Heavy Training Loads Research Articles

From Ground Up: Increasing Pitching Velocity through Lower-Limb Training

Pitching velocity is a crucial factor in effective baseball pitching performance. Upper-body-focused training is prevalent in baseball training to increase pitching velocity. However, significant pitchers, including youth league baseball players, suffer from upper body injuries due to the heavy training load of the throwing arm. This article emphasizes lower-body training to increase baseball pitching velocity. Three step-by-step recommended activities, with accompanying research support, include power training in the lower limbs, exploring and maintaining optimized stride length, and timing and mechanics of pitching sequences. The suggested lower body focused training will be beneficial in increasing pitching velocity and reducing the risk of injuries in the throwing arm. These recommendations are crucial for young baseball players, youth baseball coaches, strength coaches, and parents who aim to improve pitching performance while addressing concerns about overtraining and injury prevention.

Progression and perceptual responses to blood flow restriction resistance training among people with multiple sclerosis.

Resistance exercise can attenuate muscular impairments associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), and blood flow restriction (BFR) may provide a viable alternative to prescribing heavy training loads. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the progression of upper and lower body low-load (30% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]) resistance training (RT) with BFR applied intermittently during the exercise intervals (RT + BFR) versus volume-matched heavy-load (65% of 1RM) RT. Men and women with MS (n = 16) were randomly assigned to low-load RT + BFR (applied intermittently) or heavy-load RT and completed 12weeks (2 × /week) of RT that consisted of bilateral chest press, seated row, shoulder press, leg press, leg extension, and leg curl exercises. Exercise load, tonnage, and rating of perceived exertion were assessed at baseline and every 6 weeks. Training load increased to a greater extent and sometimes earlier for RT + BFR (57.7-106.3%) than heavy-load RT (42.3-54.3%) during chest press, seated row, and leg curl exercises, while there were similar increases (63.5-101.1%) for shoulder press, leg extension, and leg press exercises. Exercise tonnage was greater across all exercises for RT + BFR than heavy-load RT, although tonnage only increased during the chest press (70.7-80.0%) and leg extension (89.1%) exercises. Perceptions of exertion (4.8-7.2 au) and compliance (97.9-99.0%) were similar for both interventions. The training-induced increases in load, high compliance, and moderate levels of exertion suggested that RT + BFR and heavy-load RT are viable interventions among people with MS. RT + BFR may be a preferred modality if heavy loads are not well tolerated and/or to promote early-phase training responses.

Analisis Penerapan Latihan Fisik Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Exercise is a body movement carried out by muscles in a planned, structured and repetitive manner, which involves the use of energy to improve fitness. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), school age children are children aged 7 to 15 years. Every individual has traits and characteristics or innate characteristics and characteristics obtained from environmental influences. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach. This research uses a qualitative approach. Physical activity is an important aspect in the lives of elementary school age children. Elementary school age children still have limitations in terms of body endurance and ability to adapt to heavy training loads. Primary school age children are in a dynamic stage of development, so there is a need for specially designed training programs to increase their motivation and participation in physical activity. In this way, the benefits of physical activity can be maximized and support optimal growth and development for elementary school students. This collaborative effort will help create an environment that supports an active and healthy lifestyle from an early age.

Secure and efficient federated learning via novel multi-party computation and compressed sensing

Federated learning (FL) enables the full utilization of decentralized training without raw data. However, various attacks still threaten the training process of FL. To address these concerns, differential privacy (DP) and secure multi-party computation (SMC) are applied, but these methods may result in low accuracy and heavy training load. Moreover, the high communication consumption of FL in resource-constrained devices is also a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel SMC algorithm for the FL (FL-IPFE) to protect the local gradients. It does not require a trusted third party (TTP) and is more suitable for FL. Furthermore, we propose a secure and efficient FL algorithm (SEFL), which applies compressed sensing (CS) and all-or-nothing transform (AONT) to minimize the number of transmitted and encrypted model updates. Additionally, our FL-IPFE is used to encrypt the last element of the preprocessed parameters for guaranteeing the security of the entire local model updates. Meanwhile, the issue of participant dropouts is also taken into account. Theoretical analyses demonstrate that our proposed algorithms can aggregate model updates with high security. Finally, experimental evaluation reveals that our SEFL possesses higher efficiency compared to other state-of-the-art works, while providing comparable model accuracy and strong privacy guarantees.

