Greenhouse Heating Research Articles

Modeling and parametric analysis of a new combined geothermal plant with hydrogen generation and compression for multigeneration

Geothermal energy is a promising solution to provide multiple outputs at different temperatures and under different conditions. In this current work, a geothermally powered multigeneration cycle is planned, suggested and studied including a Kalina cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, a thermoelectric generators, a double effect absorption refrigeration system, a dryer, a domestic water heater, a multi-effect desalination processes, a greenhouse, and hydrogen production and storage units. The main objective of this study is to generate power, cooling, heating, hot water, drying, greenhouse heating, hydrogen, oxygen, and freshwater in an environmentally harmless approach. An elaborated thermodynamic analysis of the developed research is calculated by energy and exergy efficiency methods. Furthermore, the parametric modeling is employed to calculate the effect of significant variables on the examined study and subsystems' efficiency. Looking the analysis's findings reveal that the evaluated model's net power generation rate is approximately 298 kW. Additionally, the cooling and heating rates of this integrated combined plant are 1169 kW and 1783 kW, respectively. Moreover, the examined plant produces 0.000392 kg/s of hydrogen and 2.77 kg/s of freshwater. Finally, the examined cycle energy and exergy performance is computed as 0.4248 and 0.3826, respectively.

The impact of clustering strategies to site integrated community energy and harvesting systems on electrical demand and regional GHG reductions

The current work examines the Integrated Community Energy and Harvesting system (ICE-Harvest), an integration of thermal and electrical distributed energy resources. The system prioritizes the harvesting of community waste energy resources—for example, residual heat rejected from cooling processes and peak electricity fossil-fuel fired generators, as well as energy from curtailed clean grid electricity resources—to help in satisfying the heating demands of commercial and residential buildings. As such, ICE-Harvest systems provide a solution that can minimize greenhouse gas emissions from high-energy-consumption buildings in cold-climate regions such as North America and Northern Europe. The current work focuses on where to locate these systems and introduces different clustering methods for integrated energy systems that focus on thermal load diversity among buildings in each cluster. In the first technique, buildings with the highest amount of rejected heat from their cooling systems (anchor buildings) are clustered with nearby high heating demands buildings to create a large opportunity for harvesting wasted energy however, buildings not located close to anchor buildings are clustered using density-based clustering methods. The energy harvesting capabilities of this technique are compared to those provided by full DB clustering without specifying the anchor buildings, as well as to full density-based clustering with a post-processing step in which the nearest anchor building is added to each cluster. The selected clustering method also demonstrates the grid level potential of the ICE-Harvest systems to impact greenhouse gas emissions, heating, and electricity consumption by presenting a reduced model for the ICE-Harvest system that can be applied to any number of clusters on a municipal or provincial/state scale. Specifically, the model is applied to a database of 14,832 high-energy-consumption buildings with the potential for forming 1,139 clusters in the province of Ontario, Canada. The results of this case study reveal that density-based clustering with post processing resulted in the largest emission reduction per unit piping network length of 360 t CO2eq /km/year. In addition, the use of ICE-Harvest systems can displace the energy required from the gas-fired heating resources by 11 TWh, accounting for over 70% of the clusters’ total heating requirements. This results in a 1.9 Mt CO2eq reduction in overall sites’ emissions, which represents around 60% of the clusters’ emissions.

Structural design method, validation, and performance analysis of an earth-air heat exchanger for greenhouses

An earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) is a type of environmental regulation equipment that is suitable for greenhouses. In the future, it could be a green technique for greenhouse energy supplementation. However, EAHEs lack structural design methods for application in greenhouses. Consequently, this paper presents a structural design method for an EAHE based on the architectural characteristics of greenhouses. Firstly, the EAHE design heat exchange amount was calculated according to the greenhouse heat and cold load, then the pipe length, diameter, air velocity, and burial depth were determined by combining the heat transfer efficiency and number of transfer units (NTU), and finally the final parameters were optimized and selected according to the energy loss and construction cost. The design method was validated in a greenhouse in northern China, and the heat transfer performance was analyzed in both intermittent and continuous operation modes. The results showed that the novel structural design method could guide the application of EAHE in a greenhouse and satisfy the energy demand of greenhouses. The measured average greenhouse temperature at night increased by 1.57 °C and 1.11 °C, respectively, under intermittent operation and continuous operation and decreased by 1.19 °C and 1.32 °C, respectively, during the day. The EAHE performance coefficients for heating and cooling conditions under intermittent operation were 21.49 and 18.15, respectively, significantly higher than those for continuous operation.

