Thermometer Research Articles

Implementation of Linear Regression Method for Calibration and Temperature Measurement on PT100 Temperature Sensor

The PT100 temperature sensor, a type RTD (resistance temperature detector), is widely employed in industries, particularly for steam boiler temperature regulation. Precise temperature measurement is vital for operational efficiency and safety maintenance. Utilizing linear regression for calibrating and measuring temperature with the PT100 sensor integrated with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C is proposed to enhance accuracy. Testing involved assembling the PT100 sensor with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C. Test data were employed for linear regression to derive the calibration equation. Measurements were conducted by comparing PT100 sensor readings with a digital thermometer across a temperature range of 30ºC to 75ºC at 5ºC intervals, with each temperature point tested five times. Results exhibit good accuracy in temperature measurement with the PT100 sensor, featuring low error and percentage error. The standard deviation indicates consistent measurement. Integration of the PT100 temperature sensor with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C, coupled with linear regression for calibration, yields a precise temperature measurement system. Testing against a digital thermometer demonstrates highly accurate outcomes. This developed system finds application in high-precision temperature measurement for steam boiler operations.

Remote Water Quality Monitoring System In Shrimp Ponds With Photovoltaic (PV)-Based Energy Source

Introduction: Shrimp has great potential to be used as a business field in Indonesia. Especially in Parigi Regency itself, there are now many shrimp ponds that can be found because of the benefits obtained, so people are interested in making shrimp farming a livelihood. One of the main problems of shrimp ponds is pond water quality. There are several factors that affect pond water quality, namely water temperature, water pH, and water salinity, good pond water quality management can maintain quality standards and can increase shrimp yield and productivity Method: To facilitate the shrimp farmers, innovations need to be made in order to help the shrimp farmers manage their shrimp ponds, therefore using a remote water quality monitoring was system in shrimp ponds with photovoltaic (PV) based energy sources is expected to be an innovation in managing shrimp ponds, especially in monitoring water quality in shrimp ponds. The monitoring system designed using the NRF24L01 module as a remote communication module, at the research location the distance from the shrimp pond to the house is approximately 100 meters, so the tools that have been designed can facilitate shrimp farmers to monitor the shrimp pond Results and Disscussion: The results of testing the DS18B20 temperature sensor compared with a digital thermometer measuring instrument get an average error of 0.014%. The test results of the pH sensor compared to the pH meter get an average error of 0.026%. TDS sensor test results compared with the TDS meter get an average error of 0.04%. Conclusion: The temperature, pH, and salinity monitoring system uses transmitter and receiver modules, where the transmitter module reads and sends data to the receiver module wirelessly with NRF24L01. Using DS18B20 temperature, pH, and TDS sensors, as well as energy from photovoltaics, this system helps shrimp farmers monitor pond water quality remotely.

Rancang Bangun Automatic Electric Oil Heater Sebagai Pengganti Thermal Oil Boiler Berbasis IoT Pada Kapal Bulk Carrier

From this study, the automatic electric oil heater can be used to adjust the temperature value and the automatic electric heater will be able to turn off automatically according to the setpoint temperature value determined through a smartphone device or IoT program. Monitoring can also be done with the app, as well as being able to view temperature values directly through the LCD. This tool is in the form of an electric heater that will be used to heat ship fuel automatically and is more practical and efficient. It is also easier to maintain than a boiler on a ship. The design of this tool is based on accurate calculation of temperature values, with which the process of heating up fuel becomes faster. From the results of this study, a heat sensor that can read the temperature value and the buzzer will sound and the device will automatically turn off if the temperature has reached a specified setpoint. This research was carried out when the ship was about to make a departure to find out the temperature in the heating of the fuel on the ship. Testing Design of an automatic electric oil heater as a replacement for IoT-based thermal oil boiler on this bulk carrier ship, it can be known the disadvantages and advantages of this tool, testing can be done by putting oil into the electric heater, then in a short time the oil will heat up quickly, and the tool will be able to turn off automatically and the buzzer will immediately turn on when the heat has reached the specified temperature. In the temperature setting, it can be set in a smartphone or an app that can adjust the temperature and turn off the appliance from a considerable distance. However, the application must use the internet network and cannot be accessed locally, the use of IoT requires devices and smartphones to be connected to the internet.

