Heavy Salts Research Articles

The Relationship between Allometric Growth and the Stoichiometric Characteristics of Euhalophyte Suaeda salsa L. Grown in Saline-Alkali Lands: Biological Desalination Potential Prediction.

The morphological adjustments of euhalophytes are well-known to be influenced by the soil-soluble salt variation; however, whether and how these changes in morphological traits alter the biomass allocation pattern remains unclear, especially under different NaCl levels. Therefore, an allometric analysis was applied to investigate the biomass allocation pattern and morphological plasticity, and the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric characteristics of the euhalophyte Suaeda Salsa (S. salsa) at the four soil-soluble salt levels of no salt (NS), light salt (LS), moderate salt (MS), and heavy salt (HS). The results showed that soil-soluble salts significantly change the biomass allocation to the stems and leaves (p < 0.05). With the growth of S. salsa, the NS treatment produced a downward leaf mass ratio (LMR) and upward stem mass ratio (SMR); this finding was completely different from that for the salt treatments. When S. salsa was harvested on the 100th day, the HS treatment had the highest LMR (61%) and the lowest SMR (31%), while the NS treatment was the opposite, with an LMR of 44% and an SMR of 50%. Meanwhile, the soil-soluble salt reshaped the morphological characteristics of S. salsa (e.g., root length, plant height, basal stem diameter, and leaf succulence). Combined with the stoichiometric characteristics, N uptake restriction under salt stress is a vital reason for inhibited stem growth. Although the NS treatment had the highest biomass (48.65 g root box-1), the LS treatment had the highest salt absorption (3.73 g root box-1). In conclusion, S. salsa can change its biomass allocation pattern through morphological adjustments to adapt to different saline-alkali habitats. Moreover, it has an optimal biological desalting effect in lightly saline soil dominated by NaCl.

Tolerance with High Yield Potential Is Provided by Lower Na+ Ion Accumulation and Higher Photosynthetic Activity in Tolerant YNU31-2-4 Rice Genotype under Salinity and Multiple Heat and Salinity Stress.

The yield-reduction effect of abiotic stressors such as salinity and heat stresses with the growing world population threatens food security. Although adverse effects of salinity and heat stress on plant growth and production parameters have been documented, in nature, abiotic stresses occur sequentially or simultaneously. In this study, the stress tolerance and yield capacity of Yukinkomai, YNU31-2-4, and YNU SL rice genotypes tested under control (26 °C, 0 mM NaCl), salinity (26 °C, 75 mM NaCl), heat (31 °C, 0 mM NaCl), and heat and salinity (31 °C, 75 mM NaCl) stress combinations at vegetative and reproductive stages with six different scenarios. The results show that salinity and the heat and salinity combination stresses highly reduce plant growth performance and yield capacity. Heat stress during reproduction does not affect the yield but reduces the grain quality. The YNU31-2-4 genotype performs better under heavy salt and heat and salinity stress then the Yukinkomai and YNU SL genotypes. YNU31-2-4 genotypes accumulate less Na+ and more K+ under salt and multiple stresses. In the YNU31-2-4 genotype, low Na+ ion accumulation increases photosynthetic activity and pigment deposition, boosting the yield. Stress lowers the glucose accumulation in dry seeds, but the YNU31-2-4 genotype has a higher glucose accumulation.

Biosensing and anti-inflammatory effects of silver, copper and iron nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus

BackgroundIn this study, we present a low-cost, environmentally friendly method for producing silver, copper, and iron nanoparticles using fresh Catharanthus roseus leaf extract. The biomolecules found in the plant extract play a crucial role as stabilizing and reducing agents. The spectral profile of the UV–visible spectrophotometer was measured to confirm and identify the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for biosensing activities and anti-inflammatory effects.ResultUV–visible spectra showed a prominent surface resonance peak of 415 nm, 300 nm, and 400 nm, corresponding to the formation of silver, copper, and iron nanoparticles, respectively. The in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of the synthesized AgNPs, CuNPs, and FeNPs showed the maximum inhibition of protein denaturation at 58%, 54.15%, and 44.26% at a concentration of 400 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, at a 400 µg/ml concentration, Diclofenac, utilized as a control, showed a maximal inhibition of 93.37%. According to the biosensing activity, these nanoparticles are also a good source for biosensing hazardous heavy salts. So, this article provides the first description of the silver, copper, and iron nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus leave biosensing capabilities and anti-inflammatory characteristics.ConclusionOverall, this study revealed that due to their biocompatibility, silver, copper, and iron nanoparticles could be appealing and environmentally acceptable options that could be used as innovative therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of inflammation. The primary outcome of the research will be the development of potential pharmaceutical uses for the C. roseus medicinal plant in the biomedical and nanotechnology-based industries.

Interplay Impact of Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Rice Growth, Physiology, and Resistance under Sodium Chloride Stress.

The hormonal imbalances, including abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) levels, caused by salinity constitute a key factor in hindering spikelet development in rice and in reducing rice yield. However, the effects of ABA and BRs on spikelet development in plants subjected to salinity stress have been explored to only a limited extent. In this research, the effect of ABA and BRs on rice growth characteristics and the development of spikelets under different salinity levels were investigated. The rice seedlings were subjected to three different salt stress levels: 0.0875 dS m-1 (Control, CK), low salt stress (1.878 dS m-1, LS), and heavy salt stress (4.09 dS m-1, HS). Additionally, independent (ABA or BR) and combined (ABA+BR) exogenous treatments of ABA (at 0 and 25 μM concentration) and BR (at 0 and 5 μM concentration) onto the rice seedlings were performed. The results showed that the exogenous application of ABA, BRs, and ABA+BRs triggered changes in physiological and agronomic characteristics, including photosynthesis rate (Pn), SPAD value, pollen viability, 1000-grain weight (g), and rice grain yield per plant. In addition, spikelet sterility under different salt stress levels (CK, LS, and HS) was decreased significantly through the use of both the single phytohormone and the cocktail, as compared to the controls. The outcome of this study reveals new insights about rice spikelet development in plants subjected to salt stress and the effects on this of ABA and BR. Additionally, it provides information on the use of plant hormones to improve rice yield under salt stress and on the enhancement of effective utilization of salt-affected soils.

Efficient heavy metals and salts rejection using a novel modified polysulfone nanofiltration membrane

Recent research proclivity is about supplying water for drinking, urban and industrial applications which is recognized as one of the most significant challenges that threaten humanity. Giving its simplicity and high efficient yield, membrane technology has been preferred compared to other separation technologies for water and wastewater treatment. In the present research, KIT-6 (KIT: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) was functionalized by H-acid to improve hydrophilic functional groups on KIT-6 surface. Different characterization tests were performed to prove the insertion of H-acid on KIT-6 (H-KIT-6), e.g., FT-IR, XRD, zeta potential and FESEM analysis. Also, the effects of different loading of KIT-6 and H-KIT-6 on the morphology, characteristics and performance of Polysulfone (PSf) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were investigated. The maximum pure water flux (30.2 kg/m2 h), the lowest irreversible fouling ratio (3.96%) and the highest flux recovery ratio (96.04%) were obtained for the membrane embedded with 0.1 wt.% H-KIT-6 (optimum membrane). Also, the performance of the synthesized membranes was evaluated by rejection of four different salts (K2SO4, MgSO4, KCl and NaCl) and heavy metal ions (As3+ and Hg2+). The NF membrane embedded with 0.1 wt.% H-KIT-6 also presented the highest rejection of different salts and heavy metal ions (As3+ = 99.85% and Hg2+ = 99.27%) compared to the others. Finally, the performance of the optimum membrane to treat a real case of Gachsaran brackish water was assessed. As a result, by applying the optimum membrane, 565 mg/l, 28 mg/l and 27 mg/l of Ca2+, SO42− and Mg2+ were rejected, respectively.

Experimental Study on Physicochemical Properties of a Shear Thixotropic Polymer Gel for Lost Circulation Control.

