Hectares Of Agricultural Land Research Articles

ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЯ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР В УМОВАХ ПОВОЄННОГО ПЕРІОДУ

The paper studies the intensification as a component of the economic efficiency of grain production in the postwar period. It was established that productivity is defined as the most important indicator reflecting the level of intensification of agricultural production. It was found that the export of flour, wheat, barley, grain and legumes decreased, but the export of rye and corn increased in 2022. It was determined that during 2019–2021, the sown area in Ukraine only increased, in particular, in 2019, 15,318.1 thousand hectares of agricultural land were used for sowing, in 2020, 15,392.2 thousand hectares of land were sown, and in 2021, the record amount of agricultural land for sowing is 15,943.9 thousand hectares, however, in 2022, due to the invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the sown area decreased. It was found that in 2020 we are observing a tendency to decrease the gross collection of grain crops by Ukrainian agrarians, with which only 64933.39 thousand tons of grain crops were collected, but in 2021 a record was set for gross collection – 85680.1 thousand tons, which was by 20,746.71 thousand tons more than in 2020, or by 31.95%. It was found that in the agriculture sector, as a result of 2021, there was an increase in production due to a significant increase in crop production, taking into account that the harvest of grain crops and sunflowers, despite changing weather conditions during the growing season, ripening and harvesting, became a record for the entire period of statistical observations. It was established, according to the State Statistics Service, that in 2021 the harvest of grain crops increased by 32.5% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year (a record 86 million tons), sunflower – by 25% (a record 16.4 million tons). It was established that for the economic efficiency of the production of grain crops in the conditions of the post-war period, it will be necessary to conduct a deep statistical and economic analysis of land use, the task of which is to study the use of land in the economy, taking into account intensification and rational land use.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article examines the theoretical and methodological aspects of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises. Summarizing the theoretical development of foreign and domestic scientists gives grounds for the conclusion that modern methodological approaches to determining efficiency are based on the provisions of neoclassical and institutional theory, which reveal the potential and actual possibilities of using factors of production, depending on the scale of activity. It is noted that quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land, labor, fixed and working capital are generally used to determine the efficiency of agricultural production. It is emphasized that, taking into account the multifacetedness of the category "efficiency" as a complex of natural, economic, social, scientific and technical conditions of the interaction of productive forces and production relations, the following types of efficiency are distinguished: technological, economic, social and ecological. Extensive and intensive methods of extended reproduction of labor force, means of production and natural resources are analyzed. It is noted that the efficiency of agricultural production depends primarily on the efficiency of the use of all its resources, which are factors of production, such as land, capital, labor and entrepreneurship. In agriculture, natural resources, as a factor of production, primarily mean agricultural land. Therefore, one of the main indicators of economic efficiency is gross production, gross income and profit obtained from one hectare of agricultural land, arable land or crops. It is concluded that an important form of increasing the efficiency of agriculture based on its intensification is the expansion of the reproductive process, the implementation of the results of scientific and technical progress, the implementation of methodical approaches to the assessment and management of risk factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship. This makes it possible to increase production output, increase labor productivity and reduce unit costs.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL OPERATION OF THE DISTURBED PEAT DEPOSITS OF BREST REGION
 AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR REHABILITATION

The results of assessing the impact of peat deposits retired from industrial exploitation of all administrative districts of the Brest region on the environment, including their hydrological regime and adjacent territories, pollution of surface and ground waters with products of peat decomposition, emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and changes in landscapes are presented.
 The directions of the use of depleted peat deposits are substantiated, taking into account their natural and genetic 
 characteristics, the current state, interests and prospects for the development of administrative regions, the economic and environmental effects of use. Agricultural lands on peat deposits retired from industrial exploitation, unsuitable in their natural and genetic properties for the cultivation of agricultural crops, have been revealed. The reasons for the unsuitability of such lands for agriculture have been established: flooding, underlining with sapropel, marl and other carbonate rocks. It was found that
 3,795.5 hectares of agricultural land on depleted peat deposits are unsuitable for this purpose and have to be environmental
 rehabilitated.

