Heating Element Research Articles

Numerical study on induction heating enhanced methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production

Electromagnetic induction heating technology, characterized by its non-contact thermal heat transfer, diminished thermal inertia, and facile temperature management, is applied in this study to enhance catalytic methanol steam reforming (MSR) reaction process. A two-dimensional reactor model was developed integrating electromagnetic field coupling with MSR reactions, fluid dynamics and heat transfer. In the reactor, heat is induced instantaneously on the magnetic material through an electromagnetic induction process, which generated by renewable electricity. Results showed that the Internal - Double Row Cylinder (IN-DRC, cylinder means that the shape of induction heating element is cylindrical.) highest heating efficiency is 38.3%, which is limited by the kinetics of MSR reaction. Here, thermal efficiency reaches its maximum with the reaction channel outlet temperature reaching about 580 K. Internal - Double Row Cylinder (IN-DRC) and Internal - Double Row Ball (IN-DRB, ball means that the shape of induction heating element is spherical) methanol conversions are virtually identical, with a maximum value close to 100%. Furthermore, the findings that the adoption of internal induced heating, in contrast to external heating, across the four reactor designs can effectively mitigate temperature gradient within the reactors. This reduction in thermal disparity significantly amplifies methanol conversion within the reactor, thereby markedly enhancing its overall performance in hydrogen production.Therefore, non-contact internal induction heating method has the potential for substantially hydrogen production processes.

Optimizing Lasing Parameters for Fabricating an Efficient Flexible Electrothermal Heater Based on Laser-Induced Graphene

This work involved fabrication of an efficient thin film heater from 100 μm thick polyimide (PI) sheet by scribing it using a carbon dioxide lasing machine through optimizing laser power (P), scanning speed (SS), and pulses per inch (PPI). A 15 mm × 15 mm square pattern was designed using CorelDRAW software and scribed in a rastering mode on top of PI with the help of Universal Control Panel (UCP) software of the laser machine. Laser power of 8 %, SS of 4 % and PPI of 1000 were obtained as optimal parameters for producing laser induced graphene (LIG). This LIG exhibited a low sheet resistance of approximately 16.64 Ω/sq and was thermally stable on the PI substrate even after 30 cycles of repeated heating and cooling. The LIG was found to be highly porous with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its structure was crystalline from XRD patterns. FTIR was conducted and showed disappearance of functional groups in PI after treatment with the laser beam. Our developed LIG heater showed great electrothermal performance with maximum temperature of approximately 288.7 °C, rate of temperature rise of 107.06 °Cs-1, and time of 1.85 s to reach 63 % of temperature difference at a low input voltage of 6 V with homogeneous temperature distribution seen in the thermal images taken using FLIR camera. This LIG heating element can be placed in confined spaces because of its flexibility, thinness, and lightness. Additionally, its efficient joule heating effect attracts many applications such as seat warmers, anti-fogging equipment, food shelf displays, etc.

Critical current density of high-temperature superconducting ceramics BSCCO Bi-2223

In the paper the results of the study on the synthesis of high-temperature superconducting ceramics of nomi- nal composition Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy by various methods were presented based on amorphous phases using glass-ceramic technology and solid-phase method. For comparison, amorphous phases were obtained in two ways. In the first case, a heating furnace of a special design was developed to obtain an amorphous phase, which provides melting without using a crucible. The heating of the initial samples for melting is carried out due to the combined effect of the convection heat flux and the radiation of heating elements, which consists of the IR region of the spectrum at a melting temperature in the spectral range of 1300–1350 nm. In the se- cond case, melting is carried out under the influence of broadband optical radiation, including UV, visible and IR spectral regions. The production of glassy precursors is carried out by draining the melt onto a quenching device in the form of a propeller made of stainless steel. Studies of the formation rate of the superconducting high-temperature phase Bi-2223 were carried out in the same temperature conditions at 848–850 °C with in- termediate grinding every 24 hours and the study of the phase composition by X-ray diffraction method. Studies showed that the glass phase-based method ensures the completeness of the formation of the high- temperature phase Bi-2223 and the rate of its formation is significantly higher than by the solid-phase method (2.5–3 times). Studies of the critical density of the transport current have shown that the current value is 7.05×103 mA/cm2, (measured by the criterion of 1 µV/cm), which is significantly higher compared to other methods.