Polymer gel lost circulation control technology is a common and effective technique to control fractured lost circulation. The performance of a lost circulation control agent is the key to the success of lost circulation control techniques. In this study, rheological tests were used to study the physical and chemical properties of a shear thixotropic polymer gel system, such as anti-dilution, high temperature resistance and high salt resistance. The results showed that the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had the ability of anti-dilution, and the gel could be formed under a mixture of 3 times volume of heavy salt water and 3/7 volume white oil, and could keep the structure and morphology stable. Secondly, the gel formation time of shear thixotropic polymer gel system could be controlled and had good injection performance under the condition of 140 °C and different initiator concentrations. Meanwhile, the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had the ability of high temperature and high salt resistance, and the gel formation effect was good in salt water. When the scanning frequency was 4 Hz and the temperature was 140 °C, the storage modulus (G′) of the gel was 4700 Pa. The gel was dominated by elasticity and had excellent mechanical properties. By scanning electron microscope observation, it was found that the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had a stable three-dimensional reticular space skeleton under the condition of high salt, indicating that it had excellent ability to tolerate high salt. Therefore, the shear thixotropic polymer gel had high temperature and high salt resistance, dilution resistance and good shear responsiveness. It is believed that the results presented in this work are of importance for extending real-life applications of shear thixotropic polymer gel systems.

Increase Potential of Environmental Stresses and Climatic Risk of Heavy Metals in Plants and Control through Nanotechnology Advances

Different heavy salts accumulated in the soil causing the soil salinity and damage the biological processing occurring in plants such as photosynthesis and light reactions. Climate changes also promote the accumulation of heavy metals by promoting the chemicals substances in the leaves and roots cells that causing the chlorosis. Coal combustion release the large amount of mercury metals that acting as toxic for the plants. There is need to design the biological and mechanical processing the removal of salts and toxic wastes from surfaces in such a way that no eruptions of plant materials occur at the surfaces. Nanotechnology employed the nanoparticles to capture the toxic metals through biological and chemical process that is more reliable and less expensive. A large variety of nanoparticles in the form of nanobased graphene oxides, graphite oxides and CNT, mesoporous silica materials have been used for controlling the pollution caused by heavy metals. These nanoparticles are compatible for the plant growth by suppressing the crop diseases by acting directly on phytopathogens. Therefore, it is reliable for controlling the risk of environmental pollution caused by heavy metals.

Physiological and Proteomic Analyses of Different Ecotypes of Reed (Phragmites communis) in Adaption to Natural Drought and Salinity.

Drought and salinity are the two major abiotic stresses constraining the crop yield worldwide. Both of them trigger cellular dehydration and cause osmotic stress which leads to cytosolic and vacuolar volume reduction. However, whether plants share a similar tolerance mechanism in response to these two stresses under natural conditions has seldom been comparatively reported. There are three different ecotypes of reed within a 5 km2 region in the Badanjilin desert of Northwest China. Taking the typical swamp reed (SR) as a control, we performed a comparative study on the adaption mechanisms of the two terrestrial ecotypes: dune reed (DR) and heavy salt meadow reed (HSMR) by physiological and proteomic approaches coupled with bioinformatic analysis. The results showed that HSMR and DR have evolved C4-like photosynthetic and anatomical characteristics, such as the increased bundle sheath cells (BSCs) and chloroplasts in BSCs, higher density of veins, and lower density and aperture of stomata. In addition, the thylakoid membrane fluidity also plays an important role in their higher drought and salinity tolerance capability. The proteomic results further demonstrated that HSMR and DR facilitated the regulation of proteins associated with photosynthesis and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, transcription and translation, and stress responses to well-adapt to the drought and salinity conditions. Overall, our results demonstrated that HSMR and DR shaped a similar adaption strategy from the structural and physiological levels to the molecular scale to ensure functionality in a harsh environment.