Recognition of Image-Based Plant Leaf Diseases Using Deep Learning Classification Models

Plant diseases are spread by a variety of pests, weeds, and pathogens and may have a devastating effect on agriculture, if not handled in a timely manner. Farmers face umpteen challenges from a proper water supply, untimely rain, storage facilities, and several plant diseases. Crops disease is the primary threat and it causes enormous loss to farmers in terms of production and finance. Identifying the disease from several hectares of agricultural land is a very difficult practice even with the presence of modern technology. Accurate and rapid illness prediction for early illness treatment to crops minimizes economical loss to the individual and further proves to be productive for healthy crops. Many studies use modern deep learning approaches to improve the accuracy and performance of object detection and identification systems. The suggested method notifies farmers of different agricultural illnesses, prompting them to take further essential precautions before the disease spreads to the whole agricultural field. The primary objective of this study is to detect the illnesses as soon as they begin to spread on the leaves of the plants. Super-Resolution Convolutional Neural Network (SRCNN) and Bicubic models are employed in the system to identify healthy and diseased leaves with an accuracy of 99.175 % and 99.156 % respectively.

INTENSITY OF CESIUM-137 ACCUMULATION IN PRODUCTS BY HONEY BEES AT THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN CONDITIONS OF RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED SOILS NORTHERN POLISSYA

The quality and safety of crop products, in particular nectar and pollen, which are raw materials for the production of beekeeping products, depends on the condition of the soil, its composition, the content of humus, minerals, the level of moisture, as well as the level of pollution with toxicants. Particular attention in the past few decades has been attributed to the problem of soil pollution by various toxicants, among which a high danger is posed by radionuclides that have entered the environment as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which led to the contamination of cesium-137 above 37 kBq/m2 461.7 thousand hectares of agricultural land, of which arable land - 345.9 thousand hectares. The largest areas of land contaminated with cesium-137 are located in Zhytomyrskaya (156 thousand hectares), Cherkasskaya (76 thousand hectares), Rivnenskaya (52 thousand hectares), Chernigovskaya (52 thousand hectares), Vinnytsia (50 thousand hectares), Kievskaya (34 thousand hectares) regions. In particular, in the Cherkassy and Vinnytsia regions in agricultural products, no excess of the permissible levels of contamination for this radionuclide has been revealed in recent years. The territories where there is a constant danger of contamination of soil and crop production with radionuclides, it is necessary to include, first of all, the northern regions of Polesie, which were most affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. According to the results of the studies, it was revealed that the specific activity of cesium-137 in honey and bee pollen obtained from nectar and pollen of winter rapeseed and sunflower on soils with a content of this radionuclide from 2305 Bq/kg to 2407 Bq/kg in the northern part of Zhytomyr region is not exceeds DR-2006. At the same time, when applying mineral fertilizers, an increase in the specific activity of cesium-137, its hazard coefficients and accumulation in honey and bee pollen when using ammonium nitrate is observed, while when using simple superphosphate, potassium chloride, a mixture of NPK fertilizers, these indicators decrease. In all variants, with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, in honey and bee pollen produced by bees from nectar and pollen of winter rapeseed and sunflower, no excess of DR-2006 was observed. The highest specific activity of cesium-137, its hazard coefficients and accumulation in honey and bee pollen produced by bees from nectar and pollen from winter rapeseed and sunflower, was found in the variant with soil fertilization with ammonium nitrate. A low effect of mineral fertilizers on the intensity of cesium-137 translocation in the soil – plant – nectar – honey – pollen – bee pollen chain was found when potassium chloride was used. When fertilizing the soil with potassium chloride in honey and bee pollen produced by bees from nectar and pollen of winter rapeseed, the specific activity of cesium-137 was lower than when fertilized with ammonium nitrate by 44.9% and 43.4%, simple superphosphate - by 18, 8% and 18.0% and a mixture of NPK fertilizers - by 12.8% and 24.0%. In honey and bee pollen produced by bees from sunflower when fertilizing soils with potassium chloride, the specific activity of cesium-137 was lower than when using ammonium nitrate by 50.6% and 53.1%, by 27.1% and 32.6%, and 7.2% and 67.7%, respectively.

