Effect Of Heat Treatment Research Articles

Effect of heat treatment on the deformation behavior of an Al–Cu alloy studied by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

The effect of T6 heat treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a multi-component hot-rolled (HR) Al–Cu alloy were studied by scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD), and in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD). The microstructure in HR alloy comprising Al9FeNi, Al7Cu2Fe, Al3CuNi, Al20Ti2Ce, Al3(TiZr), and Al2Cu; while the HR-T6 alloy containing Al9FeNi and Al7Cu2Fe. The tensile strength and elongation of HR-T6 alloy were improved simultaneously compared to HR alloy. After T6 heat treatment, the tensile strength of sample increased from 240 MPa to 309 MPa (28.75 % improvement) and the elongation increased from 4.1 % to 8.9 % (increased by 117 %). The strain evolution and load partition on behavior of the secondary phase and Al matrix upon tensile load were investigated by in-situ SXRD. The lattice strains of Al matrix and Al9FeNi phase of HR and HR-T6 samples increased from 1750με and 1480με to 2870με and 3490με, respectively, in the plastic deformation zone. The Al matrix and the secondary phase after T6 treatment have improved stress bearing capacity, especially for Al9FeNi phase. The "hard" Al9FeNi phase exhibited higher stress of 377 MPa compared to the "soft" Al matrix (stress of 214 MPa). This work provides an insight into the tailoring of strength-ductility comprehensive understanding the deformation behavior of Al–Cu alloys.

Effect of Heat Treatment, Water and Vinegar Soaking on Protein and Phytic Acid Levels in Hemp Seed Meal

Hemp plants are notable for their climate resilience, and hempseed meal (HSM) is a potential high-protein feed for poultry. However, HSM has high levels of the antinutritional factor phytic acid (PA). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat and soaking treatments on the protein and PA content of HSM. HSM was obtained through cold pressing of whole hempseed and then subjected to heat treatment at 70°C for 24 hours. Soaking treatments involved water, water-vinegar mix, and vinegar for 1, 7, and 24 hours, followed by drying and analysis of PA and protein content. Results indicated that heating increased PA content without affecting protein levels. Soaking duration did not significantly alter protein content but did affect PA levels, with 24-hour soaking significantly increasing PA compared to 1-hour and 7-hour durations. The soaking material also influenced PA content: water soaking increased PA, while a 1-hour vinegar-water mix and 7-hour vinegar soaking significantly reduced PA. The highest PA concentration occurred with 24-hour water soaking. The protein content was highest with 7-hour vinegar soaking. In conclusion, acidic soaking solutions, particularly vinegar and vinegar-water mix, effectively reduced PA in HSM without protein loss.

Effect of heat treatment on the stability of ultrasound-assisted cross-linked myofibrillar protein-stabilized emulsion filler phases via rheology and tribology

This work aimed to reveal the effect of heat treatment on the stability of ultrasound-assisted cross-linked myofibrillar protein-stabilized emulsion and its potential application as a filler phase. The interfacial dilatational rheology, emulsion droplets, linear and nonlinear shear rheological properties, microrheological properties, and tribological properties of emulsion fabricated by the original myofibrillar protein (MP) (NA), crosslinked MP (NAG), and sonication after crosslinked MP (MPGU) were determined at the heat temperature of 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C. Results indicated that heat treatment would affect the stability and processing adaptability of the emulsion. The elasticity and strength of the interfacial film were enhanced with the treated temperature increased from 40 °C to 80 °C, and the MPGU group showed a more linear shape of interfacial Lissajous plot than the other groups even at large amplitudes. Based on the good interfacial properties, the MPGU group had the smaller emulsion droplets with more protein-coated, and the network structure was formed only at 80 °C. For the rheological properties, the lower apparent viscosity, elastic index (EI), and macroscopic viscosity index (MVI) in the MPGU group indicated the formation of a more stable emulsion. Furthermore, the lower closed area of Lissajous curves and friction coefficient for the MPGU group also proved the highest stability and lubrication of the emulsion after heat treatment. Therefore, this study indicated that ultrasound-assisted cross-linked myofibrillar protein-stabilized emulsions had good thermal stability and processing adaptability, which contributed to the fabrication of stable emulsion-filled foods.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Evolution of Structural and Phase State in Wire Electron Beam Additively Manufactured Al–12Si Alloy

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Evolution of Structural and Phase State in Wire Electron Beam Additively Manufactured Al–12Si Alloy

Study on Friction Properties of CNTs/AlSi10Mg Composites

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of eutectic silicon particle size on the properties of composites of carbon-nano tubes (CNTs) and AlSi10Mg prepared by powder metallurgy. The samples were studied using light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, friction tests and tensile experiments. The effects of short-term heat treatment (540 °C solid solution for 1 h 175 °C aging for 4, 5, and 6 h) on the microstructure, tribological properties and tensile properties of the CNTs/AlSi10Mg composites were investigated. The results showed that the composite material showed an obvious toughening effect after 1 h of solid solution treatment and 4 h of aging, and the elongation increased by 33 %. Adding CNTs can improve the friction performance of the material. The composite material has the best friction performance when aged for 5 h. After a short heat treatment, the eutectic silicon is homogenized in the α-Al matrix, and the eutectic network is broken. The eutectic silicon becomes rounded from the lath shape. The spheroidized structure reduces stress concentrations around silicon particles and improves the friction performance of the composite material.

