Heat Treatment Research Articles

Study of Pellet-clad bonding using heat treatment of axially cut slices of PWR fuel rod

Study of Pellet-clad bonding using heat treatment of axially cut slices of PWR fuel rod

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNi/304 high entropy explosive composite

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNi/304 high entropy explosive composite

Influence of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of bamboo and the interface performance of structural bamboo composites

Influence of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of bamboo and the interface performance of structural bamboo composites

Effects of heat treatment parameters and grain sizes on mechanical response of amorphous/crystalline CuZr composites

Effects of heat treatment parameters and grain sizes on mechanical response of amorphous/crystalline CuZr composites

Pyrolytic conversion of construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) wood wastes in Québec to biochar: Production, characterization, and identifying relevant stability indices for carbon sequestration.

Management of heterogeneous construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) wood residues in Québec brings into light, a widespread topic under discussion related to their current disposal methods in landfills, that may lead to environmental concerns. With rising forfeitures from a legal standpoint, alternative treatment methods for CRD wood wastes are being explored. Thermochemical biomass conversion techniques can be employed to depolymerize low-quality end-of-life CRD wood and valorize it to bio-based products. Biochar, a carbonaceous material obtained through heat treatment of wood under the absence of oxygen via slow pyrolysis, can be tailored for specific end-use applications in hard-to-abate industrial sectors pertinent to energy, composite materials, and environmental amendments. However, there is a scarcity of comprehensively understanding CRD wood pyrolysis and projecting the biochar product's stability due to a lack of relevant studies and frequent inconsistencies amidst currently available methods. Nevertheless, in the present study, CRD wood is pyrolyzed in a horizontal tube furnace of two scales under laboratory conditions. Temperatures ranging from 300 to 800°C, biomass residence time (BRT) of 30-120min, heating rates of 20-55°C/min, and mass of feedstock between 100 and 500g were the operational conditions chosen for experimentation. Evaluation of biochar stability was carried out by the proximate and ultimate analysis, Van-Krevelen plots, TGA/DTG profile, R50 recalcitrance, SEM-EDX, and Raman ID/IG methods. Data analysis indicated that carbon content (89-90%), FC (70-74%), TSF (73-75%), R50 (0.64-0.65), and ID/IG (0.972) increased with an increase in BRT (120min) and pyrolysis temperature (800°C) rendering its utilization in metallurgical applications as a reductant. A surface area of 220-270m2/g was also detected for these biochar at 800°C recommending its implementation for adsorption applications. Biochar's cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and hydrophobicity also increased at high temperatures nurturing the ability to be used for soil pH adjustment as part of remediation activities. SEM-EDX proved that ash content predominantly harboring alkaline and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) like Ca and K also increased but to a certain point from where their devolatilization is implicit, thereby concentrating stable carbon. As for functionalities in biochar, they decreased from 500 to 800°C verifying the rejection of oxychemicals groups. Noticeable striations associated to C-H/C-O/C=O vibration, stretching, and bending from FTIR spectral bands were linked to terminal dehydrogenation, condensation, and aromatization reactions highlighting the development of CC and CC linkages commonly assigned to aromatics. Evident from low Van-Krevelen H/C (0.51-0.09) and O/C (0.08-0.02) indices, it can be extrapolated that high-temperature biochars in PR:1 and PR:2 possess a high permeance that could bolster its utilization in carbon sequestration/draw-down and other CDR applications.

