Hedonic Motivation System Research Articles

Evaluating the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in safety management and educational training: an empirical study on the application and feasibility of digital training systems

ABSTRACT This study addresses the limitations of traditional classroom or video-based safety training in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector by integrating Virtual Reality (VR) to enhance engagement and learning outcomes. Through realistic VR simulations, learners can practice recognizing hazards and making critical decisions without exposure to actual risks. The research applies the Identification, Reflection, Analysis, and Evaluation (IRAE) model and the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) to examine both challenges and acceptance of VR in educational contexts. By conducting pre- and post-test analyses with SPSS, this study evaluates changes in safety knowledge and awareness, while a five-point Likert scale captures student perceptions of VR's motivational impact. Findings indicate that VR-based instructional methods promote active learning, improve safety awareness, and increase student involvement compared to conventional approaches. These results offer valuable insights for evolving safety management education, shaping future strategies for digital technology adoption, and ultimately raising the standard of safety practices in the AEC industry.

The Role of ChatGPT in English Language Learning: A Hedonic Motivation Perspective on Student Adoption in Chinese Universities

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly OpenAI’s ChatGPT, have transformed English language learning through Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) tools. This study examined the adoption of ChatGPT among university-level English learners employing the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM). An online survey was conducted with 266 valid responses, analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to assess the key factors influencing ChatGPT adoption. According to the findings, the main factors influencing students’ inclination to utilize ChatGPT are perceived usefulness, boredom, and a sense of control. These findings highlight important considerations for integrating AI in English education, suggesting that practical AI tools must address both functional and motivational aspects of learning. The study offers insights for educators and developers in designing AI-driven language learning tools that align with students’ needs and motivations, potentially shaping the future of English education.

“Coolness” and “joy” in games: factors influencing mobile game players' willingness to make in-game purchases

PurposeThis study aims to deeply explore the factors influencing mobile game players' willingness to make in-game purchases, providing references for game developers and marketers to formulate effective strategies.Design/methodology/approachThis research integrates the coolness factors and hedonic motivation system acceptance model to construct a comprehensive theoretical model analyzing mobile game players' willingness to make in-game purchases. The framework includes multidimensional variables such as joy, coolness, immersion, and game experience. Using data from 392 surveys collected from mobile game forums and social networks, the study employs structural equation modeling to analyze the factors and mechanisms influencing players' willingness to make in-game purchases and to verify the related research hypotheses.FindingsThe findings reveal that coolness factors have a significant positive impact on game experience and immersion, which in turn affect players' willingness to make in-game purchases. Game experience has a significant positive impact on both immersion and purchase willingness. A good game experience not only increases players' immersion but also directly enhances their willingness to make in-game purchases. Immersion plays a mediating role in the influence of coolness factors and joy on purchase willingness.Originality/valueBy integrating coolness theory with the hedonic motivation system acceptance model, this study constructs a comprehensive model to explore mobile game players' willingness to make in-game purchases. The combination of variables, including personal psychological and social psychological factors, provides a thorough analysis of the factors influencing mobile game purchase willingness, enriching existing research.

Avia Saga: A Gamified Mobile-Based Learning Management System

The usage of Learning Management Systems (LMS) has increased since the Covid-19 pandemic. LMS have drawbacks despite the advantages they provide. To fully support the advantages they provide, students must be motivated and involved. Adding gamification to the LMS is one way to potentially solve this issue. The MDA framework and Octalysis are combined in this research's gamification approach. The application, named Avia Saga, was designed and built using Flutter and Spring Boot as a mobile application. A trial of the application was conducted with 38 students majoring in Informatics. The evaluation of the application was done using the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) with a Likert scale. The research results revealed a 7% increase in the behavioral intention to use category, suggesting a greater inclination for reusing the application, and an 11.7% increase in the immersion category, indicating elevated sentiments of users being carried away by the ambiance while using the application.