Continuous process design of the microwave chemical recycling of waste plastics using microwave-absorbing heating elements

Conventional pyrolysis methods to chemically recycle plastic waste require significant energy input owing to inefficient energy transfer from the heat sources to plastics and the generation of excess CO2. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop alternative methods for the chemical recycling of waste plastics to limit global warming. In this study, the use of microwaves (MWs) as an efficient energy source for pyrolysis and chemical recycling. However, because plastic is transparent to MW energy, a method that utilizes carbon materials as MW-absorbing heating elements (MWAHEs) was developed. This method directly converted high-density polyethylene (HDPE) into light chemicals in up to 94% yield with 45% ethylene selectivity. A two-stage pyrolysis system incorporating MWAHE-assisted MW pyrolysis was also developed to produce light chemicals in 95% yield with 49% ethylene selectivity. From a chemical engineering perspective, this two-step pyrolysis system is an efficient and feasible method for producing valuable light olefins. This study also demonstrates that MWAHE assisted MW pyrolysis is effective for the chemical recycling of plastic waste. This study offers potential solutions for the environmental problems posed by plastic waste by developing efficient and scalable methods for its chemical recycling.

Research on Electric Heating Green Snow Melting and Anti-icing Technology for Tunnel, Bridge, and Culvert Entrances

This paper addresses the issue of electric heating snow melting at tunnel, bridge, and culvert entrances. It explores a novel carpet-style electric heating snow melting and anti-icing system for these areas. The study analyzes the shortcomings of existing electric heating snow melting methods and proposes effective measures for improvement. To accurately assess the characteristics of current snow melting techniques, the research considers the damage caused by traditional snow melting methods to road structures and subsequent maintenance issues, while emphasizing energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. The snow melting process was simulated using Star-CCM+. The results show that the new carpet-style electric heating elements significantly improve snow melting efficiency. Preheating the road surface before snow accumulation greatly reduces snow retention time, enabling timely snow and ice removal. Typically, electric heating elements in snow melting systems are installed beneath the road surface at tunnel entrances. After installation, to protect the elements and ensure smoothness, a layer of cement or another suitable material is poured over them. However, these heating elements require regular inspection or replacement, which necessitates breaking up the road surface, increasing maintenance costs, and disrupting normal traffic operations. This study overcomes these challenges by providing significant convenience for installation and maintenance work, reducing costs, and minimizing the impact on traffic operations.

Magnetic-Nanorod-Mediated Nanowarming with Uniform and Rate-Regulated Heating.

Rewarming cryopreserved samples requires fast heating to avoid devitrification, a challenge previously attempted by magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia. Here, we introduce Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods as the heating elements to manipulate the heating profile to ensure safe rewarming and address the issue of uneven heating due to inhomogeneous particle distribution. The magnetic anisotropy of the nanorods allows their prealignment in the cryoprotective agent (CPA) during cooling and promotes subsequent rapid rewarming in an alternating magnetic field with the same orientation to prevent devitrification. More importantly, applying an orthogonal static magnetic field at a later stage could decelerate heating, effectively mitigating local overheating and reducing CPA toxicity. Furthermore, this orientational configuration offers more substantial heating deceleration in areas of initially higher heating rates, therefore reducing temperature variations across the sample. The efficacy of this method in regulating heating rate and improving rewarming uniformity has been validated using both gel and porcine artery models.

