response parameters. The model has been validated with the available experimental and simulation results. With pillars, augmentation in height diameter proportion, almost 44% reduction in the temperature of the base has been noticed. Also 24% augmentation has been deduced in the convection coefficient, with an increase in the design parameter. Advancement in height diameter proportion leaded to 16% improvement in the Nusselt number.

Optimum detailed design of 13,000 m3 oil storage tanks using 0.8 height-diameter ratio

This study deals with the detailed design of 13,000 m 3 oil storage tank using height-diameter ratio of 0.8. The nominal diameter and nominal height was estimated to be 26.76 m and 23.1 m respectively. The jumbo plate material used was G40.21 M grade 260 W which was 2.1 m wide. 1-Foot method was adopted for the design of tank shell and based on the available width of the jumbo plate; eleven (11) courses were obtained for the designed tank.

Study on influencing factors of unconfined penetration test based on orthogonal design

Tensile strength is one of the most important mechanical parameters controlling the development of cracks in loess plateau. The unconfined penetration test (UPT) is often used as an index for prediction of soil tensile strength properties. However, suffering the influence of the experiment condition, its uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to various experiment parameters was still unknown. Therefore, this study designed orthogonal tests and conducted the sensitivity analysis of influence factors (water content, dry density, steel disk (punch) diameter, height-diameter ratio, specimen preparation method, and loading rate) on the tensile strength of loess by using UPT. The statistical analysis of the test results indicated the order that affects tensile strength of the loess was water content, disk diameter, dry density, sample preparation method, height to diameter ratio, and loading rate respectively. The tensile strength of loess presented a tendency to increase at first and afterward to decrease as the increase of the punches diameter in UPT. The tensile strength reached a maximum value for a 24.72-mm disk diameter. According to the failure mode of the specimen, 12.3 to 20.5 times height-diameter ratio punches diameter range was considered appropriate. Furthermore, in the reconstituting specimen preparation method of disturbed loess, positive and reverse static pressure method was beneficial to the gain on the tensile strength. Maintaining a 1-mm/min loading rate, the variance of tensile strength was optimal. Moreover, the interactions of factors had significant effects on the tensile strength in UPT. The achieved results can provide the references and analytical analysis for standardizing UPT to measure the loess tensile strength.

Research on the Law of Bearing Capacity of the Bucket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soil

Xing, Z.; Fu, P., and Huang., L., 2020. Research on the law of bearing capacity of the bucket foundation for offshore wind turbines in clay soil. In: Liu, X. and Zhao, L. (eds.), Today's Modern Coastal Society: Technical and Sociological Aspects of Coastal Research. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 111, pp. 43–48. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The bucket foundation can be used as the foundation of high-rise buildings. An in-depth understanding of the bearing capacity of the foundations is critical to ensure reliable design and safe operation of foundation. Based on the load characteristics of high-rise buildings and the parameters of soil, the authors explore the law of the bearing capacity of bucket foundations in clay soil and summarize the impacts of the ultimate horizontal load and the ultimate bending moment load on the failure of the bucket foundation. The research found that the failure mode of bucket foundations in clay soil was mainly caused by rotation, the optimal height-diameter ratio of the bucket foundation was about 0.57, and the envelope curve of horizontal load-bending moment failure was roughly an ellipse.

Experimental investigation for thermal performance of inclined spherical ball roughened solar air duct

This work deals with determination of thermal efficiency of spherical ball roughened collector aligned inclined to flow direction. Roughened collector produces more heat transfer compared to smooth ones but heat transfer augmentation comes at the cost of increased frictional losses. Lesser thermal efficiency of solar air heater has necessitated researchers to focus on its improvement by providing artificial flow modification techniques in the flow field. Laminar sublayer beneath the absorber plate will get disturbed and this helps to increase turbulence level of air. Present work discusses the influence of inclined spherical ball shaped roughness element and improving its thermal performance. Design considerations, geometries used viz. relative roughness pitch 9–18, relative roughness height 0.024–0.040, height-diameter ratio 0.5–2, angle of attack 35°-75°, flow conditions and their influence on turbulence viz. Reynolds no 2500–18500, heat transfer rate, absorber temperature and thermal performance enhancement factor have been thoroughly discussed. Finally concluding remarks and future scope for additional enhancement in performance of solar air heater is proposed. Maximum thermal efficiency for roughened ducts was found as 81% compared to 38% for smooth duct at parameters viz. ‘relative roughness pitch = 12, ‘relative roughness height’ = 0.036, ‘height-diameter ratio’ = 1 and ‘angle of attack’ = 55֠ at mass flow rate = 0.0319 kg/s.