How do users select the content they share on social media: flow theory perspective

PurposePaper studies the intervention of FI and TD on the sharing intention on social media (SM) users with different motivations.Design/methodology/approachThe mechanism for different motivations of SM users to influence sharing intention is explored using WarpPLS. The proposed model applies TAM in Hedonic Motivation System context and includes an alternate pathway of flow state.FindingsReciprocal relationship between FI and TD is empirically proven. Insights from the “Motivated Sharing Model for Social Media”(MSMSM) follow that users who use SM for information get immersed, however intention to share is not triggered by it.Practical implicationsThis study emphasizes on the compatibility of content characteristics with the gratifications of the motivations for SM use to achieve virality. Practitioners may use MSMSM to optimize content, so it appeals to the target audience and has a higher probability of being shared.Originality/valueSocial media users carry different motivations and choose to share select content on the overloaded platform. However, the mechanism for different motivations to drive sharing on SM has remained unexplored. Literature highlights flow as the driver of sharing, whilst the findings on the relationship between flow state and sharing intention on SM are inconclusive; some estimate a positively significant relationship, while others find it to be partially or selectively significant. In this study, intervention of the two dimensions of induced flow: namely, focused immersion (FI) and temporal dissociation (TD)—on the sharing intention on SM is examined.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Use of Digital Paylater Transactions Using the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM)

The use of paylater digital transaction methods is a major trend in the current era of digitalization. This study aims to analyze the factors of Continuance Intention of paylater digital transactions. Employing a quantitative approach with Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS), the research focuses on individuals aged 18 and above who have made digital paylater transactions. The sampling technique chosen was a purposive sampling technique, while data collection was conducted through questionnaires. This research proposes a modified Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) and formulates hypotheses to test the relationship between variables. Data analysis was conducted by measuring the validity and reliability of the model and applying SEM-PLS to analyze variable relationships and test hypotheses. This model integrates elements from HMSAM developed by previous researchers. The six main variables include perceived ease of use, curiosity, joy, control, satisfaction, and Continuance Intention. The results revealed that the hypothesis testing conducted for 6 from 7 hypotheses shows the value of T-Statistics> 1.96, the value of P-Values <0.05, and the value of R-Square in low and moderate indicates moderate and small classification of the influence of Factors Affecting the Use of Digital Paylater Transactions Using the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM).

Adoption of immersive-virtual reality as an intrinsically motivating learning tool in parasitology

Veterinary parasitology is study of parasitic diseases, treatment and prevention. It is a major component of animal health courses due to impacts parasites have on production and companion animals. Extant tertiary education in parasitology typically involves theory sessions coupled with practical experience. In this study we propose tertiary parasitology teaching would be enhanced through adoption of immersive Virtual Reality (I-VR) as an intrinsically motivating learning tool to complement their studies. To evaluate this adoption, a custom I-VR parasitology game was developed that tertiary veterinary science students experienced (n = 109), with feedback assessed using the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM). HMSAM proved appropriate for measuring student’s hedonistic and utilitarian perspectives of I-VR experience with perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, joy, ability to control, immersion levels and intention to use displaying significant positive relationships in derived model. However, in a departure from similar studies, the curiosity construct was not a useful predictor of intention to use in this context of a scaffolded, instructional application. This study highlights suitability of I-VR and provides a statistically robust evaluation method using a modified HMSAM to evaluate acceptance, usefulness, and ease of use of I-VR in tertiary education.

ChatGPT as a CALL tool in language education: A study of hedonic motivation adoption models in English learning environments

The advancement of information technologies has led to increased attention to AI chatbots as valuable tools for computer-assisted language learning (CALL), drawing the attention of both academic scholars and industry practitioners. However, there remains limited understanding regarding the adoption of AI chatbots, specifically within the context of the English language. To address this existing research gap and examine the perception and motivation of usage of ChatGPT, this research employed the hedonic motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) to examine the adoption of ChatGPT. Employing structural equation modelling (SEM), a comprehensive investigation was conducted using data sourced from 189 valid responses obtained through an online survey administered to Chinese international students who are currently enrolled in British universities. The findings reveal that the research model effectively elucidates the elements influencing the adoption of ChatGPT in English learning. Notably, boredom, joy, focused immersion, and control emerged as significant mediating factors pertaining to the link between perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. These findings offer meaningful perspectives for upcoming researchers and practitioners in English language teaching and learning, contributing to promoting innovation in this domain.