Real-scale experiments of resistive heating laminate composite panels for radiant heating in railway vehicles

Railways, as one of the representative mass transit systems, are vulnerable to highly contagious respiratory diseases due to their operation in densely populated environments. Notably, the current convective heating system creates an environment susceptible to virus transmission within railway vehicles. To improve this situation, there have been attempts to introduce radiant heating systems to reduce the risk of virus transmission and create a comfortable indoor environment. Previous studies focused on developing radiant heating composite material for railway vehicles by incorporating a carbon fiber heating element within a glass fiber composite to enable heat generation through joule heating. However, this development was limited to the specimen level. In contrast, this study aims to demonstrate their applicability and performance for actual railway vehicle parts at the component level. Specifically, resin flow and manufacturability were analyzed to assess applicability to railway vehicles. Additionally, heating performance and heat flow characteristics were evaluated to determine heating effects. Based on these results, it is anticipated that the application of multifunctional composite materials in the railway industry will improve the vulnerability to winter viruses and indoor environments and expand the utilization of multifunctional composite materials in various fields.

Determining the absolute number density of a thermal vapor via photon correlations

We propose a technique to determine the absolute number density N of an alkali-metal vapor confined within a nanocell. This method is based on near-resonant driving of the vapor's constituent atoms and determining the mean interparticle distance (or equivalently the temperature) from the power spectrum associated with the offset photon intensity-intensity correlation function g(2)(τ)−1. In our investigation, we treat the atoms as an average of interacting and radiating dipole pairs randomly positioned within the nanocell. We observe that the power spectrum of the emitted light has a central dip for interparticle distances corresponding to ∼λ/5 and that this result is robust to variations in the driving Rabi frequency and the average detuning. With our proposed method, we can overcome the limitations in defining the absolute number density N, which is currently typically deduced from the temperature of heating elements applied externally to the cell. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Experimental study on temperature distribution of double-layer solid cylinder under local heating source

Abstract Heating equipment is widely used in production and life, the transient temperature of the heated object reflects the effect of heating equipment, but also an important basis for the design of heating equipment. In the internal temperature measurement of micro heating equipment, some of the temperature measurement instruments are large in size, which makes it difficult to realize precision measurement, and the use of infrared measurement, laser temperature measurement and other methods cannot be used to accurately measure the temperature of the internal points of the material without destroying the material and equipment at the same time. In this study, based on the thermocouple temperature measurement technology and considering the problem of fragility and breakage caused by the small diameter of very fine thermocouple wires, a multi-point temperature synchronization measurement platform is constructed to realize the precise measurement of the temperature at multiple points inside the micro-heating element. Transient temperatures were measured at different locations of a water-containing porous medium inside a 15 mm long heating element under static heating and dynamic suction conditions in the case study. The results show that moisture and suction have a significant effect on the temperature inside the porous media layer. During the suction process, the temperature drop near the suction opening was larger, and the temperature drop near the wall was about 47% of the temperature drop inside. This study is a guide to the design of heating structures for vacuum drying equipment, electrically heated atomization systems and other micro-miniature heating equipment.

Influence of heating elements layout on temperature uniformity in a large size heat treatment furnace

Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were used to optimize heating elements placement on the walls of a large size electrical heat treatment furnace in order to reduce temperature gradients within the furnace and uneven temperatures on different faces of the blocks which could result in variabilities in final mechanical properties. Initial evaluations of different layouts highlighted the effectiveness of equipping two side walls. Subsequently, an optimal percentage of side wall coverage was identified through simulations and multi-objective evolutionary optimization. Genetic and pareto search algorithms yielded 10 % and 14.2 % as optimum values, respectively. Implementing an optimal coverage demonstrated significant reductions in surface temperature non-uniformity, surface-to-center temperature differential, and temperature differences between loaded blocks. These improvements suggest a potential for enhanced uniformity in mechanical properties across a batch of products. This approach presents a promising strategy for obtaining consistent and efficient heat treatment cycles in industrial heat treatment furnaces resulting in energy saving and improved product quality.