Energy and economic analysis for the selection of optimal greenhouse design: A case study of the six Morocco’s climatic zones

Early in the greenhouses' development, energy optimization must be taken into account. Without a doubt, the greenhouse's design and location affect the amount of energy it requires for heating and cooling. As a result, for a particular type of cultivation and under a specific set of environment conditions, the design of the greenhouse should be chosen to preserve its best possible microclimate conditions. The purpose of this study is to assess various greenhouse designs (shape, envelope material and orientation) in order to choose the most appropriate one for each Morocco’s climatic zone. For that, different shape/ envelope material combinations are considered, namely nine shapes (uneven span, single slop, standard even span, modified IARI, mansard roof, quonset, gothic arch, modified quonset, and modified gothic arch) and four materials (low-density polyethylene, bubbled polyethylene, ethylenevinyl acetate and glass). After the selection of the suitable combination, four orientations were investigated, namely 0°, 90°, 45° and −45° (longer axis vs North-South axis). Further improvements have been made to the greenhouse's energy efficiency by utilizing natural controlled ventilation to reduce the requirement for cooling, and nocturnal thermal insulation that operates during the heating season period. Different parameters are considered to determine the potential for energy savings and to choose the more adequate design in each climatic zone: the greenhouse heating and cooling thermal loads, the incident solar radiation on the greenhouse floor, depending on the considered plant needs, and the yearly air-conditioning cost.

Environmental Analysis, Monitoring, and Process Control Strategy for Reduction of Greenhouse Gaseous Emissions in Thermochemical Reactions

This review paper illustrates the recommended monitoring technologies for the detection of various greenhouse gaseous emissions for solid waste thermochemical reactions, including incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. The illustrated gas analyzers are based on the absorption principle, which continuously measures the physicochemical properties of gaseous mixtures, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, during thermochemical reactions. This paper illustrates the recommended gas analyzers and process control tools for different thermochemical reactions and aims to recommend equipment to increase the sensitivity, linearity, and dynamics of various thermochemical reactions. The equipment achieves new levels of on-location, real-time analytical capability using FTIR analysis. The environmental assessment study includes inventory analysis, impact analysis, and sensitivity analysis to compare the mentioned solid waste chemical recycling methods in terms of greenhouse gaseous emissions, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, and sensitivity analysis. The environmental impact assessment compares each technology in terms of greenhouse gaseous emissions, including CO2, NOx, NH3, N2O, CO, CH4, heat, and electricity generation. The conducted environmental assessment compares the mentioned technologies through 15 different emission-related impact categories, including climate change impact, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion. The continuously monitored process streams assure the online monitoring of gaseous products of thermochemical processes that enhance the quality of the end products and reduce undesired products, such as tar and char. This state-of-the-art monitoring and process control framework provides recommended analytical equipment and monitoring tools for different thermochemical reactions to optimize process parameters and reduce greenhouse gaseous emissions and undesired products.