The level of functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory system of athletes engaged in triathlon

According to scientists, determining the features of the functional state of athletes, taking into account their heavy training and competitive loads, is an urgent problem that requires further development and detailing. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of athletes engaged in triathlon. Research methods: assessment of the level of functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory system of triathlon athletes was carried out using the computer program "ShVSM-INTEGRAL" (authors – Shapovalova V.A., Malikova M.V., Svatieva A.V.). Organization of the study: the research was conducted during 2022- 2023. according to the thematic plan of scientific research of the PDAFKiS for 2021-2025 on the topic "Theoretical and methodological foundations of training athletes in non-Olympic sports" (state registration number 0121U109266). Athletes who participated in the studies signed a consent to participate in the studies. The experience of triathlon was more than 5 years. Material. Analysis of the hemodynamics of the heart muscle by the calculation method according to the norms of the "ShVSM- INTEGRAL" program proved that all the studied components in the vast majority (58%) corresponded to the level of "above average", in 26% of athletes there was a "high" level. The rest (16%) had an "intermediate" level. This is evidence of the high level of training of the athletes who participated in the studies. Conclusions. Assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system and the system of external respiration made it possible to state its high level. It should be noted that this is due to the specifics of the sport, in which preference is given to the development of endurance, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in the indicators of the respiratory system. The study made it possible to confirm the rational choice of specialization of athletes and to state the normal state of the body's regulatory systems.

Medicalization of Sport? A Mixed-Method Study on the Use of Medications in Elite Ice Hockey.

Ice hockey is a high-risk sport known for its dominant macho culture. The purpose of this study was to examine experiences surrounding medication use among male, elite ice hockey players in Norway. A mixed-method design was employed, which first examined medications registered on doping control forms (DCFs) (n = 177) and then involved semi-structured focus group interviews (n = 5) with elite athletes (n = 25). Overall, 68% of the DCFs contained information about ≥1 medication. Among the most registered medications were NSAIDs and hypnotics (20% and 19% of all DCFs, respectively). During the interviews, numerous athletes reported using analgesics to manage injuries and pain caused by the sport, often being motivated by sacrificing themselves for the team during important matches and playoffs. Hypnotics were used due to high cumulative stress due to heavy training and competition load, late-night matches, and playing in a semi-professional league. Athlete support personnel (ASP), including physicians and trainers, were the athletes' main sources of information. The athletes often displayed a profound and non-critical trust in the advice and products provided to them by their team physician. The findings indicate that male, elite ice hockey players, through their excessive and somewhat ignorant use of medications, expose themselves to health risks and inadvertent doping.

Horting Health Referral

The article defines the levels of health values of Hortingists and analyzes them. The specified differences between health training of horting and sports training. Also indicated are the advantages of the health promotion of horting. The article helps to expand the understanding of the impact of horting on the physical and psychological health of a person, supplementing the existing base of scientific research in this area. It provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of health horting concepts, contributing to the formulation of new theoretical models. The high level of sportsmanship, growing competition at European and world championships, increasing the requirements of sports qualifications place increased demands on the level of preparation of athletes and their recovery after loads of any complexity and preservation of health by means of horting.
 The stressful conditions of modern training work, on the one hand, are definitely the leading factor in achieving high sports performance, and on the other hand, heavy training loads and their irrational planning can harbor the danger of various types of overstrain and overfatigue. Therefore, means of recovery at all stages of sports improvement are of great importance for the sports career of horting players.
 Horting's wellness program applies to all age categories of people, from children of early preschool age to the elderly. The exercises of the health system are designed in such a way that they are suitable for people of different levels of physical fitness, both male and female, individual physical exercises of a special developmental nature can be used for children with various pathologies, adults who are disabled.
 Horting as a means of recovery has its own specifics, as it is a martial arts sport, which is characterized by unusual exercises, namely: thanks to repeated repetition of various flips, flips, rotations, jumps, children's bodies react less and less to unusual body positions. It is a system of exercises in which the athlete improves all the properties of the body, such as flexibility, jumping, balance, reaction speed, intelligence, logical thinking, moving back and forth, left and right, up and down, freely and universally. The athlete is extremely composed and ready to instantly make a decision (subconsciously or automatically) how to act in a particular situation on the wrestling mat.