해양 사고 안전을 위한 면상발열체 기반의 위치추적 복합기를 구비한 융합 웨어러블슈트 구현 - 저체온과 저온 화상 방지를 위한 융합 웨어러블 슈트

This study aims to develop an amphibious wearable suit that combines a carbon nano heating fabric and a location tracking device for the prevention and safety of the human body's hypothermia in case of marine accidents. To prevent hypothermia, we develop a fusion wearable suit based on design production technology according to the far-infrared emission of planar heating elements, safety through far-infrared emission and strain experiments, and RF communication necessary for location tracking in the ocean. In particular, it uses a waterproof integrated battery and connection cable that can be charged by USB and enables location tracking of complex transmitters around the world using mobile SOS maps. Marine accidents often lead to death due to extreme hypothermia, and suits caused by conventional heating wires have complained of skin damage due to low-temperature burns on the skin. Overcoming this problem, we manufacture a fusion wearable suit that can expand the market to athleisure outdoor clothing through the development of Stylish & Trendy designs. Existing heating wires secure far-infrared effects and antibacterial properties by manufacturing planar heating elements woven with nanocarbon components. These nanocarbon planar heating elements are effective in preventing low and low-temperature burns. In addition, general-purpose low-current batteries and waterproof connection cables are used to provide convenience to users, and weight reduction and usage time are expanded. In particular, the marine area of Korea is 4.4 times that of the land change, and it is very difficult for a small number of maritime police to control a wide area. In the event of a marine accident, the cost and economic loss of the patrol boat, helicopter, Coast Guard personnel, and attached infrastructure to the accident point are very large. Therefore, for accurate location tracking, we propose a complex receiver module capable of RF communication and satellite communication. Recently, the Coast Guard has installed a large number of receiving repeaters to enable the social safety net linkage service to the Mobile SOS Map. As marine leisure activities and sports activities expand, marine accidents are also expanding. After the accident, the death accident due to hypothermia could be experienced through the overturning of the Japanese Hugaido tourist ship. It is very important to secure the safety of accidents and divers before and after accidents. The results of this study can secure a social safety consensus by supporting survivors and solving the life support problem of divers. In particular, by fusing RF communication and satellite communication complex receivers for location tracking functions, police patrol ships, divers mobilization, and multiple units' costs are reduced when an accident is dispatched, and accurate location tracking is possible. Therefore, it is possible to transmit compatible RFs and secure GPS functions through a number of RF transceiver conversion rescue equipment installed in the Navy and Coast Guard (instrumental ships and safety relief ships) on an area 4.4 times the land, and to suppress deaths due to hypothermia during Golden Time. In addition, accidents caused by the spread of leisure sports activities can be minimized through linkage with the Mobile SOS social safety net.

Evaluation of Heating Pad using Electrical Heating Element for Flexitank Transportation Application

Liquid transportation is accomplished in various ways, including the use of tankers and containers. Recently, most liquid shipments have utilized Flexitank as liquid containers, where steam heating is employed to melt frozen cargo liquids. However, due to limitations and disadvantages associated with steam-type heating pads, particularly in terms of the time taken to melt the liquid, researchers are exploring alternative methods for heating liquid within the Flexitank. This project aims to investigate the possibility of implementing electrical heating pads as an option for liquid heating in liquid transportation. Various types of electrical heating pads have been studied to explore their characteristics and operational capabilities. Experimental testing has been conducted on several electrical heating pads to compare their characteristics, especially in terms of the desired temperature requirement for specific liquid temperatures, as well as current consumption for each heating pad. This study will assist in determining the best option for implementing electrical heating pads in Flexitank. The results show a promising future for electrical heating pads in Flexitank, but further study is required to examine various heating pad arrangements in actual implementation.