The Agricultural Land Market in Ukraine: Current Conjuncture and Problems of Formation

The agricultural land market was launched in Ukraine on July 1, 2021. Before its opening in Ukraine, experts had attempted to outline various scenarios of its operation, but most part of the predictions proved to be far from reality. The inadequacy and unsoundness of these predictions raise the importance of studies devoted to the current conjecture of the agricultural land market in Ukraine. 
 The article contains results of a study of the processes involved in the formation of the agricultural land market in Ukraine and its current conjuncture. A review of the legal acts of Ukraine that streamlined the evolution of relations on this market was made: the Decree of the President of Ukraine “Urgent measures to accelerate reforms in the agrarian sector of the economy” (1999), the Land Code of Ukraine (2001), the Decree of the President of Ukraine “Supplementary measures on social protection of rural residents who are owners of land plots and land parts (shares)” (2002), the Law of Ukraine “Amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine on terms of the turnover of agricultural lands” (2020). A comparison of the cost of land lease in Ukraine and EU countries in 2019, and the actual weighted average price of 1 hectare of agricultural land in Ukraine and some other countries was made. Domestic sources of information on the land market operation in Ukraine are given. 
 It is concluded that the land market in Ukraine is in the passive state now, with both demand and supply being slack. The factors behind the low demand and supply on the domestic land market were identified: the demand is constrained by a limited range of buyers and lack of uncostly mortgage loans for purchase of land; the supply is constrained by the low market price of 1 hectare of land, inability of the majority of residents to sell their shares in case of the valid leasing contract, bad legal and financial literacy of rural inhabitants. The efficiency of land leasing in Ukraine remains to be low due to irrational use of soils by land tenants. The need for government regulation of this market is shown.

Economics of soil erosion: case study of Ukraine

Purpose. The main objective of this paper is (і) to determinate the economic loss due to crop productivity loss caused by soil erosion in Ukraine, and (іі) to present the results of the econometric modeling of soil erosion impact on the efficiency crop production at the regional and district level. 
 Methodology / approach. This study uses the following methods: expert assessments and monographic (for the assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spreading soil erosion); graphical (for building three-dimensional graphs); econometric modeling (to develop a mathematical model of the dependence of the gross crop production and income from sales per 100 hectares from the share of eroded arable land in its total area and production costs in crop industry per 100 hectares); abstract-and-logical (for generalization of the research results). To solve the assigned tasks, linear and quadratic econometric models (production functions) were developed using a dataset (і) from 168 observations (on the example of Ukrainian regions for 2010–2016) and (ii) from 189 observations (on the example of districts of Kharkiv region for 2010–2016). This study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that the increase in the area of eroded arable land has a negative effect on the gross output of crop production.
 Results. Our expert assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spread of soil erosion on agricultural land in Ukraine is 224 mln USD. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis about the negative relationship between gross crop output and the level of land erosion. The obtained data confirm that an increase in the area of eroded arable land by 1 % leads to a decrease in the gross output of crop production by 0.20 % per 100 hectares of agricultural land in total, and in the third group of the studied subjects (the share of eroded arable land in their total area is more than 50 %) – by 0.61 %, respectively.
 Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, linear and nonlinear (quadratic) econometric models were developed, which made it possible to carry out quantitative assessment of the impact of the soil erosion and the financial support (production costs in crop industry) per hectare on the formation of the financial results (gross crop output and income) of business entities in Ukrainian agriculture. The provision on the economics of soil erosion was further developed in terms of expert assessment of losses from this type of degradation and confirmation of the effect of the economic law of diminishing returns, which should be taken into account when developing measures for sustainable land management.
 Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for the development, substantiation and implementation of soil protection measures for the sustainable use of agricultural land and/or to informed decision-making at different levels of management concerning restoration of eroded land.