A Flint Industry from the Pottery Neolithic Lodian Hamlet at Nahal Yarmuth 38, Central Israel

ABSTRACT Nahal Yarmuth 38 in Central Israel comprises a PPNB layer (mid-10th millennium cal BP), and a PN layer assigned to the Lodian culture (first third of the 8th millennium cal BP). The Lodian site of NY38 was a small (ca. 500 m2) hamlet with one main oval stone-built structure and adjacent activity areas. This paper focuses on the lithic assemblage of the PN Lodian layer allowing a glimpse into the life of a single household hamlet repeatedly occupied by Lodian farmers/herders. The lithic assemblages are flake-dominated and show flake, microflake, blade, and bladelet production trajectories. Heat treatment was recognized on cores and some of the blade blanks. Typologically the assemblage is dominated by retouched flakes, notches and denticulates, and low numbers of retouched blades and bladelets. Perforators, burins and scrapers appear in low frequencies; arrowheads and bifacial tools are rare while sickle blades constitute 11% of the tools.

Raman and x-ray diffraction data analysis of Ge2Sb2Te5 films using gaussian approximation considering the temperature population factor

The structure particulars of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 thermally evaporated on glass substrates, as well as films annealed at temperatures of 500 and 700 K have been studied by the considering of experimentally established facts obtained from X-ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The Debye-Scherrer and Williams-Hall methods were applied to the X-ray diffraction data for estimate the size of crystallites, interatomic distances, dislocation density and structure distortion degree. The features of heat treatment effect on numerical values of the above quantities at a given temperatures have been established. The analysis of the spectral distribution of Raman scattering was measured at light frequencies between 40 ÷ 300 cm-1 . The rather extended nature of the identified bands suggests the presence of several vibrational modes, leading to the appearance of individual spectral bands. To determine the vibrational modes, a reduced intensity was constructed from the experimental Raman spectrum data and the Gaussian approximation was applied to the latter. Having a mind the results of published works, the vibration modes existing in the samples obtained immediately after the process of layer application were determined, as well as the chemical nature and structure elements corresponding to these modes forming the amorphous matrix. The vibration modes in crystallized layers after heat treatment at the given temperatures were determined, as well as the chemical bonds and structural units forming their local structure.

Investigation of local heat treatment strategies for a multi-range capable rivet and the influence on joint formation and load-bearing capacity

Investigation of local heat treatment strategies for a multi-range capable rivet and the influence on joint formation and load-bearing capacity

Designing Supported Nanoparticles via Synergistic Ex-Solution and Phosphorization for Tailored Active Site Generation.

Supported nanoparticles incorporating catalytically attractive nonmetal elements have gained significant attention as a promising strategy for enhancing catalytic activity in various industrial applications. This study presents an innovative one-pot synthesis method for fabricating hybrid catalysts, which simultaneously modifies surface properties through the precipitation of nanoparticles with the concurrent incorporation of nonmetal elements. The underlying concept is to synchronize the temperature required for particle formation with that of nonmetal incorporation by adjusting the oxygen chemical potential of the host oxide. As a case study, Ir- and Ru-doped WO3 are selected as the starting material, with phosphorus (P) as the representative nonmetal for surface functionalization. Notably, the hybrid catalyst, composed of amorphous (Ir,Ru)Px particles dispersed on P-rich WO2.9 sheets, is synthesized through a single heat treatment at 500°C, avoiding undesirable sintering of the host material. When used as a hydrogen evolution catalyst, this material exhibits outstanding mass activity, durability, compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the superior performance of the hybrid catalysts attributes to improved water dissociation and favorable adsorption and desorption of key reaction intermediates. This novel synthesis strategy offers considerable potential for advancing diverse areas of heterogeneous catalysis.

Analysis of Corrosion Rate in Low-Carbon Steel ASTM A36 and AISI 1020 in Sulfuric Acid Solution Using Heat Treatment Temperature and Immersion Time Variations

Analysis of Corrosion Rate in Low-Carbon Steel ASTM A36 and AISI 1020 in Sulfuric Acid Solution Using Heat Treatment Temperature and Immersion Time Variations

Flowers marigold fermentation influence on the flavonoids content and polyphenoloxidase activity