Isolation and Characterization of Local Isolates of Rhizobia in Nineveh Governorate/Iraq

In this study, thirty-six local isolates of rhizobial bacteria were isolated from root nodes of different leguminous plants collected from different areas in Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. The rhizobial colonies were purified and their agronomic and biochemical characteristics were studied. Results of this study showed that the local isolates had the ability to consume different sugars as a carbon source. Also, the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that only one isolate, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli AS12 was resistant to the antibiotic Azithromycin 15 µg/ml, and the isolate Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli AS14 showed resistance to the antibiotic Gentamycin 10 µg/ml, and the rest of the isolates showed different rates of resistance and sensitivity for the rest of the antibiotics. The local isolates showed different NaCl tolerance levels up to 8.0 %, while no tolerance was observed for Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae AS11 isolate at any of the studied concentrations. Results of heavy metal salt tolerance study showed that the isolates of Ensifer meliloti AS34 and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae AS36 were sensitive to ZnSo4 at a concentration of 25 µg/ml, while the tolerability of the other isolates to the studied heavy salts differed at concentrations higher than 25 µg /ml. All the studied isolates showed a positive result in staining with Congo red and Aniline blue dyes. Maximum exopolysaccharide production was 494 mg/Li by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae AS35. Antimicrobial activity test showed maximum inhibition zone 17 mm by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae AS36 against Proteus vulgaris.

Bioremediation of polluted soil due to tsunami by using recycled waste glass

In this research, bioremediation of tsunami-affected polluted soil has been conducted by using collective microorganisms and recycled waste glass. The Tohoku earthquake, which was a mega earthquake in Japan triggered a huge tsunami on March 11th, 2011 that caused immeasurable damage to the geo-environmental conditions by polluting the soil with heavy metals and excessive salt content. Traditional methods to clean this polluted soil was not possible due to the excess cost and efforts. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the capability of bioremediation of saline soil by using recycled waste glass. Different collective microorganisms which were incubated inside the laboratory were used. The electrical conductivity (EC) was measured at different specified depths. It was noticed that the electrical conductivity decreased with the assist of the microbial metabolisms significantly. Collective microorganisms (CM2) were the highly capable to reduce salinity (up to 75%) while using recycled waste glass as their habitat.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from propylene oxide saponification wastewater residual sludge using volatile fatty acids and bacterial community succession

The active sludge treating propylene oxide saponification wastewater has heavy salt concentration and is hard to treat. The integration of the residual sludge treatment with polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production may provide an economic and environment friendly solution. PHA production was therefore studied in two sequencing biological reactors with effective volume of 30 L using the active sludge. The two reactors, named as SBR-I and SBR-II, were fed with acetic acid, and a mixture of acetic acid and propionic acid respectively. PHA was obtained with a yield of 9.257 g/L in SBR-II. Also, the proportion of 3-hydroxyvalarate was enhanced from 5% to 30% in comparison to SBR-I (5.471 g/L). Illumina MiSeq and Pacific Biosciences sequencing platforms were used to evaluate the community structure, which revealed that the bacterial genera showed a high degree of diversity in the PHA accumulating microbial community. Azoarcus was the most dominant PHA accumulating microorganism after acclimation.

Volatile-rich Asteroids in the Inner Solar System

Abstract Bennu (101195), target of the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission, is a type-B asteroid with abundant spectral evidence for hydrated silicates, low thermal inertia “boulders” and frequent bursts of particle emission. We suggest that Bennu’s parent body formed in the outer solar system before it was perturbed into the asteroid belt and then evolved into a near-Earth object. We show that this is consistent with models of planetesimal evolution. Bennu has many characteristics expected for a dormant comet, and could potentially contain a minimum of 1 wt.% adsorbed water if its gross mineralogy is consistent with the Orgueil meteorite. This is in addition to any ice or water contained within the hydrous minerals themselves. Based on this hypothesis, we predict the properties of the samples that will be returned to Earth by the OSIRIS-REx mission, including abundant phyllosilicate minerals, amorphous hydrated silicates and low-density, very high-porosity aggregates, already observed by the OSIRIS-REx instrument suite. We predict enrichments in D/H and 15N/14N, high C/Mg ratios (&gt;∼7 wt%), and a greater range of organic compositions than found in meteorites, including an organic component poor in aromatics, and a more labile organic fraction. Ammonium salts, ranging from NH4Cl to ammonium–organic acid salts could carry much of the nitrogen in comets, yet only NH4CH3COO and heavier salts are sufficiently stable to be found in these returned samples. Water adsorbed onto highly porous grains should also be detected provided that the sample return capsule remains below 300 K during Earth return, and this water should be isotopically heavy.