Effect of humate substances on biological activity and physical properties of eroded soils: a case study of Uzbekistan

Worldwide, approximately 3 million hectares of land degraded due to erosion, and every minute approximately 44 hectares of agricultural land are being lost. In fact, agricultural area situated in arid zone is vulnerable to erosion, which leads to decline in agricultural productivity due to low quality soil. Evidently, the vital activity of microorganisms is interlinked with the assimilation of minerals by plants in irrigated lands, that is, the production of high and quality crops. Therefore, this research was intended to see effect of humate substance on biological activity and physical properties of eroded soils, that is, investigate how humate substance impact on overall structure of soils in the Pskent district of Tashkent province. The results extracted from field and laboratory experiments showed that poultry manure in moderately eroded soils and humus and poultry manure variants in washed-out soils ranged from 2.2x107 KHB/g to 7.5-3.0x106 KHB/g. Oligonitrophilic microorganisms were found to be the same in all variants. Micromycetes were observed in humus variants with an average erosion of 2.2x104 KHB/g, and in washed-out soils of 7.5x103 KHB/g. The amount of actinomycetes in samples 3 and 4 was 7.5x103 KHB/g per 1 gram of soil, while in samples 1, 2, 5 and 6 they were not found at all. This means that the amount of actinomycetes was slightly reduced in summer, but the relative changes between the options were 1.1-8.3x108 KHB/g in washed-out soils with moderate erosion in less washed soils, and 7.5-8.3x107 KHB/g in moderately washed and washed soils. Furthermore, influence of humic biofertilizers, organic fertilizers on general physical properties of eroded typical gray soils was also studied. Accordingly, the effect of fertilizers in the control variant was 1.30g/cm3, followed by the variant with the use of mineral fertilizers humate 1.27g/cm3, and the application of poultry manure 1.29g/cm3. In moderately eroded soils, the values were found to be 1.40 g/cm3, 1.35 g/cm3, 1.33 g/cm3, respectively, and 1.25 g/cm3, 1.31 g/cm3, 1.29 g/cm3 in washed out soils.

No Chance of Success. State Agrarian Real Estate 1946–1949. A Contribution to the Research on the History of the State Agricultural Sector in Poland

Abstract The years of activity of the PNZ (Państwowe Nieruchomości Ziemskie – State Agrarian Real Estate) fell into the period of post-war agricultural reconstruction and management of Recovered Territories. Initially, their main task was to prepare for the parceling out of large landed estates, which was important for the settlement campaign. The target task was to run specialized farms that would supply the entire agriculture with seed and breeding material. After the escape of S. Mikołajczyk, the communists changed the priorities of PNZ activity, which from then on were to deal with large-scale production, and above all, manage about 1,200 hectares of agricultural land. The vast majority of the area used by PNZ was located in the western and northern regions of the country. The best conditions existed in those areas for establishing a state sector in agriculture. In spite of many achievements, PNZ was liquidated because the communists wanted to get rid of the prewar staff of specialists, mostly landowners, from the enterprise. This decision was political in nature. State farms were then created to replace PNZ.

ЦІНА ЗЕМЛІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ВАРТОСТІ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ ПОСЛУГ ҐРУНТІВ