Introduction. Fermentation is a biochemical process that changes the qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active substances (BAS) and, accordingly, may change the pharmacological activity and toxicity of medicinal plants. Fermentation usually carried out for fresh medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). However, to date, there is no information on the relationship between enzyme activity (in particular, polyphenol oxidase) and the BAS content. In this work, calendula flowers standardized for flavonoids were used as a model object. Purpose of the study. To assess the effect of calendula flower fermentation on the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Material and methods. The object of the study was calendula flowers (Calendulae flos, Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae). The following fermentation options were studied: hot fermentation at 40 and 60°С; fermentation under natural conditions; cold fermentation, as well as thermal and ultrasonic pre-treatment. Immediately after the completion of fermentation, heat and ultrasound treatment, the polyphenol oxidase activity was determined in the processed fresh MPRM using the method of A.N. Boyarkin. After 6 hours of fermentation of fresh MPRM at 40 and 60°С; after 1 day of fermentation under natural conditions; after cold fermentation and ultrasound treatment, heat treatment was carried out to stop the polyphenol oxidase activity. The flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically by the reaction with aluminum chloride. Results. Hot fermentation of fresh calendula flowers at 40°С for 2–3 hours leads to a significant increase in the flavonoid content; hot fermentation at 60°С reduces the its content. The flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity at 40°С are higher than at 60°С. A reliable relationship was revealed between the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Cold fermentation reduces the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Natural fermentation for 3 days increases the flavonoid content. Ultrasonic treatment significantly increases the flavonoid content. Heat treatment does not significantly increase the its content. Thermal inactivation of the enzyme after hot, cold and natural fermentation and ultrasonic treatment reduces the flavonoid content. Conclusion. Among all the studied methods of pre-treatment of fresh calendula flowers (hot, cold and natural fermentation, heat and ultrasonic treatment with and without thermal inactivation), the most significant increase in flavonoid content was achieved with ultrasonic treatment.

Microstructure evolution during solution annealing of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy with La additions

The high-strength 7xxx Al alloys are frequently used due to their excellent properties. To achieve these properties, heat treatment is crucial. In this study, the influence of La on the microstructure evolution of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys during solution annealing, the first step of heat treatment, was investigated. The results showed that La additions significantly affect the microstructure by increasing in the eutectic solidus temperature, influencing the melting enthalpy of Mg2Si/LaAlSi, promoting the formation of LaAlSi and reducing Mg2Si, increasing the melting enthalpy of α-Al, shortening the time to reach the eutectic melting peak and preventing a significant increase in grain size. A 10 h solution heat treatment was recommended, with minimal benefits after 12 h. 0.15 wt% La was the minimum to prevent an increase in grain size. La altered the Al45Cr7 phase and formed a new Al20Cr2La phase with larger dimensions and sharper edges. Faster cooling rates refine the grain size due to precipitation along the grain boundaries. The content of the T-phase (Mg32(Al, Cu, Zn)49) decreased with increasing annealing time. Prolonged annealing promoted the diffusion of Mg and Zn from the eutectic phases, which led to their dissolution in the matrix. Zn diffused out first, followed by Mg. Prolonged annealing favored the formation of the Al7Cu2Fe phase over the Al13Fe4 phase.

The use of modern materials and technologies in the development and production of forged art objects

The article discusses the trends and features of the use of modern materials, as well as technological solutions in the field of the development and production of forged art objects. Indeed, modern raw materials and technologies open up new horizons for artistic forging, turning it into an actual tool for forming an aesthetic environment. At the same time, despite the rapid progress, several contradictions are associated with the choice of materials, optimization of technologies, applied techniques, and methods, as well as preserving the value of products (in an artistic context). The study aims to identify the possibilities of integrating material and technological developments into the process of creating forged art objects, taking into account their functional and aesthetic features. This paper analyzes approaches to the selection of materials, including stainless steel, composites, textured coatings, etc. D., and also studied innovative options, in particular, the tools and potential of 3D printing, and heat treatment. The conclusions formulated in the article emphasize the importance of achieving and maintaining a balance between traditions and the latest production methods. The above will be useful for craftsmen in the field of forging, designers, architects, and researchers who study the nuances of applying breakthrough developments in art