Epidemiology of injuries in elite Women’s Artistic Gymnastics: a retrospective analysis of six seasons

BackgroundWomen’s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) is a sport well known for requiring a heavy and difficult training load from a younger age to reach a high level of performance. This also...

Bioelectric activity of a brain and cerebral hemodynamics in skiers of military age over seasons of the year

INTRODUCTION: The heavy training load in extreme climatic conditions of the European North inevitably requires adaptive reactions from the athlete’s body, consequently, influencing on functional performance of the central nervous system.OBJECTIVE: To identify the patterns of seasonal changes of bioelectric activity and cerebral hemodynamics in skiers of military age.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 20 skiers of military age. The study was conducted over a year and included 4 stages, relevant to athletes’ preparation stages. In the course of work the indicators of bioelectric activity and brain cerebral hemodynamics were registration, using electroencephalograph NMG «Neurocartograph-8» and reograph «Diamant-R». Psychological status assessment was conducted using the anxiety and depression test, according to the method of A. A. Karelin.RESULTS: As a result of the study, it was found that skiers of military age experience deterioration in cerebral hemodynamics and brain bioelectric activity with the increase in training and negative factors of the North.CONCLUSION: Functioning of the athlete’s body in the European North results in deterioration of cerebral hemodynamics and brain bioelectric activity and increase of anxiety-depressive conditions in the winter preparation stage.

Blood Flow Restriction Training for Tendinopathy Rehabilitation: A Potential Alternative to Traditional Heavy-Load Resistance Training

Tendinopathy is a chronic tendon disease which can cause significant pain and functional limitations for individuals, and which collectively places a tremendous burden on society. Resistance training has long been considered the treatment of choice in the rehabilitation of chronic tendinopathies, with both eccentric and heavy slow resistance training demonstrating positive clinical effects. The application of progressive tendon loads during rehabilitation is essential to not compromise tendon healing, with the precise dosage parameters of resistance training and external loading a critical consideration. Blood-flow restriction training (BFRT) has become an increasingly popular method of resistance training in recent years and has been shown to be an effective method for enhancing muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy populations and in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Traditional resistance training for tendinopathy requires the application of heavy training loads, whereas BFRT utilises significantly lower loads and training intensities, which may be more appropriate for certain clinical populations. Despite evidence confirming the positive muscular adaptations derived from BFRT and the clinical benefits found for other musculoskeletal conditions, BFRT has received a dearth of attention in tendon rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review was threefold: firstly, to give an overview and analysis of the mechanisms and outcomes of BFRT in both healthy populations and in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Secondly, to give an overview of the evidence to date on the effects of BFRT on healthy tendon properties and clinical outcomes when applied to tendon pathology. Finally, a discussion on the clinical utility of BFRT and its potential applications within tendinopathy rehabilitation, including as a compliment to traditional heavy-load training, is presented.

Applications of genetic modification technology : How do you see the sessions of heavy training loads for long hours in light of the genetic activation of muscles?

Applications of genetic modification technology : How do you see the sessions of heavy training loads for long hours in light of the genetic activation of muscles?

Energy-immunometabolic correction, increased resistance and stress resistance of sports horses in the prize period