За останніми даними Держгеокадастру щодо нормативної грошової оцінки сільськогосподарських угідь у регіонах України наведено результати розрахунків мінімальної та максимальної вихідної (початкової) ціни землі сільськогосподарського призначення в Україні, а також середньої вартості гектара, яка майже в півтора разу перевищує їх орієнтовну стартову величину, анонсовану з відкриттям вітчизняного ринку землі. Запропоновано і відповідно конкретизовано класифікацію чинників зміни ціни гектара землі сільськогосподарського призначення, яку структуровано в три групи: 1) загальні чинники формування ціни земель сільськогосподарського призначення; 2) чинники підвищення ціни; 3) чинники зменшення ціни землі сільськогосподарського призначення. Уперше представлено і розкрито такий чинник формування ціни землі сільськогосподарського призначення, як розмір доходу від споживання екосистемних послуг. Вагомість цього чинника доведено результатами грошового оцінювання внеску двох видів екосистемних послуг ґрунтів земель сільськогосподарського призначення місцевого екосистемного активу Миколаївської області –– регулюючої послуги з утримання вуглецю в ґрунті, яка надається ґрунтами земель природного зростання сільськогосподарських культур, та забезпечуючої послуги з постачання врожаю, яка надається ґрунтами земель сільськогосподарського призначення.Наведено результати здійснення гіпотетичної екстраполяції вартості внеску забезпечуючої екосистемної послуги з постачання врожаю, що надається чорноземними ґрунтами земель сільськогосподарського призначення екосистемного активу територіальної громади села Семенівка Миколаївської області, на розмір початкової ціни земель сільськогосподарського призначення регіонального екосистемного активу Миколаївської області. Унаслідок цього отримано значно здорожену, проте більш реальну орієнтовну ціну гектара землі для даного регіону з урахуванням розміру доходу від споживання такої екосистемної послуги чорноземного ґрунту. Зроблено висновок щодо наявності потужного потенціалу зростання ціни сільськогосподарського призначення в регіонах України, а також щодо фактичної неготовності стартових цінових позицій відкриття ринку землі в Україні, насамперед через невідповідність нинішньої початкової ціни землі об’єктивним соціально-економічним реаліям.

Potential of halophytes in managing soil salinity and mitigating climate change for environmental sustainability

Soil salinization is one of the foremost factors affecting global agricultural productivity. More than half billion hectares of agricultural land are unutilized due to excess saline condition. Hence, there is a great urge in exploring scientific interventions in restoring the saline affected areas and promote high productive and effective land utilization in order to respond to today's global concerns of food security. While a sound drainage system is required as a permanent solution to the soil salinity problem in order to regulate the water table, this option cannot be used in larger area with high energy and cost-intensity.Phytoremediation, a plant – based approach is one of the promising technology in enhanced dissolution of Ca levels along with sodium removal through cultivating suitable halophytes.During the process, the proliferation of roots, aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and nutrient availability increases. These improvement in soil quality enables the growth of less tolerant crops, enhances the overall ecosystem and climatic conditions by increasing carbon sequestration. In this perspective, the chapter focuses on halophytes, its kinds, the effects of salinity on soil physical, chemical, biological health, the influence of halophytes in stress management and on the function of halophytes in carbon sequestration.

Trends in Misuse of Agricultural Lands in Erzurum Plain of Eastern Turkey

Natural resource conservation, sustainable land management, adaptation to climate change, and increasing ecosystem resistance are the main research issues in the last decades. The objective of this study was to assess the quantity and the trends in misuse of agricultural lands within the 8-year period (2010-2018) in Erzurum, the 4th largest province of Turkey. A total of 488 454 hectares of agricultural land, of which 143 842 hectares are “the most suitable for cultivated agriculture-S1” and 344 612 hectares “suitable for cultivated agriculture-S2”, were defined for Erzurum province. These two classes of agricultural lands occupy 19.6% of the province's total land assets. The amount of land occupied in Erzurum plain in the period of 2000-2018 is 13 161 decares. Approximately 40% of the occupied land (3 833 decares) are in I and II. Class lands. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the soil change depending on the landuse changes in productive agricultural lands for various reasons. These changes also affect the amount of carbon capture in soils, making soils vulnerable to the effects of climate changes. In this context, it is necessary to develop sustainable agricultural land use policies. Legal and institutional arrangements to be made should primarily aim to protect agricultural lands and increase their productivity.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN UKRAINE