Microcontroller based logic control system for automated novel paddy straw bale combustor technology applied to greenhouse heating

Microcontroller based logic control system for automated novel paddy straw bale combustor technology applied to greenhouse heating

Microcontroller based logic control system for automated novel paddy straw bale combustor technology applied to greenhouse heating

Automation of paddy straw bale combustor technology was achieved by designing a microcontroller based logic control system for controlling bale feeding, ensuring complete combustion of paddy straw bale and cleaning of the grate by removing bottom ash. The system generates flue gas at 350 °C to maintain greenhouse air temperature 10 °C higher (for 24 h continuous operation) than ambient air during winter months for Ludhiana climate (30.56 °N), India. The microcontroller controls the automatic opening of the furnace door, conveyor speed for forward bale speed by motorized operation of chain and sprocket mechanism attached to the door, door closing and opening for specified time, grate shaker with comber driven by 0.5 hp motor actuated by microcontroller and operated by a worm gear.A microcontroller controlled panel was designed with six preset values of small amount of fuel delivery by each injector onto the bale for complete combustion. The resonant circuit was provided with the help of a crystal, X1 10 Mhz and C4, C5 capacitors to get accurate timing calculations in each operation in milliseconds as used in the circuit. The compatible microcontroller used for the purpose was AT89C2051 as it matched with the desired operational parameters at low cost. It was observed that the developed microcontroller based logic control system could achieve the desired operations of bale feeding, fuel injection and grate cleaning at >98% efficiency.

Advances in the modeling of the Iberian thermal lithosphere and perspectives on deep geothermal studies

Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs.

Optimization of a salt gradient solar pond for air heating application

In this study, it is demonstrated that when a solar pond is used for an air heating application like crop drying, domestic space heating, greenhouse heating etc., it is important to account for pumping power in the calculations. When air is the working fluid, the magnitudes of extraction and pumping power are comparable. Therefore, a new parameter is defined in context of solar ponds used for air heating, namely, effective power (defined as power extracted minus pumping power). At first, using a steady-state analysis, a closed form solution is derived for extraction power. The pertinent expression for pumping power is taken from the literature. Thus, an analytical expression for effective power is obtained and thereafter, an optimization analysis has been carried with the objective of maximizing this effective power. The analysis is used to calculate optimum values of air mass flow rate and pond’s non-convective zone thickness at which maximum effective power is registered. The corresponding maximum effective power and the associated air outlet temperature are also calculated. This work thus is believed to prove useful for designing of solar ponds that are used for air heating applications in a manner to ensure maximal system performance.

Energy Modeling and Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Greenhouses for Tomato Cultivation Utilizing the Waste Heat of Cryptocurrency Miners

Greenhouses extend growing seasons in upper latitudes to provide fresh, healthy food. Costs associated with carbon-emission-intensive natural gas heating, however, limit greenhouse applications and scaling. One approach to reducing greenhouse heating costs is electrification by using waste heat from cryptocurrency miners. To probe this potential, a new quasi-steady state thermal model is developed to simulate the thermal interaction between a greenhouse and the environment, thereby estimating the heating and cooling demands of the greenhouse. A cryptocurrency mining system was experimentally evaluated for heating potential. Using these experimental values, the new thermal model was applied to the waste heat of the three cryptocurrency mining systems (1, 50, and 408 miners) for optimally sized greenhouses in six locations in Canada and the U.S.: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, California, Texas, and New York. A comprehensive parametric study was then used to analyze the effect of various parameters (air exchange rate, planting area, lighting allowance factor, and photoperiod) on the thermal demands and optimal sizing of greenhouses. Using waste heat from cryptocurrency mining was found to be economically profitable to offset natural gas heating depending on the utility rates and Bitcoin value in a wide range of scenarios.

Optimal design and operation of solar energy system with heat storage for agricultural greenhouse heating

A significant challenge of agricultural greenhouses is their high energy demand which is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels resulting in climate change impacts. In this paper, a joint design-operation linear optimization framework for a solar energy system with heat storage is developed to fulfill the agricultural greenhouse heating load. The energy system consists of solar collector, backup boiler, and short-long term heat storages. The developed framework is applied to reach minimum-cost solution. Then, the effects of emission reduction policies, greenhouse cultivation scheduling, natural gas price, and investment cost scenarios are investigated. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization is performed in terms of minimizing CO2 emissions and total annual cost using epsilon-constraint method. The optimal energy system due to the minimum-cost solution includes a 1065 m2 solar collector and a 1265 kW boiler in combination with 967 kWh and 25 MWh short-term and long-term heat storages, respectively. The 30 % carbon reduction policy results in a 70.5 % increase in solar collector area. The selected optimal solution of the Pareto front, which is the closest solution to the ideal point, has 35.3 % more annual cost and 89.5 % less CO2 emissions compared to the minimum-cost solution.