Secondary Plant Metabolites of Natural Product Origin—&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Strongylodon macrobotrys&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; as Pitting Corrosion Inhibitors of Steel around Heavy Salt Deposits in Gabu, Nigeria

Investigation into the Inhibition of pitting corrosion in mild steel around heavy salt deposits by some selected secondary plant metabolites—alkaloid extract (AESML), saponin extract (SESML and flavonoid extract (FESML) of natural product origin—Strongylodon macrobotrys was successfully completed with the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, gravimetric and gasometric experimentation. The research proved that the selected secondary plant metabolites were excellent inhibitors of mild steel in the salt water environment as inhibition efficiency was recorded at 99.2%, 92.6% and 84.7% for AESML, SESML and FESML. The inhibitors showed higher inhibition at lower temperature due to frequent scale redeposition from agitation in temperature rise and loss in collision of the molecules. The potentiodynamic polarization result confirmed the reduction in the loss of electrons at the anode by the inhibitors that would have trigger oxidation reaction that causes the anode to corrode. Charge transfer resistance reflected the maximum inhibition efficiency obtained for mild steel at maximum concentration and the decrease in double layer capacitance is due to the decrease of the area where electrolyte is present due to the formation of inhibitor film. Thermodynamic investigation shows that the inhibitor has the potential of increasing the energy of the intermediate, reducing both the number of collisions, and number of particles that have enough energy to react and also number of corrosion reaction particles with the correct orientation. The adsorption isotherm consideration shows physical adsorption mechanism with binding constant increasing with increasing temperature.

Deterioration in brick buildings: hygrothermal performance and measures to save them

Many former industrial building sites in Sweden have been abandoned and left to deteriorate. Nowadays, there is a large interest to refurbish and retrofit these buildings for other purposes. Commercial and housing developers are attracted to these areas which are often in the outskirts of the city centers. There are several challenges facing architects and engineers to preserve these buildings, also connected to cultural heritage demands. The aim of this study is to propose measures to preserve cultural heritage buildings. A brick building in Gothenburg, on the Swedish west coast, is used as a case study. The building was used for paper production until 2005. After that, it deteriorated quickly after the heating was turned off. The rapid decay affected the hygrothermal performance as well as the load-bearing capacity of the structure. Small scale laboratory investigations of the building materials show a high degree of decay. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity is used to monitor the hygrothermal performance. Observations show that the brick masonry has heavy salt efflorescence and is in need of further protective measures.

A new small device made of glass for separating microplastics from marine and freshwater sediments.

Separating microplastics from marine and freshwater sediments is challenging, but necessary to determine their distribution, mass, and ecological impacts in benthic environments. Density separation is commonly used to extract microplastics from sediments by using heavy salt solutions, such as zinc chloride and sodium iodide. However, current devices/apparatus used for density separation, including glass beakers, funnels, upside-down funnel-shaped separators with a shut-off valve, etc., possess various shortcomings in terms of recovery rate, time consumption, and/or usability. In evaluating existing microplastic extraction methods using density separation, we identified the need for a device that allows rapid, simple, and efficient extraction of microplastics from a range of sediment types. We have developed a small glass separator, without a valve, taking a hint from an Utermöhl chamber. This new device is easy to clean and portable, yet enables rapid separation of microplastics from sediments. With this simple device, we recovered 94–98% of <1,000 µm microplastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene). Overall, the device is efficient for various sizes, polymer types, and sediment types. Also, microplastics collected with this glass-made device remain chemically uncontaminated, and can, therefore, be used for further analysis of adsorbing contaminants and additives on/to microplastics.