The article presents the results of assessing the ecological condition of agricultural soils in Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to study the assessment of the ecological condition of agricultural soils in Ukraine. The research results show that contamination with cesium-137 of above 37 kBq/m2 on the agricultural land in Ukraine covers 461.7 thousand hectares, among which arable lands occupy 345.9 thousand hectares. 8.8 million hectares of agricultural land have been examined, and it has been found that 12 regions remain contaminated with various toxicants. It has been established that the largest areas of agricultural land contaminated with cesium-137 can be found in Zhytomyr region – 156 thousand hectares, Cherkasy region – 76, Rivne region – 52, Chernihiv region – 52, Vinnytsia region – 50 and Kyiv region – 34 thousand hectares. In recent years, in Cherkasy and Vinnitsa regions, there have not been identified agricultural products contaminated at the levels that exceed permissible ones. In Rivne region, the most difficult situation is with the contamination of agricultural products with cesium-137, where more than 18.6 thousand hectares of peatlands are contaminated. Contamination of agricultural lands with strontium in Ukraine is observed on a much larger scale than those with cesium. Strontium-90 in the range of 0.74-5.55 kBq/m2 contaminated 4.6 million hectares, which occupies 52% of the area under research. Research results indicate that the total area of contaminated land in Ukraine is about 9 million hectares, among them 4.2 million hectares are contaminated with radiation, 2.0 million hectares are contaminated with heavy metals, 2.8 million hectares are contaminated with toxicants of organic and inorganic origin. It has been established that contamination with heavy metals from agro-industrial sources to the levels approaching the maximum permissible level (MPL) is possible only on the lands where chemicals have been used for a long time without proper control. It has also been found that application of mineral fertilizers and traditional organic fertilizers in medium doses can raise the level of heavy metals in soils with the current values of MPC only for hundreds of years.

Labor separation trends in growing environmental demands

The EU countries, Russia and Ukraine have become participants in the global division of labor in an environment of increasing environmental requirements. In the EU, legislation provides for compliance with the conditions for a harmonious relationship between the number of animals and the size of the land plot. In Ukraine and Russia, every year the number of enterprises is decreasing, and the concentration of animals is concentrated on huge farms, whose activities do not fit into any environmental standards. In terms of the density of the conditional livestock per 1 hectare of agricultural land, in 2017 Ukraine moved to the 183rd place among the countries of the world, and Russia to the 190th place. The countries of the world are divided into those that supply raw materials – cereals and oilseeds and their processing products, and others – engaged in subsequent refinement, re-export or processing, the production of compound feed, livestock products and the export of finished products – meat, dairy products, highly productive animals, etc. In 2019, compared to 1992, grain exports in Ukraine and Russia increased by 39.5 million tons, and 39.8 million tons, respectively. As a result of the implementation of the strategy associated with the reduction of the sown areas of labor-intensive crops and the increase in the export of fodder resources, the employment of the rural population compared to 1991 decreased by more than 10 times. Russia and Ukraine are not capable at the present stage of exporting pork of meat high-performance genotypes.

Effectiveness of state support for crop production in the Altai Territory

The profitability of agribusiness depends on the forms of state support. The preservation and development of budget support in the Altai Territory is dictated by the acute need of agricultural producers for it. The study examines a number of areas of interaction between the state and agribusiness, analyzes the amount of funding, and reveals a low share per 1 hectare compared to other regions. The influence of state support on the indicators of economic activity and the increase in tax revenues is analyzed. The indicators of the effectiveness of state support in the Altai Territory are presented and the grouping of agricultural enterprises is carried out according to the size of budget funds allocated for 1 hectare of agricultural land. There are conditions for granting subsidies. Interdepartmental cooperation is being carried out, the quality, availability and efficiency are being improved, and the provision of state support funds in the Altai Territory is being provided. For the coordination of the parties, there is an electronic personal account of agricultural producers.