Discharge state identification and servo control method of high-speed reciprocating microwire-EDM

The electrical resistance of wire electrode increases with the decrease of the wire diameter. It is difficult to use the voltage threshold method to distinguish the spark and short-circuit states according to the discharge voltage, so it cannot meet the requirements of normal machining. In this study, a gap discharge state identification and servo control method based on discharge current are proposed in high-speed reciprocating microwire-EDM. The synchronous pulse can improve the stability of the system by reducing the disturbance of the discharge frequency and deionization. The experimental results show that a high wire speed is beneficial to the introduction of dielectric and the removal of erosion particles. When the target probability is set at 90%, the processing stability is higher. By using Φ 0.08 mm molybdenum wire electrode, the stable cutting of a 1250 height-diameter ratio (the ratio of cutting height to electrode wire diameter) workpiece is realized with an average cutting efficiency of 32.08 mm2/min. This study is a useful exploration of the machining of high height-diameter ratio workpieces by using a microwire electrode in high-speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining (HSWEDM).

Stump Sprout Characteristics of Three Commercial Tree Species in Suriname

We compared stump sprouting by three common timber species in Suriname on the basis of sprout origins on stumps, sprout densities, and sprout height:diameter ratios. We then compared some leaf and stem functional traits of 15–18-month-old resprouts and nearby conspecific saplings of the same height (0.5–3.5 m) but unknown age. Stumps of Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. (29–103 cm in diameter) produced the most sprouts (x = 9.2/stump), followed by the 50–71 cm diameter stumps of Eperua falcata Amsh. (10.6/stump), and the 30–78 cm diameter Qualea rosea Amsh. (5.9/stump); sprout density did not vary with stump diameter. Sprouts emerged from the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the stumps of all three species, but not from the vicinity of the exposed vascular cambium in Qualea. With increased resprout density, heights of the tallest sprout per stump tended to increase but height:diameter ratios increased only in Dicorynia. Compared to conspecific saplings, sprouts displayed higher height-diameter ratios, higher leaf-to-wood mass ratios (LWR), and lower wood densities, but did not differ in leaf mass per unit area (LMA) or leaf water contents. These acquisitive functional traits may reflect increased resprout access to water and nutrients via the extensive root system of the stump. That we did not encounter live stump sprouts from the previous round of selective logging, approximately 25 years before our study, suggests that stump sprouts in our study area grow rapidly but do not live long.

Effect of thinning and fertilizer on growth and allometry of Eucalyptus marginata

Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest is one of the most widespread native forest types of south west Western Australia (SWWA) and provides timber, firewood, wildlife habitat, water production, catchment protection and recreation. To inform management aimed at optimizing these values, a thinning trial in even aged regrowth forest was commenced in 1965. A second thinning and N and P fertilizer treatment was applied in 1986. The effect of thinning and fertilizer on tree and stand level growth and allometry was evaluated. Thinning resulted in higher values of under bark diameter at breast height (DBHUB) and tree height, and lower values of height diameter ratio (HDR), stand basal area under bark (BAUB) and stem number per unit area. Growth of DBHUB increased with a decrease in stand density. Growth of stand BAUB peaked at intermediate stand densities. Fertilizer increased growth in DBHUB and stand BAUB. Height growth was significantly greater in thinned plots. Thinning had a significant effect on the allometric relation between diameter at breast height over bark (DBHOB) and each of height, HDR and crown width (CW) while fertilizer had a significant effect on the allometric relation between DBHOB and each of height and HDR. Height and CW increased with an increase in DBHOB but HDR decreased. Larger sized trees resulting from thinning and addition of fertilizer are likely to provide a higher volume of timber, firewood, fruits (important food for threatened cockatoos), and improved visual amenity. As thinning had a positive effect on diameter and height growth and self-thinning in jarrah is relatively low (0.20% yr−1), thinning may be a valuable management tool to accelerate development of larger trees which can be beneficial for both timber production and conservation.