P6221Salt consumption as a predictor of cardiovascular events among hypertensive patients: a 5-year follow-up study

Abstract Background/Introduction Salt intake is linked to hypertension but data on its association with incident cardiovascular events, especially among hypertensives, is limited. Purpose To examine the prospective association of different salt consumption levels with cardiovascular morbidity in a hypertensive population. Methods We followed 2130 hypertensive patients (age 57±12 years, 11.2% untreated) without a history of cardiovascular disease for a mean period of 5.3±3.3 years. At the baseline examination, salt intake was evaluated by a structured validated questionnaire. Accordingly, the study population was divided into three groups: hypertensives with a low (1079 patients, 51% of the population), a moderate (895 patients, 42%) and a high salt consumption (146 patients, 7%). During follow-up, patients underwent clinic visits at least yearly for management of hypertension and risk factors. The outcome studied was the composite of non-fatal cardiovascular events. Results The composite endpoint (19 strokes and 65 cases of coronary artery disease) occurred in 84 patients (3.9%). At baseline, increasing salt consumption was significantly associated with age, body mass index, office blood pressure and renal function. Unadjusted Cox regression analysis showed that, compared to the reference group, the risk for cardiovascular morbidity was similar in patients with moderate salt consumption (HR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.71–1.77) but significantly higher in patients with high salt consumption (HR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.09–4.38). This pattern was clearly sustained after adjusting for multiple risk factors including baseline blood pressure levels. Conclusions Among hypertensive patients, heavy salt consumption is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, while moderate consumption does not affect patient outcome.

Morphological and physiological characterization of nitrogen fixing rhizobia isolated from country bean (Lablaba perpureus) of Narail, Bangladesh

Nitrogen is one of the important constituents of the plants. It is fixed in legume plants from the atmosphere by the association of beneficial gram negative soil bacteria named rhizobia. This study aimed to distinguish the morpho-physiological characteristics of naturally growing rhizobia having higher environmental and external stress tolerance. Twenty-two isolates were isolated from country bean root nodules and characterized based on different tests. The isolates varied from one another with level of parameters of the treatments. Most of them exhibited cream color colonies and some isolates evolved white and pink colonies. The average colony size of the isolates was ranged between 0.83 to 2.83 mm after one day and 1.33 to 5.00 mm after two days. Among them, 17 isolates were alkali producers, three isolates were acid producer and only two isolates produced neutral mucous. All the isolates showed complete resistance at pH 5.0 to 10.0, 2% NaCl, 10 to 42oC temperature, and 0.1 mM of heavy metallic salt MnCl2, FeCl3 and PbCl3. Nevertheless, most of the isolates also tolerated pH 4.0; 3 to 7% NaCl; 47oC temperature; 0.1 mM CuSO4. On the other hand, a few numbers of the isolates resisted 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml ampicillin, kanamycin and tetracycline antibiotics. Therefore, exploration of country bean rhizobia for their environmental stress tolerance capacity might be a core study for the production of cost-effective bio-fertilizer to boost up country bean yield.

Pretreatment-Integration for Milk Protein Removal and Device-Facilitated Immunochromatographic Assay for 17 Items

Accurate and comprehensive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) data are urgently required in the daily supervision of plants, schools, testing institutions, and law-enforcing departments. Through pretreatment-integration and device-facilitated operation, a quantitative ICA with high sensitivity and throughput was realized on the basis of a commercialized semi-quantitative ICA strip. Three pretreatment methods, namely, acid base, heavy metal salt, and organic solvent methods, have less than three steps. The pretreatment was established for protein removal. A total of 17 pretreated ICA items in milk were considered for the identification of the most suitable pretreatment method. The items are composed of six items pretreated by the acid-base method, six by the heavy salt method, and five by the organic solvent method. Then, the ICA results with pretreatment were compared with those without pretreatment. After pretreatment, the signal intensity increased by 39%, the detection limit decreased to 12%, the half maximal inhibitory concentration decreased to 18%, and the detection range increased fourfold. A device with mixing and centrifugation functions was designed for the pretreatment-related operations. A pre-incubation sampling device was used to facilitate incubation in batch and high-throughput detection. An ICA reader was used. The detection throughput reached 8 samples per batch or 32 samples per hour. The designed devices were printed through 3D printing and rapid prototyping.