Currently, interest in equestrian sports in the Russian Federation is observed at the highest state level. One of the most important factors in maintaining the health of sports horses is the prevention or reduction of the negative effects of stress, both physical and psychogenic, to which animals are constantly exposed in modern conditions. Stress leads to a decrease in animal resistance, to diseases in which significant clinical and biochemical changes occur in organs and systems, which leads to disruption of technological regimes and significant economic damage. Requirements for sports horses are increasing, which are not always able to transfer the necessary intensity of training loads. Neuro-reflex mechanisms of coordination of movements, tendon-ligamentous apparatus of the extremities, nervous and respiratory systems, cardiac activity as a result of training are subject to significant changes. However, achieving high sports results is associated with heavy training loads. The intensification of training and sports competitions are accompanied by excessive stress of metabolic processes, leads to rapid fatigue, decreased agility and sports horses lose their athletic form for a long time. It was this aspect that was taken into account and determined the nature of exploratory research on the development of effective means of stimulating energy-immunometabolic processes, resistance and stress resistance during intensive training and the drawing of traditional prizes. Taking into account the urgency of the problem, we conducted research and production tests to assess the effect and stimulation of the amber biostimulator on metabolic processes, physiological condition and resistance of sports horses to intensive training. The experimental groups were sports horses with passports of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding of the Russian Federation. The results of biochemical studies, clinical observations and official sports achievements indicate that the amber biostimulator developed by us is economically affordable, physiologically safe (there is no doping effect) and a highly effective means of restoring the performance of sports horses for domestic horse breeding.

The effect of intense physical activity session with glutamine supplementation on selected factors of wrestlers' immune system

Athletes with heavy training loads are prone to infectious diseases. It has been shown that these exercises may suppress immune function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one session of intense physical activity with glutamine supplementation on selected factors of wrestlers' immune system. For this purpose, 20 wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into two groups of supplement and placebo. The first blood sample was taken from the subjects. Then they did the Bruce test. Immediately after the end of the test, blood samples were taken from the subjects for the second time and then to the supplement group. The glutamine supplement was given the same amount of maltodextrin per kilogram of body weight and the placebo group. Blood samples were taken from the subjects for the third and fourth time 1 and 2.5 hours after taking the supplement or placebo. After measuring blood factors, the findings were statistically analyzed (ANOVA) at a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that the percentage of neutrophils in the supplement group increased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to immediately after exercise and 1 hour after supplementation. This increase was less in the supplement group than in the placebo group. The percentage of lymphocytes in the supplement group decreased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to the pre-test, immediately after exercise and 1 hour after supplementation, which was less in the supplement group than the placebo group. The percentage of monocytes in the supplement group increased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to immediately after exercise. This increase was less in the supplement group than in the placebo group. The results of this study showed that glutamine supplementation during strenuous exercise has beneficial effects on the immune system of athletes.

Evaluation of the biogeometric profile of the musculoskeletal system in arm wrestlers

The required level of complexity of the arm wrestlers’ competitive activities demands high requirements for the functional state of the spine. Irrational approach to the training process without taking into account the biogeometric profile prevents the improvement of physical qualities, which leads to a violation of the training cycle, reduced athletic performance and efficiency. One of the most important conditions for postural disorders in athletes is the relative muscle weakness in some parts of the musculoskeletal system, the manifestations of which occur as a result of heavy training loads. The aim of the study was to assess the biogeometric profile of the musculoskeletal system in arm wrestlers. Posture examinations have been performed in the frontal and sagittal planes according to the REEDCO posture scale. The rounded shoulder index has been calculated as a percentage of the ratio of shoulder width to the shoulder arch. Measurement of the depth of physiological curves of the spine has been performed according to the method of Z.P. Kovalkova. Two groups of arm wrestlers have been examined: Gr. 1 comprised of 16 athletes aged 18 to 24, Gr. 2 included 14 athletes aged 25 to 32. According to the REEDCO posture scale for arm athletes, Gr. 2 revealed more significant changes in posture. When calculating the rounded shoulder index, similar changes have been observed. That is, physical activity of large amount and intensity in arm wrestling leads to existing changes in the biogeometric profile of athletes. More reduction of the curvature of the spine in the cervical and lumbar regions according to the method of Z.P. Kovalkova has been observed in a group of arm wrestlers aged 25 to 32 years. According to the data obtained, in course of time arm wrestlers have more significant changes in posture, which, in our opinion, is a consequence of physical activity of large amount and intensity without taking into account the changes in the biogeometric profile of athletes. Thus, the study confirms that it is necessary to integrate correctional and preventive program aimed at treating impaired biogeometric profile, in the training process of arm wrestlers.

Low-load blood flow restriction training induces similar morphological and mechanical Achilles tendon adaptations compared with high-load resistance training.