Assessments of growth performance, crown structure, stem form and wood property of introduced poplar clones: Results from a long-term field experiment at a lowland site

Climate change brings about more frequent short-term waterlogging leading to unfavorable conditions for tree growth. Poplar is a preferred tree species for fast-growing plantations. Although limited short-term comparative studies exist with poplars that examine clonal variation in growth and physiological responses to waterlogging, a comprehensive assessment on growth performance, crown structure and wood property of poplar clones is lacking from a long-term study. This study compares the clonal variations in survival rate, growth, crown structure, stem form and wood property of poplar clones to better match the genotype with specific site. In line with the result of the preliminary evaluation, 17 poplar clones were harvested to further investigate crown structure, stem form and wood property after 24 growing seasons. A significant difference in tree growth was observed among the clones, ranging from 1.08 to 2.64 m3 for tree volume, whereas male clones generally had a better growth performance than the female. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated the 17 poplar clones can be classified into three distinct groups in term of mean values of branching angle, branch numbers and branch base diameter. There existed visible differences in breast-height form factor and height-diameter ratio among the poplar clones, and four distinct groups can be divided based on Euclidean distance of stem form indexes. Significant clonal variations in wood basic density (WD) and microfibril angle (MFA) were observed among the sampled clones, and the mean clonal WD and MFA at breast height ranged from 0.325 to 0.390 g/cm3 and 11.8 to 16.7° respectively. Based on the TOPSIS method, a comprehensive assessment of adaptability and prioritization of the 17 clones was made from tree volume growth, stem form, branching traits and wood density, and some superior poplar clones were recommended for future applications in the similar lowland sites.

The effect of geocell dimensions and layout on the strength properties of reinforced soil

Selecting suitable materials with acceptable shear strength characteristics may be the easiest and most economical way to obtain the maximum shear strength, if possible. But, it is costly in some projects, due to the long distances to access the source of high-quality materials, as well as environmental constraints. Therefore, this study intends to adopt a more appropriate strategy in order to achieve desired strength properties using 3D geosynthetic reinforcement called geocell. In this study, both laboratory experiments and numerical analyses were employed to investigate the layout-dependent and dimensional effects of geocell on the shear strength of reinforced soil in various sections of a reinforcing element. Experimental outputs were extended using numerical simulation through the finite element method. The results indicated that geocell with smaller pocket opening diameter increased the shear strength of soil up to 31%. It was also observed that despite the increase in the pocket opening diameter (up to 80%), only 4% decrement occurred in the value of shear strength. Due to the increase in the aspect (height-diameter) ratio of geocell, the interface shear strength between the soil and geocell edge increased. When the failure plane exactly passed through the middle of the geocell-height, the shear strength is increased by 11%, in comparison with the state that the edge of geocell is tangential to the failure plane. However, when the geocell moved away from the failure plane, the shear stress-horizontal displacement curves had a similar trend to that of the unreinforced soil.

English

Qualities of planting stocks are critical factors for the success of forest plantations. Despite the huge number of annual seedling production in tree nurseries, awareness on quality of seedlings is very limited. This study evaluates the seedling quality across nursery ownership types in terms of morphological attributes and examines the effect of seedling quality on early growth and survival. Three nursery ownerships (private, GO and NGO) were selected from three districts of central Gondar zone with the assumption of different nursery management practices. Four tree/shrub species were selected purposively (common in all the nursery ownership types) and seedlings for quality assessment were sampled randomly. The study indicated that seedling qualities differ across the selected nursery ownership types and have significant effect on survival and early growth. Significant differences (α<0.05) were observed in the mean shoot length, root collar diameter, shoot and root dry masses among different tree nursery owners. These differences could be rooted from different management in different nursery ownership types. There were relatively higher seedling proportions having measured parameters out of threshold standards for height, root collar diameter, shoot to root ratio and height-diameter ratio in private owner. Generally, Grevillea robusta performed better in NGO, Rhamnus prinoides and Cordia africana in private nurseries and Cupressus lusitanica in GO nurseries. However, species, site, and management specific studies must be studied to clearly quantify seedling quality and the associated effect on early growth and survival. Key words: Quality, tree seedlings, nursery ownerships, central Gondar zone.  