The relationship between GHG emissions and agricultural land productivity in the EU member states and Ukraine

The article is devoted to the quantitative relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural land productivity in EU member states and Ukraine (a country that continues to integrate into the EU). The author made a comparative analysis of the productivity of agricultural land in EU member states, other leading players in the world agricultural market, Ukraine and the world average. The method of statistical grouping to determine the reason for the different productivity of agricultural land (the value of gross output per 1 hectare of agricultural land) in the EU member states and in Ukraine was used. The author identified the cause of high levels of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) per hectare of agricultural land in the most developed EU countries by using the graphical method. Based on the calculated target level of greenhouse gas emissions per hectare of agricultural land in the EU until 2030, required by the European Green Deal, the probable threat to EU member states and Ukraine in terms of possible decline in agricultural production has been identified. By using the econometric method and the method of regression analysis, the author identified the existence of a positive and strong quantitative relationship between emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent and value of agricultural production per hectare of land in EU member states and Ukraine. The magnitude of the increasing of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions under condition of increasing the value of gross output per hectare of agricultural land by one euro is calculated. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that there is a high probability of reducing the productivity of agricultural land in developed EU countries, if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to the level of the target value. The author also substantiated the practical lack of opportunity for less developed countries of the EU and Ukraine to increase the economic productivity of land, according to realize the requirements of the European Green Deal. Recommendations for avoiding a possible threat in agricultural production of the studied countries are summarized.

Optimal Configuration Investigation for Photovoltaic Water Pumping System, Case Study: In a Desert Environment at Ghardaia, Algeria

Since the first installations of solar systems, PV pumping systems have taken a large part in solar energy projects and nowadays they belong to the most significant applications of photovoltaic energy. With the increased use of the PV water pumping systems, sizing and selecting suitable design is essential in order to achieve the most reliable and economic operation for this type of systems. On a real well of 25 m head in desert and semi-arid climate in Sebseb site, Ghardaia, Algeria, a typical PV pumping system for irrigation purpose is installed in order to evaluate its performance under outdoor conditions. Therefore, three PV array configurations are considered to supply a novel version of centrifugal solar pump PS2 C-SJC 12 with a storage tank. The pumped water is used to irrigate 3 hectares of agricultural land. Oversized PV array increases its output power at weak solar irradiance. However, too much oversize will negatively affect the economic reliability. With respect to the wide normal operating range of centrifugal pump, three oversized PV configurations by 4%, 46% and 78% are examined. The experimental results show that PV pumping system can successfully start at low solar radiation 86.21 W/m2 and the optimum performances are obtained with the oversizing of 46%.

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ В РОССИИ И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

The state and level of development of livestock industries depend on internal (availability of basic production funds, material and labor resources, the level of technological and technical support, etc.) and external factors (the state of the country's economy, fluctuations in market conditions, the solvency of the population, natural resources, economic and political stability, etc.). The effectiveness of livestock industries and the level of their development are determined by a favorable combination of internal and external factors, with their rational use. The research aims to study and analyze the state and level of development of animal husbandry industries in the Russian Federation and abroad, with further identification of areas for improving efficiency and developing recommendations for their further development.
 As of 2019, compared to the pre-reform period (1990), the number of livestock of agricultural animals in the Russian Federation has sharply decreased: cattle (cattle) - by 3 times, including cows-by 2.6 times, pigs-by 1.5 times, sheep and goats-by 2.6 times. This led to a decrease in the density of livestock per 100 hectares of agricultural land, which reduces the efficiency of land use, including hayfields and pastures. On the territories of the Russian Federation, there are quite a lot of natural forage lands, which, with reasonable specialization and territorial placement of livestock industries, can increase the efficiency of their use. The lack of a unified policy to improve the sustainability of agroecological systems and their effective use in the country does not allow us to reach the pre-reform level of livestock production. For the period from 2010 to 2019, beef production decreased by 6.7%, and milk production by 0.5 %. For meat and meat products, the actual production volumes are above the established threshold of food security, and for milk and dairy products, this level has not yet been reached. So, by 2019, taking into account reserves, the share of domestic production was 83.1 % (with a threshold value of 90 %), and the share of imports was 16.9 %. All this dictates the need to study internal and external factors affecting the development of livestock industries, identify internal reserves and, on this basis, increase production volumes, and ensure competitiveness in the foreign market.
 In the world market of livestock production, the leading positions are occupied by such industrialized countries as the United States, Canada, Northern Europe, Australia, New Zealand. The analysis of the state of development of animal husbandry in these countries allows us to conclude that the growth of livestock production and livestock productivity was promoted by taking into account and combining internal and external factors - the use of industrial industrial technologies (dairy cattle breeding), taking into account natural factors (meat cattle breeding). The use of cheap sources of natural forage land and climatic conditions that allow for the production of livestock products in some of these countries (Australia, New Zealand, some US states) without the construction of capital livestock buildings makes it possible to obtain cheap, high-quality and competitive products. Taking into account the experience of foreign countries, taking into account the possibilities of agroecological systems, it is necessary to choose the right specialization of livestock industries and on this basis to increase the production volumes and efficiency of livestock products