Low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training has gained increasing interest in the scientific community by demonstrating that increases in muscle mass and strength are comparable to conventional high-load (HL) resistance training. Although adaptations on the muscular level are well documented, there is little evidence on how LL-BFR training affects human myotendinous properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate morphological and mechanical Achilles tendon adaptations after 14 wk of strength training. Fifty-five male volunteers (27.9 ± 5.1 yr) were randomly allocated into the following three groups: LL-BFR [20-35% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)], HL (70-85% 1RM), or a nonexercising control (CON) group. The LL-BFR and HL groups completed a resistance training program for 14 wk, and tendon morphology, mechanical as well as material properties, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and isometric strength were assessed before and after the intervention. Both HL (+40.7%) and LL-BFR (+36.1%) training induced significant increases in tendon stiffness (P < 0.05) as well as tendon CSA (HL: +4.6%, LL-BFR: +7.8%, P < 0.001). These changes were comparable between groups without significant changes in Young's modulus. Furthermore, gastrocnemius medialis muscle CSA and plantar flexor strength significantly increased in both training groups (P < 0.05), whereas the CON group did not show significant changes in any of the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, the adaptive change in Achilles tendon properties following low-load resistance training with partial vascular occlusion appears comparable to that evoked by high-load resistance training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training has been shown to induce beneficial adaptations at the muscular level. However, studies examining the effects on human tendon properties are rare. The findings provide first evidence that LL-BFR can increase Achilles tendon mechanical and morphological properties to a similar extent as conventional high-load resistance training. This is of particular importance for individuals who may not tolerate heavy training loads but still aim for improvements in myotendinous function.

Development of physical fitness – gender differences and characteristics

Physical activity, recreational sports as well as competitive sports effect the human body. Changes that occur under training are mainly connected to the adaptation process of body to specific form of activity. But on the other hand, changes that may be observed may lead to body functioning dysregulations that may affect health of sportsmen. Most of the changes are being observed mainly in the functioning of the female body system, despite the fact that they are not gender specific. In women, the undesirable effect of intensive training and heavy training loads may be inhibition of sexual maturation, withdrawal of the menstrual cycle and its irregularity, as well as resolution of the reproductive system function. That’s why the understanding of gender specific changes are so important for the sportsmen and trainers to understand what may be observed during training and what it may lead to.The aim of this work was to show the basic differences between gender physical fitness development observed during body development and physical training.

Peculiarities of Athletes’ Adaptation and Preparation for 24th World University Games in Bangkok

Travelling across several time zones exposes the sportsman to a shift of his internal biological clock and the result is a transient desynchronization of the circadian rhythm lasting for several days until the body adapts to new environmental conditions. The subjects of this study were 12 Lithuanian Track and Field athletes participating in the 24th University Games in Bangkok. We used the model of integral evaluation of the body functioning during exercise which integrates changes of three functional elements: P — periphery system (muscles), R — regulatory system (brain), S — supplying system (heart, blood-vessel system). A Finger Taping Test, where the time intervals were recorded in milliseconds between separate motions, and a nonlinear dimensional reduction by grouping them to various components were used for analysis. We observed a lot of changes in various indices but the main attention was paid to the assessment of indices providing information about the mobilization and recovery of the cardiovascular system and the complexity of body functioning. After the arrival the characteristic feature was a slower mobilization of the body functions at the onset of exercise for the first 4—5 days, though the level of mobilization during the exercise remained the same. Another characteristic feature was the slower recovery of cardiovascular indices after exercise for the first 6—7 days. There were some phases in the process of adaptation after sudden change of geographical and environmental conditions before competition. The first phase of activation of regulatory systems occurred, and the phase of increased energy demands appeared after 48 hours and lasted for the next five days. A wide range of individual variations characteristic of adaptive changes in the body depended on training and competitive experience of athletes, their personality, sleep and behavior habits and training loads performed before departure to the venue of competitions as well. The behaviour of athletes and training strategies during the first days were important and could help accelerate the adaptation. And on the contrary, heavy training loads could decrease the speed of adaptive changes.Keywords: cardiovascular system, complexity, recovery, adaptation