Stabilization of the temperature in a greenhouse using a Geothermal-Battery-Energy-Storage (GBES) system

Solar and geothermal energies have been widely used for heating greenhouses over the past decades. However, the solar energy was not available at night and the geothermal energy was often supplied at high capital costs. To improve the cost-effectiveness, we propose a novel Geothermal-Battery-Energy-Storage (GBES) system which uses solar heat storage with geothermal energy for heating a greenhouse. Three operating modes of the system were tested. In Mode A, the GBES-based greenhouse has a temperature of 3.7°C higher than a conventional greenhouse. By covering a double-layer membrane for the greenhouse, in Mode B, its temperature is even 6.6°C higher than that in Mode A, because the insulation of the system prevents heat loss effectively. When further heating the system in an intermittent manner, Mode C maintains the same energy efficiency as Mode B, but saving the input energy by 40%. Moreover, the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the GBES system can reach up to 5.9, which is 1.6 times higher than a conventional geothermal greenhouse, and at a remarkably low capital and operating cost. The GBES system shows the promise in stabilizing the temperature of a greenhouse at a low cost.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF A MULTI-PIPE ARRAY HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM USING PHASE-CHANGE MATERIALS FOR SOLAR GREENHOUSE HEATING

To simplify the structure of accumulator and enhance the utilization of phase-change materials (PCM), this paper presents the development, experimental investigation, and life-cycle cost of a novel phase-change heat storage system with multi-pipe array type for greenhouse heating. The platforms of single accumulator performance evaluation and multi-pipe array storage system performance evaluation were established in the paper, and the life-cycle cost analysis was also studied in contrast to the PCM wallboard storage system and coal-fired heating system. It was found from the experimental investigation that the blackened coating treatment of PVC pipe could improve the thermal storage capacity by 66.7% compared to the original surface after 6 h of sun exposure. The preferred package size in multi-pipe array system was 75 mm in diameter under an illumination time of 6 h and long-lasting heat release (> 10 h), which not only guaranteed higher thermal storage capacity and transformation ratio but also maintained long-term heat discharge. The PCM loading capacity of 1560 kg can raise the night temperature by 1.6°C in the multi-pipe array storage system performance evaluation experiments under ambient temperature range of -18°C-+5&#176C. Due to its cost-effectiveness in terms of both system operation and initial investment, the life-cycle costs of the multi-pipe array system were USD1606, which was only 63.2 and 31.3% that of the wallboard system and coal-fired heater, respectively.

Структурно-логічна схема автоматичної системи управління замкнутою системою опалення та вентиляції теплиць

In the process of designing an automatic control system for a closed system of heating and ventilation of greenhouses with air regeneration, a structural and logical control scheme was substantiated and developed, which provides control of technological parameters (temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, lighting. The structural-logical scheme was created on the basis of the technological map of the cultivation of common oyster mushrooms taking into account changes in temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration and illumination as a function of time. As a result of the study, controlled quantities, control actions, controlled disturbing actions and uncontrolled disturbing actions were determined. The parameters and modes of operation of the device for automatic control of the closed ventilation system are substantiated. The proposed control algorithm must have memory. During the entire technological cycle, the device must remember the values of temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration and lighting in each room and others. According to the type of memory used, the device will be synchronous, as the parameters of the automatic control device (APU) will change at the moment of arrival of synchronizing pulses. Due to the fact that some transient processes are not stable and have an oscillatory character, with the exception of illumination in our case, it is necessary to introduce a delay into the control algorithm for the response of the system to the duration of pulses. All devices and executive devices work on electricity. Conclusions: 1. It was established that from the point of view of automatic control of the temperature of the substrate and air, the system "cultivation room – greenhouse" with a water heating system is a two-volume object. 2. The structural and logical control scheme of the closed heating and ventilation system, which provides for the control of technological parameters (temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, illumination) in the system, is substantiated and developed.