Oxidation and compositional modulation in single phase C14 Zr0.6Ti0.4Fe1Cr1 alloy

This study investigates the effects of heat treatment on the crystal structure and hydrogen absorption behavior of the AB2 type metal hydride Zr0.6Ti0.4Fe1Cr1. The objective is to understand how 3- and 6-day heat treatments at 1000°C influence the alloy's microstructure and hydrogenation properties. Using electron microscopy, EBSD analysis, X-ray diffraction, and hydrogenation measurements, we found that the as-cast alloy exhibits rapid hydrogen absorption with significant compositional variations due to segregation during casting, confirmed by a single C14 Laves phase in XRD. Heat treatment slowed hydrogen absorption and reduced hydrogen capacity, with XRD indicating the structure remained primarily C14 Laves phase. However, SEM/EDS analysis showed substantial microstructural changes, including the emergence of new phases and segregation of Zr-rich phases, likely non-hydride forming, influenced by elevated oxygen content. These new phases probably contribute to the reduced hydrogen uptake capacity.

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of manganese aluminum bronzes

Abstract Due to a much lower nickel content, manganese aluminum bronzes (MAB) are a cost-effective alternative to nickel aluminum bronzes (NAB). When the material is processed, different microstructures are observable in the material which have an impact on the corrosion resistance of MAB alloys. MAB samples were annealed at 900 °C and quenched in water. After that, annealing treatments at 600, 500, 400 and 300 °C for up to 24 h were performed and the samples were again quenched in water. Metallographic sections were prepared from all samples and potentiostatic corrosion tests at different potentials were performed in synthetic seawater. It was found that the sample annealed at 900 °C and quenched in water as well as those samples which underwent a second annealing treatment at low temperatures for shorter times exhibited a greater corrosion tendency than those undergoing a second annealing treatment at higher temperatures. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that phase transformations and changes in grain size occurred during the annealing treatments. The increase in corrosion resistance as a result of annealing at higher temperatures is probably due to the strong intergrowth of the phases that are formed.

Effects of heating media on microstructure and chemical composition of heat-treated Pometia pinnata

Changes of microstructure, crystallization, chemical composition, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of heat-treated wood (HTW) were investigated to explore the effects of heating media (saturated steam, superheated steam, air) and heat treatment (HT) temperature on HTWs. The results showed that the saturated steam induced more severe cell wall destruction than the other two media. Although the porosity slightly increased with the increasing HT temperature, superheated steam and air HT still decreased the porosity compared to that of control, whereas saturated steam HT increased the porosity. The HT increased both relative crystallinity and crystal size of HTWs. The increasing HT temperature slightly increased the relative crystallinity but decreased the crystal size. The highest crystallinity (55.0%) was observed after saturated steam HT. Leaching led to the increase of crystal size of HTW treated in saturated steam (about 0.15 nm), while those treated in unsaturated steam and air decreased. The increase in relative amount of lignin and cellulose due to the hemicellulose degradation were the main chemical changes of HTWs. Further lignin condensation reaction only occurred after saturated steam HT. Although saturated steam HT induced increased porosity, its lowest EMC (5.91%) indicated the decrease of hydroxyl groups.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and wear properties on Binder Jetting Additive manufactured M2 High-Speed steel

In this study, the influence of heat treatments (annealing at 1175 °C, sub-zero at −80 °C, and triple tempering at 565 °C) of Binder Jet Additive Manufactured (BJAM) M2 grade HSS on the microstructure and tribological properties are investigated and were compared with that of conventionally manufactured samples. The residual austenite was transformed into martensite phase upon heat treatment. The tribological analysis was performed using a pin-on-disc experiment for 40 N, 50 N, and 60 N loads. It was observed that the heat-treated BJAM samples exhibited 11.5 %, 7.5 %, and 5.5 % higher specific wear resistance compared to the as-sintered samples. The enhancement in the wear resistance is primarily due to the presence of metal carbide precipitates in the heat-treated sample.

The impact of heat treatment on E. coli cell physiology in rich and minimal media considering oxidative secondary stress.