A comprehensive review of residual stresses in carbon steel welding: formation mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and advanced post-weld heat treatment techniques

Abstract Residual stresses are critical factors influencing the service performance, reliability, and durability of welded carbon steel joints. These stresses can affect the joint, susceptible to brittle fracture, fatigue failure, and stress corrosion cracking, particularly within the heat-affected zone (HAZ). These stresses result from uneven thermal expansion and contraction during welding, with thicker plates and constrained configurations being more susceptible. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) assumes a critical function in mitigating these stresses by tempering martensitic structures, refining microstructures, and enhancing mechanical properties such as toughness and ductility. This review examines the mechanisms driving residual stress formation, evaluates the effectiveness of PWHT techniques, and highlights advanced methodologies like neutron diffraction, computational modeling, and hybrid welding processes. While PWHT significantly alleviates residual stresses, complete stress elimination remains unattainable, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies such as hybrid welding methods, computational modeling, and advanced heat treatments. This work integrates metallurgical principles with experimental findings to provide a strategy for enhancing the performance and reliability of welded joints in critically demanding industrial applications.

Correlation Between Soft Magnetic Properties and Microstructure According to Heat Treatment in FeCo-2V Electrical Steel

Correlation Between Soft Magnetic Properties and Microstructure According to Heat Treatment in FeCo-2V Electrical Steel

Achieving excellent properties in high-speed steel by hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment using PREP and EIGA powders

The powder metallurgy T15 high-speed steels (PM T15 HSS) with the powders of plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) and electrode induction-melting inert gas atomisation (EIGA) were successfully prepared by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 960°C (960-EIGA), 1130°C (1130-EIGA, 1130-PREP) and 1200°C (1200-EIGA), respectively, and the effect of heat treatment (HT) including quenching and tempering on PM HSS has been studied. The microstructures including the average size, sphericity and volume fraction of the carbides, the mechanical properties and wear properties were visibly modified after HT. The hardness of more than HRC67, the fracture toughness of exceeding 25 MPa·m1/2, the wear depth of 0.644 μm, the width of 0.455 μm and the wear rate of 0.98 × 10−6 mm3·N−1·m−1 were achieved in PM HSS after HT. Mechanisms about microstructure evolution and strengthening were discussed. The total strengthening contributions of 613 MPa for grain boundary strengthening of ∼173 MPa, carbides strengthening of ∼244 MPa and solute strengthening of ∼196 MPa were calculated for 1130-EIGA. The current study offers ideas for the high performance of HIP and HT samples can be implemented equally by high-quality PREP and EIGA powders.

Characterization of Microstructure and Localized Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Fabricated by Material Extrusion

The quality, reproducibility, and reliability of additive manufactured parts strongly depend on optimizing printing parameters and post-processing treatments. This study evaluates the effects on the microstructure and corrosion resistance properties of solution annealing and aging heat treatments performed on 17-4 PH stainless steel samples fabricated with different build-up orientations using a material extrusion technology: the Bound Metal DepositionTM. The chemical composition and microstructures were determined using X-ray diffraction, chemical etching, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance properties in neutral sodium chloride electrolytes were investigated through cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and open circuit potential monitoring and analysis. The findings demonstrated that the solution annealing heat treatment remarkably enhanced the overall corrosion resistance properties of the samples. The improvement was attributed to the growth of the ferritic phase along the grain boundaries of the martensitic matrix and a finer dispersion of copper precipitates. The aging heat treatment performed after solution annealing enhanced the ferritic phase development, resulting in a further improvement of the localized corrosion resistance properties.