Beyond Reality: Exploring User Experiences in the Metaverse Art Exhibition Platform from an Integrated Perspective

With the rise of the metaverse, digital transformation is profoundly affecting the field of art exhibitions. Museums and galleries are actively adopting metaverse technologies to present artworks through virtual platforms, providing audiences with novel opportunities for immersive engagement and art experiences and shaping high-quality user experiences. However, the factors influencing user engagement in the metaverse art exhibition platform (MeAEP) remain unclear in the current research. This research combines the information systems success model (ISSM) and the hedonic motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) to construct a theoretical model that provides insights into the factors influencing MeAEP users’ intention to engage and their immersion behavior, with a focus on the sustainability of the art exhibition. We quantitatively analyzed 370 users that experienced MeAEP and analyzed the data and measurement model using SPSS 27 and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that information quality (IQ), system quality (SQ), and perceived ease of use (PEOU) significantly and positively influenced perceived usefulness (PU), curiosity (CUR), joy (JOY), and control (CON). PU, JOY, and CON have a positive and significant effect on Immersion (IM). Finally, PU, CUR, JOY, and CON had a positive effect on behavioral intention (BI). In conclusion, only one of the twenty hypotheses was not supported. The research findings not only enrich the academic and managerial theories related to the metaverse and art exhibition platforms, but also provide practical insights for administrators, developers, and MeAEP designers to create higher-quality and more immersive art content, as well as provide constructive ideas for the sustainability of art exhibitions to further enhance user experience.

A Study on Immersion and Intention to Pay in AR Broadcasting: Validating and Expanding the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Mode

With the rapid growth of online entertainment live streaming, how to continuously innovate and achieve long-term sustainability has become a major challenge for the industry. Augmented reality (AR) technology offers users immersive interactive experiences and potentially addresses this challenge. The aim of this study is to explore how AR technology influences key components of user online experience—immersion and intention to pay—using survey data. Building upon the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM), this research incorporates aesthetic variables to theoretically expand the model in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms influencing user behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect 450 valid samples. Detailed analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm that aesthetic design significantly impacts users’ judgments of content value and perceived ease of use, generating positive effects at the perceptual level. Additionally, AR applications enhance the quality of user experience, thereby stimulating intrinsic motivations such as curiosity and joy. Further analysis indicates that users’ curiosity and perceived behavioral control directly influence the level of immersion and intention to pay. Overall, the research results offer important insights into industry applications. This study successfully expands the HMSAM theoretically by incorporating aesthetic variables to enhance the explanatory power of user judgment mechanisms. The analytical framework proposed aids in understanding the potential mechanisms of new technologies on customer experience and commercial value creation. The research findings provide guidelines for technological design and marketing strategies of streaming platforms.

Exploring EFL learners’ acceptance and cognitive absorption at VR-Based language learning: A survey and experimental study

This study aimed to explore the applicability of VR-based language learning in an EFL context. An online survey was conducted to understand the structural relationship between EFL learners' cognitive absorption, behavioral intention to use VR for English learning, and perceptions regarding the sense of immersion created by VR. The hedonic motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) was adopted, and 230 valid responses were retrieved for statistical analyses. The results showed that most constructs of HMSAM, namely, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, control, behavioral intention to use, and immersion, were significantly associated with other constructs. VR's immersion had a positive significant influence on the behavioral intention of EFL learners to engage in VR-based language learning. It was revealed that curiosity was not a significant predictor for immersion. Moreover, a within-subject neurophysiological experiment was conducted with 33 EFL learners who experienced both VR-based and non-VR-based settings to examine the influence of VR technologies on their cognitive absorption and learning outcomes. Results demonstrated that VR did increase the participants' cognitive absorption; furthermore, participants had better retention about the learned contents in VR-based setting. The findings have practical and theoretical implications based on the findings of the survey and experiment.

Exploring the Structural Relationships of Microinteractions in Perception and Behavior by the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model

This study revisited the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) through the literature on microinteractions, accomplished the model structure expansion and intrinsic composition of microinteraction regarding relationship and logic combining, and collected 140 valid data points through questionnaire surveys. The results showed that using microinteractions is largely adapted to the hedonic motivation system adoption model. Perceived ease of use is the basis for the use of microinteractions, which affects the perception of hedonic and perceptual experience. The hedonic state encompasses multiple emotional categories, with pleasure and control as important mediators affecting the behavioral intention to use, immersion, and perceived usefulness to varying degrees. The findings emphasize the impact of perceptual experience on using microinteractions, extending the theoretical structure and clarifying that “familiarity” of experience should be considered in interface design. These findings provide a basis for the theoretical construction of interface microinteractions and directions for future design practices.