This study investigates the cell physiology of thermally injured bacterial cells, with a specific focus on oxidative stress and the repair mechanisms associated with oxidative secondary stress. We explored the effect of heat treatment on the activity of two protective enzymes, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and redox potential. The findings reveal that enzyme activity slightly increased after heat treatment, gradually returning to baseline levels during subculture. The response of Escherichia coli cells to heat treatment, as assessed by the level of superoxide radicals generated and redox potential, varied based on growth conditions, namely minimal and rich media. Notably, the viability of injured cells improved when antioxidants were added to agar media, even in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. These results suggest a complex system involved in repairing damage in heat-treated cells, particularly in rich media. While repairing membrane damage is crucial for cell regrowth and the electron transport system plays a critical role in the recovery process of injured cells under both tested conditions.

Insights on Adsorptive Property of Thermally Treated Smectite (Dioctahedral)

ABSTRACTThe use of clay in the field of mineral materials is directly impacted by its thermal stability and changes in microstructure and properties following heat and other treatments. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate how clay's composition and structure are changed with time or how its surface characteristics are changed because of heat treatment. In the current work, the effect of heat treatment on the adsorptive property of smectite clay under various conditions like initial polymer concentration and its molar mass, pH, and temperature variation has been investigated. Various techniques like X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used for the phase analysis and the structural features of the heat‐treated clay analysis. It was observed that the specific surface area of smectite gradually dropped as the preheating temperature was increased, and the phase composition and structure underwent significant changes. When clay is heated over 423 K, the adsorbed gases and water are forced off the surface, increasing the amount of free active sites, and smectite's adsorption potential was increased. By raising the polymer's initial concentration and molecular mass, the extent of adsorption was increased whereas it was decreased with the increase in pH. However, in the case of temperature, the adsorption was first increased and then decreased with the increase in temperature indicating a change in the chemical composition of the clay and hence the surface area.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of oscillating laser-arc hybrid welded 12Cr13 thick plate

Heat treatment of oscillating laser-arc hybrid welded 12Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was carried out, the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that sound formation was obtained without crack, pores and lack of fusion. The microstructure of the weld was mainly columnar austenite with strong texture. After heat treatment, the microstructure was coarsened but the homogeneity was improved with the grain sizes in the weld center of about 250 μm. The fractions of the high angle grain boundaries decreased while the fractions of CSL boundaries increased. After heat treatment, the strength and hardness of the weld decreased. However, the elongation and section shrinkage rate are increased by 25 % and 20 %, respectively, and the impact energy of the heat affected zone is increased from 62 J to 88 J. Finally, the effect of the oscillating laser beam on the energy distribution and molten pool flow was discussed, the effect mechanism of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of weld was illustrated, and the relationship between the microstructure and properties of the weld was established.

Effect of heat treatment on the shear fracture and acoustic emission properties of granite with thermal storage potential: A laboratory-scale test

The exploitation of geothermal resources enhances the energy structure but poses challenges related to thermal–mechanical issues. This study utilizes short core in compression (SCC) specimens of granite to investigate thermo-mechanical properties. We examined the effects of heat treatment temperature on physical properties, shear fracture toughness, as well as acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. Fracture surface morphology and microstructure of the heat-treated SCC specimens were also analyzed using 3D laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that both mass loss and P-wave velocity decrease with increasing heating-treated temperature, and similar trends are observed in mechanical properties. Specifically, fracture energy and shear fracture toughness decline by 51.48 % and 61.27 %, respectively, as temperature rises from 25 °C to 750 °C. The b-value and proportion of shear cracks initially increase before falling, with an inflection point at 300 °C, linked to thermal-induced microstructural deterioration. Fractal dimension (D) and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) show significant increases with higher heat treatment temperatures. Microstructural degradation, including dehydration and thermal-induced microcracking, drives the reduction in shear properties of heat-treated granites. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into determining various methods of heat storage reconstruction with great application potential.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Graphene/Aluminum Composites: Insights from Atomic Simulations

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Graphene/Aluminum Composites: Insights from Atomic Simulations

Microstructure and fatigue crack growth behavior of heat-treated electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of post-deposition heat treatment on microstructure and fatigue crack growth has been analyzed for electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V plates. Samples have been heat-treated at temperatures of 950 °C and 1050 °C, and subsequently cooled at different cooling rates in the furnace and the water. The as-built sample possesses columnar prior β grains filled with exceptionally fine α+β Widmanstätten patterns and epitaxially grows in the vertical direction. Heat treatment with a slow cooling rate increases the α lath thickness, whereas fast cooling results in multiple needle-shaped α/α′ phases inside the prior β grains. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength in as-built conditions are greater than the extruded mill annealed sample. The as-built samples show better crack growth resistance during the fatigue crack growth rate test than the heat-treated and mill-annealed samples. The lower plastic deformation of the as-built sample than the mill-annealed sample is attributed to the existence of fine α laths that restrict the motion of dislocation.