Introduction of 3D-printed porous structures with interconnected porosities via rotation of each layer around a normal axis: Investigating the effects of annealing and printing parameters on the compressive strength and modulus of the structures

Abstract This study introduces 3D-printed porous structures made of polylactic acid (PLA) with interconnected porosities for tissue engineering as an alternative to bone scaffolds. Then the effects of process parameters and annealing heat treatments on the compressive strength and modulus of the porous samples have been investigated. The examined parameters include extrusion width, layer height, infill pattern, and infill percentage. To create porous structures with interconnected porosities, the infill pattern is rotated by eighteen degrees in each layer, forming new porous structures that can be utilized as bone scaffolds in tissue engineering. After evaluating the compressive mechanical properties of the samples and examining the effects of printing parameters on them, similar samples were subjected to heat treatment, and their compressive mechanical properties were also investigated. The results indicate that the maximum compressive strength and modulus occur in the sample with an extrusion width of 0.6 mm, a layer height of 0.25 mm, a wiggle infill pattern, and a maximum infill percentage. The un-heat-treated sample's compressive strength and modulus values are 84.51 MPa and 2.28 GPa, respectively. In contrast, these values are 105.44 MPa and 2.29 GPa for the heat-treated sample.

Construction of a Multiple Cyclic Ligation-Promoted Exponential Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Platform for Sensitive and Simultaneous Monitoring of Cancer Biomarkers Fpg and FEN1.

Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) are essential to sustaining genomic stability and integrity, while the abnormal activities of Fpg and FEN1 may lead to various diseases and cancers. The development of simple methods for simultaneously monitoring Fpg and FEN1 is highly desirable. Herein, we construct a multiple cyclic ligation-promoted exponential recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) platform for sensitive and simultaneous monitoring of Fpg and FEN1 in cells and clinical tissues. We designed two programmable substrate probes with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) damage sites and 5' flaps that can be identified/cleaved by Fpg and FEN1 to produce nicking sites. The juxtaposition of the cleavage sites is ligated by DNA ligase to form intact double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) templates that can be amplified via RPA to produce abundant dsDNA products labeled with Cy5 and Cy3 fluorophores and biotin, respectively. The resultant dsDNA can be captured by magnetic beads and subsequently disassembled into dispersed Cy3 and Cy5 molecules upon heat treatment, generating significant fluorescence signals. This assay exhibits a limit of detection of 1.12 × 10-10 U μL-1 for Fpg and 1.66 × 10-9 U μL-1 for FEN1, and it can be used for the analysis of enzymatic kinetic parameters, screening of inhibitors, and simultaneous monitoring of Fpg and FEN1 in a single cell and in clinic tissue samples. Moreover, the proposed strategy can be applied to monitor other DNA repair proteins by merely changing the recognition sites of dsDNA substrate probes, providing a promising platform for clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, and drug discovery.

Controlling the All-Solid Surface Reaction Between an Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 Electrolyte and Anode Through the Insertion of Ag and Al2O3 Nano-Interfacial Layers

Solid-state lithium batteries are considered ideal due to the safety of solid-state electrolytes. The Na superionic conductor-type Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) is a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, low cost, and stability. However, LATP is reduced upon contact with metallic lithium, leading to lithium dendrite growth on the anode during charging. In this study, LATP was synthesized, and the relationship between crystallinity and ionic conductivity was investigated at different heat treatment temperatures. Optimal sintering conditions and ionic conductivity were analyzed for sintering temperatures from 800 to 1000 °C. To suppress reactions with Li metal, 50 nm thick Ag and 10 nm thick Al2O3 layers were deposited on LATP via DC sputtering and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. The electrochemical stability was tested under three conditions: uncoated LATP, Al2O3-coated LATP, and Ag+Al2O3-coated LATP. The stability improved in the following order: uncoated < Al2O3-coated < Ag+Al2O3-coated. The Al2O3 coating suppressed secondary phase formation by preventing direct contact between LATP and Li, while Ag coating mitigated charge concentration, inhibiting dendrite growth. These findings demonstrate that Ag and Al2O3 nano-layers enhance electrolyte stability, advancing solid-state battery reliability and commercialization.