Carbon Sequestration Model Considering Forest Growth Cycle

According to the World Meteorological Organization, “record” greenhouse gas concentrations and heat accumulation have pushed the planet into uncharted territory, driving global warming. We need to figure out how to mitigate global warming by maximizing the overall benefits of forests based on the optimal deforestation period. This provides a basis for decision-making for forest managers. At the micro level, we only consider the carbon sequestration capacity of individual trees. AHP was used to determine the more important influencing factors. The S-curve model was fitted by single-factor and multi-factor analysis to obtain the carbon sequestration saturation point. It should be cut down at the saturation point of carbon sequestration. At the macro level, we consider the carbon sequestration capacity of forests. Therefore, from the economics perspective, we construct a carbon sequestration benefit model based on the optimal rotation period and deduce the optimal and maximum carbon sequestration benefits.

Collaborative Optimization of PV Greenhouses and Clean Energy Systems in Rural Areas

As an important infrastructure supporting rural development, an integrated energy system plays an irreplaceable role in China's rural revitalization strategy. The deployment of rural energy projects is an effective way for rural areas to achieve double carbon goals and accelerate agricultural modernization. Based on the actual rural energy systems in northern China, this paper takes the rural energy system with photovoltaic greenhouses as the research object. Both the agrometeorological and energy meteorological models are established considering the meteorological sensitivity of agricultural production and photovoltaic generation. We propose a novel method for optimizing the collaboration between photovoltaic greenhouse load control and rural energy systems. The combined coordination model of agriculture and energy networks is established, and the combined model involves carbon, electrical energy, and thermal energy. Supplemental greenhouse lighting and greenhouse heating consume most of the energy and are finely modeled with focused attention on photosynthesis. Finally, a real-world 47-bus distribution network and three photovoltaic greenhouses in northern China are simulated as an analytical example. The simulation results showed that by using the proposed optimization method, a 3996 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> greenhouse with a 25% photovoltaic coverage ratio can save 15% on energy costs.

Performance study of an active solar water curtain heating system for Chinese solar greenhouse heating in high latitudes regions

Thermal preservation and heat storage performance cannot be fully realized in the traditional design of the Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) north wall. To increase greenhouse thermal efficiency and maximize solar energy utilization, researchers have divided greenhouse into the independent solar heating system as well as the independent north wall heat preservation system. The wall-mounted solar heating system used water as a medium with the characteristics of chemical stability, liquidity preference and high specific heat capacity for heat transport and storage have been developed. To explore and create a better suitable greenhouse thermal environment, we proposed an active solar water curtain heating system with a non-woven fabric liner between the two-layer polyethylene film coated with black water-based paint. The greenhouse heating load was estimated based on energy balance theories during the nighttime and the water mass for heat transfer was calculated. Field tests were carried out to verify theories and investigate the thermal performance of the system. The average heat collection ratio was about 80.1 % and 63 % of the stored heat was released at night with the 3.6 °C improvement in interior air temperature and 6.6 % reduction in interior air relative humidity. The heating COP of the system was 12.5 on average and the energy saving rate was 92 %. Besides, the greenhouse with the solar heating system can save energy consumption cost about 348 USD yr−1 as the cost of solar heating system can be repaid in 1.4 years. The system combined the energy balance method to design with more efficient thermal performance, energy conservation, utilization of solar energy and affordable payback period thereby creating a suitable thermal environment in the Chinese solar greenhouse, which is recommended for practical application.