Anaerobic capacity and blood lactate level of former elite athletes

Elite athletes have been exercise regularly for several years with heavy training loads. The former elite athletes commonly decreased or stop their exercise that might decrease their anaerobic capacity. Eighteen male former elite athletes and nineteen non elite athletes participated on this research. The running based anaerobic test (RAST) was done to investigate anaerobic capacity included Maximal Power, Minimal Power, Velocity and Fatigue index. The blood lactate levels were measured two minute after RAST. The rate of maximal power of former elite athlete 387.3 watts, minimal power 242.2 watts, fatigue index 3.67 and blood lactate level 7.20. The rate of maximal power of non elite athlete was 445.8 watts, minimal power 282.4 watts, fatigue index 4.57 and blood lactate level 7.01. There were no differences of maximal power (p = 0.251), minimal power (p = 0.166), fatique index (p = 0.203) and blood lactate level (p = 0,878). The velocity and body mass index were difference between former elite athlete and non elite athlete (p = 0.000). There was no different of the anaerobic capacity and blood lactate level between former elite athlete and non elite athletes. The age, mass body index and less exercise may influence the decreasing of anaerobic capacity of former elite athlete.

Counteracting Age-related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass: a clinical and ethnological trial on the role of protein supplementation and training load (CALM Intervention Study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundAging is associated with decreased muscle mass and functional capacity, which in turn decrease quality of life. The number of citizens over the age of 65 years in the Western world will increase by 50 % over the next four decades, and this demographic shift brings forth new challenges at both societal and individual levels. Only a few longitudinal studies have been reported, but whey protein supplementation seems to improve muscle mass and function, and its combination with heavy strength training appears even more effective. However, heavy resistance training may reduce adherence to training, thereby attenuating the overall benefits of training. We hypothesize that light load resistance training is more efficient when both adherence and physical improvement are considered longitudinally. We launched the interdisciplinary project on Counteracting Age-related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass (CALM) to investigate the impact of lifestyle changes on physical and functional outcomes as well as everyday practices and habits in a qualitative context.MethodsWe will randomize 205 participants older than 65 years to be given 1 year of two daily nutrient supplements with 10 g of sucrose and 20 g of either collagen protein, carbohydrates, or whey. Further, two groups will perform either heavy progressive resistance training or light load training on top of the whey supplement.DiscussionThe primary outcome of the CALM Intervention Study is the change in thigh cross-sectional area. Moreover, we will evaluate changes in physical performance, muscle fiber type and acute anabolic response to whey protein ingestion, sensory adaptation, gut microbiome, and a range of other measures, combined with questionnaires on life quality and qualitative interviews with selected subjects. The CALM Intervention Study will generate scientific evidence and recommendations to counteract age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass in elderly individuals.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02034760. Registered on 10 January 2014.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02115698. Registered on 14 April 2014.Danish regional committee of the Capital Region H-4-2013-070. Registered on 4 July 2013.Danish Data Protection Agency 2012-58-0004 – BBH-2015-001 I-Suite 03432. Registered on 9 January 2015.

Research on Calcium Food Intake of Young Gymnasts

This paper aims to study the calcium food intake of young gymnasts and the relationship among calcium nutrition, exercise and bone mineral status. 13 elite young gymnasts aged 11~12 with 3 to 7 years of training experience are chosen as subjects. At the same time, 14 young students at the same age are selected as control group. Dietary survey is made to investigate their calcium and protein intakes status. The calcium intakes of young gymnasts are 515.3±218.0 mg/d, which are only 51.5% of calcium reference intakes. The BMC, bone area and BMD of young gymnasts are all significantly lower than those of young students by 23, 14 and 11%, respectively (p＜0.05). It concludes that the calcium intakes of young gymnasts are lower than Chinese calcium reference intakes. The BMC and BMD of young gymnasts are lower than those of young students at the same age. Perhaps it is related to their heavy training load, the high requirement of calcium and the long-term inadequate calcium intake. Therefore, we suggest that young gymnasts can appropriate to eat more calcium rich food (milk or dairy products) to improve the calcium intakes and then to add BMC and BMD.