Formula Fertilization Promotes Phoebe bournei Robust Seedling Cultivation

Phoebe bournei is a rare and endangered woody species and the success of its plantation development is dependent upon proper seedling cultivation. This study explored the regulation of N, P and K fertilizer and the interaction of these macronutrients on the growth of Phoebe bournei seedlings. To determine the optimum rate and ratio of N–P–K fertilizer in seedling cultivation, we used the unique “3414” incomplete orthogonal regression design to evaluate the effects of N–P–K fertilization on seedling morphological development. One-year-old Phoebe bournei bareroot seedlings were grown for one growing season under the defined fertilization regime, with their morphological development determined by measuring seedling attributes—root, stem, leaves and total biomass, root collar diameter and seedling height. These attributes were then combined to calculate the following indices: height-diameter ratio, shoot-root ratio and the seedling quality index (QI). Results showed that the N–P–K fertilizer had significant and beneficial effect on seedling cultivation. N effect was highest, followed by K and P. The three-way N×P×K interaction effect was strong, and the two-way interactions effect was highest for N×P, followed by P×K and N×K. At the “2” level of N (0.532 g·plant−1), P (P2O5, 0.133 g·plant−1), and K fertilizer (K2O, 0.356 g·plant−1), seedling growth and biomass accumulation were at their maximum. Unary, binary, and ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function equations of QI were established. Through comparative analysis, the ternary quadratic model was the optimal model and through a simulation–optimization, the optimal N–P–K fertilizer rates were 0.373~0.420 g·plant−1 (N), 0.086~0.106 g·plant−1 (P2O5), 0.243~0.280 g·plant−1 (K2O), with a N–P–K ratio of 1:0.20:0.43~1:0.65:0.75.

Seismic performance of lead-filled steel tube damper: Laboratory test, parameter identification and application

In this paper, a lead-filled steel tube damper (LFSTD) is presented consisting in a steel tube, a lead cylinder, and two steel plate caps. Seven LFSTDs were designed into three groups based on the thickness-diameter ratio, the weakening ratio, and the height-diameter ratio. They were subjected to cycling loading in a laboratory to determine device parameters such as hysteretic behavior, strength, ductility, energy dissipation and damping, and characteristic failure modes, Then, the Bouc-Wen model was used to analytically depict the hysteretic behavior of LFSTDs and the model parameters were identified using an improved squirrel search algorithm. The LFSTDs are later applied into a six-storey reinforced concrete (RC) frame model, and the seismic performance of the dampers with identified Bouc-Wen model parameters is numerically assessed when the RC frame model is under strong and destructive real earthquakes. Both laboratorial and numerical results indicate that the LFSTDs are effective in absorbing seismic energy and in reducing lateral displacements of the protected structure and they have potential of practical applications.

Deformation of Large Steel Tank under Uneven Foundation Settlement

In this paper, the deformation behaviour of the large steel tank under uneven foundation settlement is investigated. The finite element model of the tank is firstly established, the finite element analysis of the large steel tank under the harmonic settlement conditions is carried out consequently, the influence of height-diameter ratio, diameter-thickness ratio and wind girder stiffness on the deformation behaviour of the tank top is studied. Based on the finite element results, regression equation for predicting maximum radial displacement of the tank is proposed. Furthermore, the accuracy of proposed solution is validated.

Different environments and doses of controlled-release fertilizer in peach rootstocks production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different environments and doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on the initial growth of peach rootstocks [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] cv. Capdeboscq. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 4 factorial design, four replications and five plants per plot. The treatments were the combination of two cultivation environments (on open-air benches and greenhouse benches) and four doses of CRF (0, 2, 4 and 8 g L-1 of substrate), in the 19-06-10 NPK formulation. Ninety days after their transplanting, the variables plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, plant height and stem diameter ratio were evaluated in addition to the Dickson Quality Index. All morphological variables evaluated presented a quadratic positive response to the increase of the applied fertilizer until the dosage of maximum technical efficiency (around 6,2 g L-1). The maintenance of the plants in greenhouse benches and the incorporation of 4 g L-1 CRF to the substrate ensures greater efficiency in the input use, reducing the amount of time necessary for peach trees cv. Capdeboscq to achieve their grafting point and to be used as rootstocks.