CFRP surface ply-centric electrified spatiotemporal self-heating for anti-icing/de-icing

With the widespread application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) in engineering, the characteristics of uniformly carbon fiber (CF) orientation within a single-ply and laminated structure have inspired us to develop high-efficiency, low-consumption, manufacture-friendly, and non-destructive anti-icing/de-icing methods. Here, we propose a CFRP surface ply-centric electrified spatiotemporal self-heating (STSH) approach, which utilizes CFs in the surface ply as natural heating elements to achieve in-situ adaptable electrothermal anti-icing/de-icing. By adjusting the current waveform, the temporal heating profile can flexibly switch between a consistently stable temperature and periodically high peak temperatures, meeting the different heating characteristics required for anti-icing and de-icing, respectively. Simultaneously, the entangled CFs branch current, generating a spatial temperature gradient that enhances the design flexibility of temperature distribution. This enables energy concentration in icing-prone areas while maintaining a baseline temperature in less susceptible areas, thus reducing energy waste by up to 20%. Overall, this STSH approach is simple, efficient, and holds significant application potential, offering an innovative and feasible solution to long-standing challenges associated with anti-icing/de-icing.

An Innovative Heating Solution for Sustainable Agriculture: A Feasibility Study on the Integration of Phase Change Materials as Passive Heating Elements

In this study, we investigate an innovative option for the ecological management of agricultural land. The focus is on the use of phase change materials (PCMs) for passive temperature regulation in greenhouses and fruit crop fields in order to reduce yield losses due to unforeseen late frost events. The use of PCMs represents a novel approach to enhancing crop growth and extending growing seasons without relying on conventional energy-intensive methods, providing a stable microclimate that can protect plants from cold stress. This passive regulation of temperature helps to reduce the need for fossil fuel-based heating systems, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and operational costs. The application of PCMs in agricultural settings is particularly innovative as it leverages naturally occurring temperature variations to create a self-sustaining, low-maintenance solution that aligns with the principles of sustainable farming. This approach not only improves energy efficiency but also contributes to the resilience of agricultural practices in the face of climate variability. This study focuses on the possible use of PCMs in passive heating modules for the protection of potted plants in greenhouses. Various PCMs such as paraffin, beeswax, and shea butter were tested. Experiments were then conducted, using one kind of paraffin-based PCM, in a specially designed module. In addition, an FEM simulation model (CFD) was built and tested. The model was used to perform detailed analyses of the heat transfer efficiency, fluid dynamics, and overall performance of the modules. The model can also be used for optimization purposes (e.g., efficiency improvements).

Colorimetric detection of serum creatinine on a miniaturized platform using hue-saturation-value space analysis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition with considerable health and economic impacts globally. However, existing methodologies for serum creatinine assessment often involve prolonged wait times and sophisticated equipment, such as spectrometers, hindering real-time diagnosis and care. Innovative solutions like point-of-care (POC) devices are emerging to address these challenges. In this context, there is a recognized need for remote, regular, automated, and low-cost analysis of serum creatinine levels, given its role as a critical parameter for CKD diagnosis and management. This study introduces a miniaturized system with integrated heater elements designed for precise serum creatinine measurement. The system operates based on the Jaffe method and accurate serum creatinine measurement within a microreservoir chip. Smartphone-based image processing using the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color space was applied to captured images of microreservoirs. The creatinine analyses were conducted in serum with a limit of detection of ~ 0.4 mg/dL and limit of quantification of ~ 1.3 mg/dL. Smartphone-based image processing employing the HSV color space outperformed spectrometric analysis for creatinine measurement conducted in serum. This pioneering technology and smartphone-based processing offer the potential for decentralized renal function testing, which could significantly contribute to improved patient care. The miniaturized system offers a low-cost alternative ($87 per device), potentially reducing healthcare expenditures (~ $0.5 per test) associated with CKD diagnosis and management. This innovation could greatly improve access to diagnosis and monitoring of CKD, especially in regions where access to sophisticated laboratory equipment is limited.

Low-cost heat assisted ambient ionization source for mass spectrometry in food and pharmaceutical screening.

Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry (AI-MS) techniques have revolutionized analytical chemistry by enabling rapid analysis of samples under atmospheric conditions with minimal to no preparation. In this study, the optimization of a cold atmospheric plasma for the analysis of food and pharmaceutical samples, liquid and solid, using a Heat-Assisted Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization (HA-DBDI) source is described. A significant enhancement in analyte signals was observed when a heating element was introduced into the design, potentially allowing for greater sensitivity. Furthermore, the synergy between the inlet temperature of the mass spectrometer and the heating element allows for precise control over the analytical process, leading to improved detection sensitivity and selectivity. Incorporating computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations into the study elucidated how heating modifications can influence gas transport properties, thereby facilitating enhanced analyte detection and increased signal intensity. These findings advance the understanding of HA-DBDI technology and provide valuable insights for optimizing AI-MS methodologies for a wide range of applications in food and pharmaceutical analysis.

Performing a physiologically relevant test for cladribine tablets

Introduction. The introduction of devices – analogues of GIS (hereinafter–- Gastro-intestinal simulator) is one of the current ways to develop in-vitro assessment of the quality of solid dosage forms. Testing on a physiologically relevant test device (hereinafter referred to as PRT) makes it possible to predict pharmacokinetic profiles due to more relevant conditions, including the use of biorelevant dissolution media, physiological volumes of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as transit between them.Aim. Conduct a study of cladribine tablets on a physiologically relevant tester in order to predict the behavior of the drug in the human gastrointestinal tract.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are "Mavenclad®, tablets, 10 mg" (series 2200754, expiration date until 04.2025, NERPHARMA, S.r.L., Italy) and "Cladribine, tablets, 10 mg" of domestic production with valid expiration date. During the study, the reagents necessary for the preparation of biorelevant dissolution media and quantitative determination by HPLC. Physiologically relevant test were carried out using an apparatus of our own production, consisting of a DT-6 dissolution tester (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany), a water bath equipped with a Thermomix WB-4 heating element (B. Braun, Germany), and peristaltic pumps (Kamoer, China). The quantitative content of released cladribine was assessed using a highly efficient liquid chromatograph "Khromatek-Kristall HPLC 2014" (ZAO SKB "Khromatek", Russia) using a validated method at a wavelength of 252 nm, analysis time – 7 min, column – Grace HPLC Column Platinum C18-EPS, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm (Grace, USA), temperature – 35 °C, elution mode – isocratic (A : B 80 : 20), mobile phase A – 0.1 % H3PO4 solution, phase B – acetonitrile.Results and discussion. Profiles were obtained to assess the dynamics and degree of release of the studied drugs in various parts of the human gastrointestinal tract. Despite the expected degradation of cladribine in an acidic environment (pH1.2), under physiologically relevant conditions, the drug reached the third section (small intestine model) without degradation. Complete release of cladribine from the test and reference dosage forms was observed. Also, in the future, based on the data obtained, it is possible to predict pharmacokinetic profiles using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches.Conclusion. A PSF study was conducted for the drugs "Mavenclad®, tablets, 10 mg" and "Cladribine, tablets, 10 mg". Quantitative determination was carried out by HPLC-UV method. The test results showed complete release of both drugs and reaching the intestinal tract, indicating the absence of degradation of cladribine in the region simulating the stomach.

The influence of process parameters and carbon nanotubes on composite material joints

AbstractThrough resistance welding experiments, the effects of process parameters and heating elements (HE) on the welding strength of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) composites were studied. Stainless steel mesh was used as the heating element for welding CF/PA6 composites. The mechanical properties of the weld were tested using a universal testing machine, and the internal structure and fracture of the joint were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal parameters for welding CF/PA6 composites were determined. In addition, the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surface of the metal mesh significantly improved the welding strength, from 14.016 to 16.31 MPa. The experimental results showed that the optimal parameters included 22A current, 0.3 MPa pressure and 35 s welding time, and the optimal specification of the metal mesh heating element was 200 mesh. The burning time of the metal mesh was 10 s, and the optimum pickling time was 30 s.Highlights The matrix of the composite material is nylon 6. Improved the experimental process for growing carbon nanotubes. Explore the influence of burning time on welding effect through detection.