Effects of Low-Temperature Heat Treatment on Mong Hsu Rubies

Effects of Low-Temperature Heat Treatment on Mong Hsu Rubies

Enhanced mechanical properties and anti-wear performance of Cu45Mn8Ni40Sn7 medium entropy bronze alloy by multi-stage heat treatment

High/ medium entropy brass and bronze alloys exhibit considerable potential for application as structural materials. This study focuses on a Cu45Mn8Ni40Sn7 medium entropy bronze alloy that demonstrates excellent hardness, compressive strength, ductility, and wear resistance through a multi-stage heat treatment technique. The effects of heat treatment on the phase composition, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of the alloy were systematically investigated. The alloy, treated by homogenization (820 ℃/4 h)-solution (900 ℃/1 h)-aging (450 ℃/5 h), exhibits a hardness of 362 HV, yield strength of 626 MPa, ultimate strength of 1229 MPa, compressive strain of 47.2 %, fracture toughness of 20.7 MPa·m1/2, and maintains a low wear rate of 1.72×10−5 mm3·N−1·m−1. The processes of homogenization and solution treatment reduce dendrite segregation of elements and eliminate the detrimental lamellar structure at the grain boundaries. During the aging treatment of the alloy, sub-micron scale needle-like precipitates are formed, which play a significant role in enhancing its mechanical properties.

Effect of microwave treatment and water-bath heating treatment on the performance of glutenin from Tiger nut seed meal: Insights into changes in structural characteristics, functional properties, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility

In this study, the structural characteristics, functional properties, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of glutenin from Tiger nut seed meal (TNSMG) treated by microwave (140–700 W, 20–60 s) and water-bath heating (40–100 °C, 10–30 min) were investigated. Analysis of the surface hydrophobicity, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that both microwave and water-bath heating treatments caused structure changes of TNSMG. The results showed an increase in the exposure of sulfhydryl groups and the content of β-sheet, coupled with a decrease in the content of α-helix and β-turn. These structural changes contributed to the improved solubility, foamability, emulsification properties, and digestibility of TNSMG under proper thermal treatment conditions. TNSMG exhibited the best solubility (68.48%) and foamability (85.56%) after water-bath heating treatment for 20 min at 80 °C. Furthermore, TNSMG showed the best emulsification property (9.61 m2/g) and digestibility (78.58%) when treated by microwave treatment at 560 W for 40 s.

The effect of biosecurity heat treatment on soils: implications for soil analytical methods and mineral exploration

Soils are widely used as geochemical sample media. A recent advancement in soil analytical methods for exploration developed in Australia, the UltraFine+ ® method, concentrates the clay-sized fraction of <2 µm and then analyses this fraction for over 50 elemental concentrations, pH, electrical conductivity and spectral mineralogy/properties (i.e., visible –near- to shortwave and mid- infrared reflectance spectroscopy). This new approach was initially limited to Australian soils due to strict biosecurity legislation. However, since 2022 samples can be shipped to Australia and heat-treated to 160 °C to be released from quarantine-approved premises prior to analysis. A study was undertaken to determine the influence of the temperature heat treatment on the spectral and geochemical properties of soils. One hundred and three soils were collected from multiple regions of Australia to provide a background set of samples to test the effect of heat treatment on the analytical response using the clay-sized fraction analytical method. These soils comprised multiple clay types and are representative of general soil types and target commodities in mineral exploration settings. Results show that heat treatment did not significantly impact elemental abundance of common pathfinder and target elements in minerals exploration with strong correlation and linear trends between the treatments. Spectral parameters measured in the visible to mid infrared range were also unaffected by heating. Some observed elemental changes were related to inconsistent extraction of resistate elements (Hf, Nb, Zr). Counter to other studies, a pH decrease was observed in heat-treated samples. The study concludes that biosecurity release heat treatment at 160 °C does not hinder analysis of the ultrafine fraction soils with a concentrated aqua regia assay and spectral mineralogy measurements.

Clinoptilolite- and glauconite-based sorbents for lead removal from natural waters

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of heat treatment and microwave irradiation on the sorption properties of a natural clinoptilolite and glauconite to Pb2+ ions. To improve the sorption capacity the samples were heat treated at 550 °C for 3 hours or microwaved at 790 W for 30 minutes. The XRD and XRF analysis present the content of investigated samples and prove the increase in the sorption capacity after treatment. After contact with Pb, its content in the natural clinoptilolite increased to 2.66%, and in the thermally treated – to 6.035%. The PbO content in natural glauconite increased to 3.9%, but after microwaving it reached 5.2% of the total sample weight. Heat treatment is useful for improving the sorption capacity of clinoptilolite, and microwave irradiation can significantly increase the adsorption capacity of glauconite.