Forming Technology and Simulation of Large Head Forgings

Head forging is an indispensable part of major technical equipment, which is required to produce high quality products because of its large volume and complex structure and long service under high temperature and high pressure. By means of DEFORM-3D numerical simulation and scaling experiment, the dynamic recrystallization dynamics model of SA508-3CL steel is established. Meanwhile, the head forming scheme is designed. The effects of different blank height-diameter ratio size, punch shape size and upper and lower die matching relationship on forging forming are emphatically analyzed. Finally, the reasonable head forming scheme is determined, and the 1:8 head forming scale test is carried out. The results show that the size of the head forging basically coincides with the design size and meets the load of the hydraulic press, which proves the rationality of the forming process of the head. The study provides a theoretical basis for the manufacture of the same type of large variable wall thickness head forgings.

Dimensional features of Thymus serpyllum L. Emend. Mill. and Thymus x polessicus Klokov (Lamiaceae) in the conditions of different phytocenoses in the Shostka geobotanical district, Sumy region

Introduction . As a part of the different phytocenoses, Thymus serpyllum L. Emend. Mill. та Thymus x polessicus Klokov undergoes significant anthropogenic effects and requires detailed study and development of measures for the reservation and reproduction of its populations. The issues of changing the morphometric parameters, depending on the forest site type and the stand density, remain not well studied. The study of dimensional features Th. serpyllum та Th. polessicus allows to interfere purposefully in the processes of growth and development of plants, to use more fully the natural properties of plants, to preserve and reproduce the population and increase its productivity. In this article analyzed the dimensional features Th. serpyllum and Th. polessicus plants in different phytocenoses in Shostka geobotanical district of Sumy region. Purpose . To estimate dimensional features of Thymus serpyllum L. Emend. Mill. та Thymus x polessicus Klokov (Lamiaceae) and to their main morphometric features in different phytocenoses in Shostka geobotanical district of Sumy region. Methods. To determine the dimensional parameters of plants of the researched species, we made a morphometric analysis. For this purpose, a number of static metric and static alometric parameters were evaluated in the studied cenopopulations. Based on the generally accepted approaches of morphometric analysis such parameters from the number of static metric parameters were determined, in particular, the height of the main shoot (H), the diameter of the main shoot (D), the number of leaves (NL), and the buds (B), the total weight of the plant (W), of all leaves (WL) and of one leaf (W1L), total weight of generative organs (Wg) and total area of leaf surface(A). From static alometric parameters we estimated leaf area ratio (LAR=A/W), leaf weight ratio (LWR=WL/W), heartwood ratio (HWR=H/W), height diameter ratio (HDR=H/D), absolute diameter ratio (ADR=A/D); specific leaf area (SLA=A/WL) and reproductive effort: (RE1=(Wg / W) x 100%, RE2=(Wg / A) x 100%). Results . As a conclusion, we can say that, рlants of Th. serpyllum and Th. polessicus show a rather diverse nature of changes in the magnitude of morphological parameters relative to the group in which they grow. Formation of plants Th. serpyllum in the group , is characterized by the smallest static metric and alometric parameters indicating the proximity of places to ecological-cenotic stress conditions. Conversely, the presence in Th. polessicus of large-sized individuals, which are also distinguished by the highest values of a number, static metric and alometric parameters, indicates the proximity of this location to the ecological-cenotic optimum. Originality . On the basis of the obtained quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the cenopopulations of the researched species, we are able to distinguish more fo estimate the resource potential of Th. serpyllum and Th. polessicus and to propose scientifically grounded approaches for the rational use of available stocks of valuable medicinal raw materials in the research district. Conclusions. The results of our analysis show that the realization of morphological variability (variation of values of plant morphoparameters within one population) and morphological plasticity (change of average values of morphoparameters at the transition from population to population) are an integral component of the complex of processes that provide and transform of populations of Th. Serpyllum and Th. polessicus in the territory of Shostka geobotanical district, Sumy region .