Reading for gain or reading for fun: empirical evidence from China on the adoption mechanism of integrated children's books.

With the increasing number of children's publications that integrate new media technologies in the global publishing community, understanding the adoption and use of these publications from a child's perspective is of great significance for both children's education practitioners and the publishing industry. This article integrates a dual-effect path based on the utilitarian-motivation system (UMS) and hedonic-motivation system (HMS) on information technology adoption via a questionnaire, systematically demonstrating the psychological mechanism of children's reading with respect to integrated books. This study finds that children's willingness to use integrated children's books is related to UMS and HMS except for facilitating conditions. In addition, this study also reveals the structural differences existing in the adoption psychology of children from various age groups and home education backgrounds. This study provides a systematic explanation for understanding the adoption psychology of integrated children's books. Based on these findings, it is suggested that publishers should balance the concepts of education orientation and child orientation when producing children's books, conduct technical innovation of children's books according to individual children, and constantly innovate the service mode to avoid the risk of children's bad reading.

Improving Inclusivity of Digitalization for Employees in Emerging Countries Using Gamification

Digitalization has transformed businesses, especially during the ongoing pandemic. Firms have gradually moved to digital ecosystems and e-marketplaces. Digital transformation (DT) has helped firms improve profit margins, better engage customers, improve productivity, and reduce any functional and operational lags. While some firms have strategically transformed themselves in the digital space, others have adopted technology in an unstructured way. As a result, these firms’ employees have been exposed to sets of new technologies. While some have adopted them based on their past experience, others have perceived them as challenges and have resisted change. This brings us to an important question of whether the DT is inclusive. In this article, the hedonic motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) and flow theory were used to investigate the inclusivity of DT and to propose a modified HMSAM model. As part of in their respective firms’ DT process, employees are exposed to a gamified environment. This article collected data from retail sector employees based in an emerging nation and tested hypotheses using structured equation modeling.

ChatGPT Behaviours among Nepalese Users: An Application of Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model

Drawing from Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM), this paper purposes to investigate factors influencing ChatGPT adoption behaviour among Nepalese users. The paper utilised a cross-sectional survey research design to gather data from 350 users of ChatGPT in Nepal. The researchers employed purposive sampling to select respondents for the paper. To test hypotheses, this paper applied the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. This paper found that Joy and Perceived Usefulness (PU) have a significant influence on Behaviour Intention (BI). Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) on Confirmation (CON) and Joy. Likewise, PEOU has a significant influence on Control (CON) and Joy. However, CON, curiosity (CU) and Joy do not significantly influence Immersion (IMM). CU does not influence BI and IMM, and PEOU does not influence CU and Perceived Usefulness (PU) among Nepalese ChatGPT users. This paper offers a significant outlook for the developers of ChatGPT to focus on the ease of using and joyfulness of using ChatGPT.

Microsoft Excel Learning Application Design with Android Based using Gamification Method

Microsoft excel is software can support performance in data processing, microsoft excel provides formulas and function that can be used to facilitate perfomance in data processing. Utilization of microsoft excel can be used in every day life in business and educational activities. Microsoft excel can perform arithmetic calculation, so can simplifying the assessment results and as an alternative that can provide maximum results. The purpose of this research is design and build a microsoft excel learning application with the gamification method to increase behavioral intention to use and immersion in the learning process to provide an alternative learning process in learning formulas and functions in microsoft excel. The method used in this study was designed and built with the gamification method using the six steps to gamification framework developed by Kevin Werbach in 2016. The results of this learning application have been evaluated by 32 respondents by filling out a survey based on the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model. From the survey, 77.5% were obtained for the behavioral intention to use aspect and 64.53% were obtained for the immersion aspect. The conclusion of this study in implementing gamification using the six steps to gamification framework states that they agree with evidence of 77.5% for the behavioral intention to use aspect and 64.53% for the immersion aspect.