Fevogrit, a polyherbal medicine, mitigates endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-induced fever in Wistar rats by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Fever is characterized by an upregulation of the thermoregulatory set-point after the body encounters any pathological challenge. It is accompanied by uncomfortable sickness behaviors and may be harmful in patients with other comorbidities. We have explored the impact of an Ayurvedic medicine, Fevogrit, in an endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-induced fever model in Wistar rats. Active phytoconstituents of Fevogrit were identified and quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) platform. For the in-vivo study, fever was induced in male Wistar rats by the intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), obtained from Escherichia coli. The animals were allocated to normal control, disease control, Paracetamol treated and Fevogrit treated groups. The rectal temperature of animals was recorded at different time points using a digital thermometer. At the 6-h time point, levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines were analyzed in serum. Additionally, the mRNA expression of these cytokines was determined in hypothalamus, 24 h post-LPS administration. UHPLC analysis of Fevogrit revealed the presence of picroside I, picroside II, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, magnoflorine and cordifolioside A, as bioactive constituents with known anti-inflammatory properties. Fevogrit treatment efficiently reduces the LPS-induced rise in the rectal temperature of animals. The levels and gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and hypothalamus, respectively, was also significantly reduced by Fevogrit treatment. The findings of the study demonstrated that Fevogrit can suppress LPS-induced fever by inhibiting peripheral or central inflammatory signaling pathways and could well be a viable treatment for infection-induced increase in body temperatures.

Assessment of visual acuity in Python regius using optokinetic response.

Snakes are known for their unique abilities including infrared reception and their heavy reliance on heat sensors and vibrations. Infrared reception of snakes has gone under immense investigation; however, there have been very few studies that elaborate on their capacity to see. The goal of this study is to determine visual acuity of ball pythons (Python regius) by observing their optokinetic response (OKR). The OKR is a series of rapid saccadic and smooth pursuit movements of the eyes. It has been used for decades to determine visual acuity in multiple species such as humans, rats, and other nonmammalian species such as zebrafish and box turtles. Past studies have discovered that birds, reptiles, and amphibians achieve gaze stabilization by head and body movements, whereas in mammals and fish, gaze stabilization is conducted by eye movements. In this study, ball pythons were placed in a clear tube in a dark room, and a spinning black and white grating was projected in front of them. The size, direction, and velocity of the grating was manipulated which allowed their visual acuity to be determined. Our hypothesis is that P. regius would have a poor OKR response with low visual acuity due to their heavy reliance on other senses. Results show that P. regius does respond to visual stimuli, shows ocular saccadic movement in the direction of their stimuli, and has a relatively poor visual acuity when compared to other previously studied reptiles.

Platinum nanoparticle oxidase-like enzyme for colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode detection of sulfide ions

Monitoring sulfide ions (S2-) in environmental matrices is critical for environmental safety and pollution control. In this work, a novel dual-mode colorimetric and photothermal (PT) point-of-care testing (POCT) platform was developed for S2- assay. The synthesized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) exhibited exceptional oxidase-like activity, catalyzing the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to its oxidized form (oxTMB), causing a color change from colorless to blue. Additionally, oxTMB exhibits significant PT effects under near-infrared 808 nm laser irradiation. The presence of S2- induced the aggregation of Pt NPs, markedly inhibiting their oxidase-like activity, thereby establishing an inverse relationship between the concentration of S2- and both the RGB value and temperature change in TMB solution. The limits of detection (LODs) were calculated to be 1.5 μM and 4.4 μM for colorimetric and photothermal analysis using a digital thermometer and smartphone, respectively. The S2- in lake water and fuel residue was analyzed, yielding satisfactory results. This method offers low-cost, straightforward, and swift advantages, underscoring its potential for POCT in environmental monitoring.

Infrared Thermal Imaging during the Estrous Cycle in Adult Wistar Rats.

The collection and examination method of vaginal smears is the standard for the determination of ovulation or phases of the estrous cycle of rodents used in research. However, this method is time consuming and may not be amenable to continual monitoring of a large number of animals. Infrared thermography has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique that requires relatively little handling of animals. The body temperature of rodents has been shown to correlate with the ocular surface temperature. This study aimed to evaluate the use of thermographic monitoring of the ocular surface for the identification of estrus in rats. Vaginal smears were collected from female Wistar rats (n = 22) for 14 consecutive days. Core body temperature was estimated by measuring ocular surface temperature using a thermal camera; vaginal temperature was measured using a digital thermometer. Average temperatures were calculated for each rat for each phase of the estrous cycle. The highest core body and vaginal temperature were measured during the estrus phase (37.2 ± 0.6 °C and 37.7 ± 0.6 °C, respectively). The temperatures then fell as the rat entered the diestrus phase (36.8 ± 0.5 °C and 37 ± 0.5 °C). The core body temperature was positively correlated with vaginal temperature (r = 0.697, P < 0.001). In conclusion, thermography is a less invasive method of determining estrus in rats as compared with vaginal smear collection. However, thermography is less accurate and requires at least a 12-d period of measurement.