Heat storage and release performance experiment of externally hung phase change solar greenhouse in severe cold regions of Northeast China - Taking Fuxin City as an example

The traditional solar greenhouses in severe cold regions of northeast China have poor heat storage and thermal insulation performance, and the abundant solar energy resources cannot be utilized rationally. Phase change energy storage is considered to be one of the effective ways to cope with this problem. The price, encapsulation leakage and arrangement of PCM are the bottleneck problems restricting its practical application. This paper used the modified calcium chloride hexahydrate-based phase change material as the energy storage medium. A PVC-U tube was used for encapsulation and external hanged on the inner surface of the north wall of the partitioned greenhouse. Based on the 51 days of field comparison test, the comparative greenhouse heat storage and release performance under typical sunny, cloudy and snowy conditions was discussed. Through the experiments, it was found that the externally hung phase change energy storage device increased the effective accumulated temperature by 21.1 %, changing the dynamic heat transfer relationship between the envelope structure and indoor air. It confirmed the feasibility of promoting the externally hung phase change energy storage device in the severe cold region of Northeast China.

A data-driven approach to low-enthalpy shallow geothermal energy extraction: A case study on indoor heating for precision agriculture applications

Shallow geothermal energy systems utilize the upper layers of the ground to provide space heating and cooling, with a relatively high efficiency. The research presented aims to assess the potential harnessing of this source and applying it for indoor conditioning of a precision agriculture facility. An experimental phase was conducted to measure the temperature of the ground at 0.75 m, 1.5 m, 2.25 m, and 3.0 m. Field testing was performed employing two probes; one uncovered and a second insulated with a polyethylene sheet, to evaluate the effect soil water content variations exert over the soil temperature. It was found that, given the high permeability and good drainage of the soil material, water content is not statistically significant, ruling out the presence of microconvective phenomena within the interstices of the undisturbed earth. Based on the temperature profile obtained, achievable heat extraction capacity was computed by modelling a buried pipe system. A parametrization was conducted showing that, of all the involved factors, pipe depth, pitch and their interaction, are the ones that contribute the most to the heat output variability. The computed available heat flow was used to simulate the performance of a geothermal heat pumping system for greenhouse heating based on real operation data, provided by the owners. The results show that, shallower layers of the ground, can provide adequate solutions for immediate thermal needs; a 5-pipe, 100m-length ground loop at 0.75 m, could provide 90% of the total thermal demand, whilst an 11-pipe, 200m-length loop, at 1.5 m depth, reaches 84% of the same demand, with a variability reduction in availability of 10% to 20% depending on the severity of surface conditions. However, for deeper layers, i.e., 2.25 m and 3.0 m, respective maximum heat output amounts to 43% and 49% of the total thermal demand. Nonetheless, these configurations yield the most stable and constant heat flow of the lot, making them particularly suitable for preheating/subcooling processes or even long-term thermal storage. Despite not fulfilling the total thermal demand of the greenhouse, these setups are more than capable of providing support to on-site conditioning devices; requiring a lower upkeep and yielding a higher efficiency, which would reduce overall production costs. Furthermore, from the conducted data analysis, it was found that controlling the agronomic values, associated to indoor agriculture, facilitates the physical aspect of greenhouse energy management, paving the way to more optimized thermal solutions, tailored to different sets of operation conditions.

Meeting the electricity demand for the heating of greenhouses with hydrogen: Solar photovoltaic-hydrogen-heat pump system application in Turkey

Providing the heating system with coal in greenhouses causes harmful results in terms of carbon emissions. In this study, analyzes were performed to meet the electrical energy required for the heating system with a heat pump from a solar photovoltaic-hydrogen system. For floor area 25000 m2 where greenhouses the required energy is obtained directly from hydrogen without using a heat pump 3000 m2 solar panel area required. The use of a heat pump reduces energy needs but it is also not feasible for large greenhouses. For convenience, a solar photovoltaic-hydrogen-heat pump system analysis was also made for 1000 m2 floor area greenhouses and it is found that the 24 m2 solar panel area is adequate in terms of meeting energy demand. Using a solar-hydrogen-heat pump system reduces carbon emissions by 86.5 tons per 1000 m2 floor area greenhouse. Considering the hydrogen storage system becomes unfeasible. We normalized the greenhouse floor area to 1 m2 and proposed reference values for hydrogen to be produced in 1 h, storage, and PV area. In addition, an analysis was made for the use of hydrogen energy for greenhouses that do not require a heating system and only work with a water pump.