1-Methylcyclopropene Modulates Physiological, Biochemical, and Antioxidant Responses of Rice to Different Salt Stress Levels.

Salt stress in soil is a critical constraint that affects the production of rice. Salt stress hinders plant growth through osmotic stress, ionic stress, and a hormonal imbalance (especially ethylene), therefore, thoughtful efforts are needed to devise salt tolerance management strategies. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an ethylene action inhibitor, which could significantly reduce ethylene production in crops and fruits. However, 1-MCPs response to the physiological, biochemical and antioxidant features of rice under salt stress, are not clear. The present study analyzed whether 1-MCP could modulate salt tolerance for different rice cultivars. Pot culture experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in 2016–2017. Two rice cultivars, Nipponbare (NPBA) and Liangyoupeijiu (LYP9) were used in this trial. The salt stress included four salt levels, 0 g NaCl/kg dry soil (control, CK), 1.5 g NaCl/ kg dry soil (Low Salt stress, LS), 4.5 g NaCl/kg dry soil (Medium Salt stress, MS), and 7.5 g NaCl/kg dry soil (Heavy Salt stress, HS). Two 1-MCP levels, 0 g (CT) and 0.04 g/pot (1-MCP) were applied at the rice booting stage in 2016 and 2017. The results showed that applying 1-MCP significantly reduced ethylene production in rice spikelets from LYP9 and NPBA by 40.2 and 23.9% (CK), 44.3 and 28.6% (LS), 28 and 25.9% (MS), respectively. Rice seedlings for NPBA died under the HS level, while application of 1-MCP reduced the ethylene production in spikelets for LYP9 by 27.4% compared with those that received no 1-MCP treatment. Applying 1-MCP improved the photosynthesis rate and SPAD value in rice leaves for both cultivars. 1-MCP enhanced the superoxide dismutase production, protein synthesis, chlorophyll contents (chl a, b, carotenoids), and decreased malondialdehyde, H2O2, and proline accumulation in rice leaves. Application of 1-MCP also modulated the aboveground biomass, and grain yield for LYP9 and NPBA by 19.4 and 15.1% (CK), 30.3 and 24% (LS), 26.4 and 55.4% (MS), respectively, and 34.5% (HS) for LYP9 compared with those that received no 1-MCP treatment. However, LYP9 displayed a better tolerance than NPBA. The results revealed that 1-MCP could be employed to modulate physiology, biochemical, and antioxidant activities in rice plants, at different levels of salt stress, as a salt stress remedy.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN COMPLETION FLUID GARAM BERAT NITRAT SEBAGAI HOLE CLEANING DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP ZAT ADITIF

Completion fluid is a fluid used in conducting operational completion, where the fluid used must be based on consideration of the formation characteristics for a particular well. Fluid selection is very important if the formation damage will be minimized. good complexion fluids can reduce solid content, absence of clay, solulable acid, dissolve in water and are used for operations such as perforation, cleaning wells and well control. The nitrate salts used are CaNO3 and NaNO3 salts. Agarfluida complexes can function properly, so the fluid must always be controlled for its physical properties, which consist of fluid specific gravity, fluid rhology, filter rate, swell meter and pH. The use of compound fluid is adjusted to the conditions of the formation that is being perforated such as formation rock formation conditions, and fluid content contained in the formation. This study will examine the use of fluid complexes from heavy salts of nitrates as hole cleaning and their effect on the additives used. It was concluded that the use of saline-complex fluid heavy with NaNO3 nitrate and its combination with the use of CaCO 3 had the effectiveness to carry out hole cleaning activities with the results of Plastic Viscosity 23 cp, 24 lbs / 100 ft Yield Point, 4.2 ml / 30 'Filtrate, pH 7, 41, and Swellmeter 6%.