Factors Influencing Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Game Engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) Approach

The prominent form of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is found in the gaming industry. NFT games received immense attention during the COVID-19 pandemic because of their play-to-earn model. NFT gamers can enjoy and increase their finances in their spare time. Hence, the researchers utilized Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the intention and immersive behaviors of 1082 respondents. The modified framework from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) underwent SEM tests. These theories and methods were used to analyze relationships among hypotheses and assess factors influencing NFT game engagement. The results showed that hedonic motivation produced positive and significant influences on perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Subjective norms significantly influenced perceived ease of use. In due course, perceived ease of use yielded positive and significant effects on perceived usefulness, joy, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Moreover, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, attitude, and perceived behavioral control had significant positive effects on behavioral intention. In addition, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, and attitude significantly and positively affected immersion. Meanwhile, only four hypotheses were not supported by the study. These findings were translated into theoretical and managerial implications to contribute to the academe given the strong the change of behavior of users towards NFT games during the pandemic; gaming industry since they will be able to develop, improve and create a new ecosystem in the gaming space, and NFT stakeholders since they will benefit from the development that will influence this study.

Theoretical Models for Acceptance of Human Implantable Technologies: A Narrative Review

Theoretical models play a vital role in understanding the barriers and facilitators for the acceptance or rejection of emerging technologies. We conducted a narrative review of theoretical models predicting acceptance and adoption of human enhancement embeddable technologies to assess how well those models have studied unique attributes and qualities of embeddables and to identify gaps in the literature. Our broad search across multiple databases and Google Scholar identified 16 relevant articles published since 2016. We discovered that three main theoretical models: the technology acceptance model (TAM), unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), and cognitive–affective–normative (CAN) model have been consistently used and refined to explain the acceptance of human enhancement embeddable technology. Psychological constructs such as self-efficacy, motivation, self-determination, and demographic factors were also explored as mediating and moderating variables. Based on our analysis, we collated the verified determinants into a comprehensive model, modifying the CAN model. We also identified gaps in the literature and recommended a further exploration of design elements and psychological constructs. Additionally, we suggest investigating other models such as the matching person and technology model (MPTM), the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM), and the value-based adoption model (VAM) to provide a more nuanced understanding of embeddable technologies’ adoption. Our study not only synthesizes the current state of research but also provides a robust framework for future investigations. By offering insights into the complex interplay of factors influencing the adoption of embeddable technologies, we contribute to the development of more effective strategies for design, implementation, and acceptance, thereby paving the way for the successful integration of these technologies into everyday life.

Hedonic Consumers’ Privacy in Online Shopping: A Systematic Literature Review

The article aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the extant literature on online hedonic consumers’ privacy. Further, the authors attempt to identify a gap in online hedonic consumer behaviour focusing on their privacy. The authors systematically reviewed the extant literature on online hedonic consumers and their various privacy-related issues. The discussion on ‘privacy’, ‘online shopping’, ‘hedonic consumption’ and ‘hedonic-motivation system (HMS)’ elucidated any confusion held by the researchers and readers. This review offered insight into the current status of research in this field and recognized the factor ‘privacy’ as a gap in the existing model of online hedonic consumer behaviour that could be properly explored in further scholarly empirical research. The exclusion of non-English language articles and the lack of inclusion of different kinds of hedonic products or services other than ‘online shopping’ were the limitations of this article. Managers and e-commerce vendors could utilize the findings of this review to address their hedonic consumers’ privacy for the growth of their online businesses. This review lays the groundwork to explore online hedonic consumers’ privacy in detail. To address the gaps identified through this study, the development of a new overarching model of online hedonic consumer behaviour is suggested for future researchers, which might provide a theoretical framework for scholars to further examine the effect of privacy on online hedonic consumers.

7-Day Math: A Mobile Visual Novel Game for Mathematics Education

Mathematics has a lot of negative stigma in society caused by the delivery of less interactive learning materials that makes many people not interested in studying mathematics. Educational games can be an option to create an interactive learning media. This study aimed to develop a mobile visual novel game for mathematics subjects, especially definite integral in order to increase interest in learning mathematics. Visual novel is used as a media to emphasise interactivity by delivering a story inside a game. This research investigates the level of immersion and behavioural intention to use using Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM). Evaluation was conducted using questionnaires with 46 students as respondents. The results showed that the application was able to increase students’ interest in learning mathematics. This is indicated by the level of behavioural intention to use of 84.28% which states that students strongly agree that the game is able to increase the reusability of the application. In addition, the game obtained 82.09% for the immersion aspect, showing that students alsostrongly agree that the game is able to make the players get carried away.