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Specialized Bubbler System for Accurate and Repeatable Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) Testing

Accurate assessment of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) performance demands standardized testing conditions, particularly in stable steam delivery. Fluctuations in steam concentration and flow rate can significantly impact measured open-circuit voltage (OCV) and polarization behavior. Although direct steam injection is straightforward, it is often hindered by instability resulting from intermittent liquid water flux, pressure fluctuations, and fractional distillation effects. Bubbler humidification systems have the potential to offer consistent steam, but tailored designs for SOEC testing are currently absent.This study introduces a specialized bubbler system designed to deliver stable steam to SOEC test stands accommodating both oxygen-conducting (O-SOEC) and proton-conducting (H-SOEC) cells. The bubbler components include a refill water reservoir, a level control module, heating elements, pressure relief valves, check valves, tubing, and fittings integrated with the test stand. The system humidifies the sweep gas, transporting steam to the cell test fixture situated within a high-temperature furnace.The design process involved meticulous considerations of materials compatibility, hydrogen safety, and overtemperature protection. All wetted components employ stainless steel, glass, or PTFE materials in their construction construction. Redundant thermocouples ensure safe process temperatures with automated overtemperature shut off. The refill reservoir and bubbler headspace operate near ambient pressure, facilitated by an exhaust line vent sized for minimal backpressure.In various executed O-SOEC tests, the bubbler maintained OCV stability within ±5 mV over several hundred hours for each cell operating at 750°C, eliminating spikes caused by steam fluctuations observed with direct injection methods. This facilitates precise electrochemical analysis and determination of area-specific resistance losses. Polarization curves align with expected behavior based on the Nernst equation. The system has demonstrated safe and stable functionality for over thousands of hours across various operating conditions.The bubbler design presents researchers with notable advantages over existing steam supply options for SOEC test stands, addressing performance, safety, and flexibility concerns. Online instrumentation enables closed-loop control of steam conditions, enhancing stability. Standardization of test equipment is crucial for quality results, and this work contributes progress toward reproducible protocols in the international SOEC community. The modular bubbler approach, integrated with safety features, also signifies safer methodology choices for lab-scale experimental research.

A Systematic Literature Review on the Composition, Health Impacts, and Regulatory Dynamics of Vaping.

This comprehensive review deals with the multifaceted aspects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), examining their composition, health implications, regulatory challenges, and market dynamics. E-cigarettes, also known as vaping devices, function by warming a solution of liquid containing flavors, nicotine, and various other compounds to produce an aerosol for users to inhale. This review underscores the evolution and widespread adoption of e-cigarettes since their introduction in 2003, highlighting their appeal as alternatives to traditional tobacco smoking. The essential parts of e-cigarettes are the battery, heating element, e-liquid (or e-juice), and mouthpiece. Propylene glycoland vegetable glycerinare common ingredients in e-liquids, along with nicotine and other flavors. Concerns over the health impacts of e-cigarettes have grown, particularly in light of incidents like the e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injuryoutbreak in 2019 linked to vaping-associated lung injuries. Evidence suggests that while e-cigarettes may pose fewer risks than conventional cigarettes, they are not without health consequences, including potential respiratory and cardiovascular effects. Regulatory efforts worldwide have struggled to keep pace with the rapid evolution of e-cigarettes, exacerbated by their diverse flavors and marketing strategies that appeal to youth. The review discusses global regulatory responses, including bans and restrictions, to curb youth uptake and address public health concerns. Furthermore, the rise of a black market for e-cigarettes poses additional challenges to effective regulation and tobacco control efforts. In conclusion, while e-cigarettes offer potential harm reduction benefits for adult smokers seeking alternatives to traditional tobacco products, their widespread availability and evolving landscape necessitate vigilant regulatory oversight to protect public health, especially among youth. Future research should continue to explore the long-term health impacts and efficacy of e-cigarettes as smoking elimination aids, informing evidence-based policies and interventions.