Shelterbelt Management Practices for Maximized Ecosystem Carbon Stocks on Agricultural Landscapes in Saskatchewan, Canada.

There is a significant knowledge gap in the area of management of the vast shelterbelt network currently existing on agricultural lands in Canada and across the world. Throughout eight decades of shelterbelt planting in Saskatchewan, Canada, there are no available records of shelterbelt management practices used by land managers, such as herbicides (H), fertilizers (F), irrigation (I), or tillage (T) applications, collectively referred to as HFIT management. The main objective of this large-scale study was to quantify the effects of HFIT management on shelterbelt carbon sequestration for six common tree and shrub species. Field data from 303 randomly selected shelterbelts across millions of hectares of agricultural land in three soil zones were combined with existing shelterbelt carbon stock curves for Saskatchewan, produced by a shelterbelt carbon management support tool, Belt-CaT, to estimate site-specific total ecosystem carbon (TEC) stocks. Estimated TEC stocks and annual rates for HFIT sites were compared to the no management sites used as a reference. HFIT management increased carbon stocks for the majority of species, four of six, resulting in higher TEC at any tree spacing, mostly at higher suitability sites. However, HFIT management effects were not consistent across individual species, land suitability, or planting designs. The top three HFIT management combinations for hybrid poplar were IT, HIT, and HI, for white spruce they were FT, IT, and FIT, and only FT benefited caragana shelterbelts. The lack of management practices makes unmanaged shelterbelts more unpredictable and unreliable, in terms of tree growth and carbon stocks sequestration potential.

Preservation of steppe landscapes in the structure of agrolandscapes of the Republic of Khakassia

The article presents the results of longstanding field studies (2000-2020) of steppe vegetation and demutation processes of fallow lands in the Altai region of the Republic of Khakassia. The aim of the work is to identify and determine the area of steppe landscapes and demutation areas in the structure of the lands of the Altai region. For this, a land use map of the Altai region was created, the areas of land occupied by steppe vegetation and fallow lands at different stages of restoration were calculated, demutational areas susceptible to overgrowing with trees and shrubs were identified. Based on geobotanical researches, cartographic materials, visual interpretation of Sentinel-2 satellite images of the visible L2A range (2018-2020), a GIS-project was created, including a cluster of raster data, thematic vector layers: water bodies, agricultural lands, vegetation, etc. It allows you to visualize information about the state and use of agricultural lands and vegetation in the form of maps of different thematic scope. It was searched out that the part of steppe landscapes in the total area of the Altai region is 32.2%. In the main, in arable sandy steppes that are not zonal for Khakassia have been preserved. True large bunchgrass and meadow steppes have been preserved in separate fragments and represent all stages of anthropogenous fracturing (various pasture modifications of these steppes). In the study area in the structure of agricultural lands 56860 hectares of agricultural lands belongs to abandoned lands at different stages of restoration, and only 20% postagrogenic lands of which are at the IV stage of restoration (compact-tussock or truly cespitous grasses). The process of restoration of steppe vegetation is accompanied by overgrowing with Ulmus pumila L.