Comparative Evaluation of Calibrated and Non-calibrated Infrared Thermometer Versus Calibrated Digital Thermometer in Healthy Volunteers and Febrile Patients in a Tertiary Care Center in Central India

ABSTRACT Body temperature is a crucial indicator in assessing human physiological activity and health, particularly in pediatric and critically ill patients. This study aimed to compare temperature recordings obtained from digital calibrated thermometers with calibrated infrared thermometers and non-calibrated infrared thermometers against calibrated ones. An observational prospective study was conducted at AIIMS Bhopal, involving volunteers and febrile patients who consented to participate. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee, and 200 participants meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were included. Data were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Mean and variance values were computed for both volunteer and febrile patient groups. The P values in both groups were less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between non-calibrated handheld infrared thermometers (T1), calibrated digital thermometers (T2), and their individual comparison with calibrated infrared thermometers (T3). Variance was higher in non-calibrated infrared thermometers (T1) compared to calibrated ones (T2) in both healthy volunteers and febrile patients. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis within the febrile patient group demonstrated a robust positive correlation among all three thermometers compared to the healthy volunteers group. The study highlights variations in temperature readings when using different thermometers, irrespective of whether the assessment is conducted on healthy volunteers or febrile patients. Notably, the strength of association is lower in healthy volunteers than in febrile patients, suggesting that the interchangeability of thermometers may be more reliable and sufficient when assessing individuals with fever. These findings underscore the importance of careful consideration and validation of thermometer choices, especially in clinical settings where accurate temperature measurement is critical.

High-efficiency thermal-electric conversion enabled by water-solid triboelectric nanogenerators within a 3D pulsating heat pipe

At present, effective strategies for obtaining electric energy from harvesting and converting thermal energy have attracted great attention in the field of new energy. According to the working principle of electrostatic induction and triboelectrification, the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) technology is regarded as a promising energy harvester. Herein, we propose a novel thermal-electric generator that combines a liquid-solid TENG and a 3D pulsating heat pipe (3D-PHP). The liquid-solid TENG consists of copper foil and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes, and 50 % deionized water is filled into the 3D-PHP. Based on phase change heat transfer, water columns in the 3D-PHP will pulsate and flow through a liquid-solid TENG, leading to the generation of electric energy. The minimum thermal resistance of this 3D-PHP with TENGs is only 0.131 K/W at a heating power of 200 W, indicating it has excellent heat transfer performance. The peak output voltage and power generated by the developed 3D-PHP generator are up to 14 V and 1.05 μW, respectively. Finally, the harvested electricity is successfully applied to power a digital thermometer. These findings will offer a promising strategy for harvesting thermal energy from electronic equipment and systems involving high-flux heat production and dissipation.

Telemedicine With Wearable Technologies in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (TEL-HEMATO Study): Prospective Noninterventional Single-Center Study.

Patients with hematological malignancies receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are at risk of developing serious clinical complications after discharge. The aim of the TEL-HEMATO study was to improve our telehealth platform for the follow-up of patients undergoing HCT or CAR T-cell therapy during the first 3 months after discharge with the addition of wearable devices. Eleven patients who received autologous (n=2) or allogeneic (n=5) HCT or CAR T-cell therapy (n=4) for hematological malignancies were screened from November 2022 to July 2023. Two patients discontinued the study after enrollment. The telehealth platform consisted of the daily collection of vital signs, physical symptoms, and quality of life assessment up to 3 months after hospital discharge. Each patient received a clinically validated smartwatch (ScanWatch) and a digital thermometer, and a dedicated smartphone app was used to collect these data. Daily revision of the data was performed through a web-based platform by a hematologist or a nurse specialized in HCT and CAR T-cell therapy. Vital signs measured through ScanWatch were successfully collected with medium/high adherence: heart rate was recorded in 8/9 (89%) patients, oxygen saturation and daily steps were recorded in 9/9 (100%) patients, and sleeping hours were recorded in 7/9 (78%) patients. However, temperature recorded manually by the patients was associated with lower compliance, which was recorded in 5/9 (55%) patients. Overall, 5/9 (55%) patients reported clinical symptoms in the app. Quality of life assessment was completed by 8/9 (89%) patients at study enrollment, which decreased to 3/9 (33%) at the end of the third month. Usability was considered acceptable through ratings provided on the System Usability Scale. However, technological issues were reported by the patients. While the addition of wearable devices to a telehealth clinical platform could have potentially synergic benefits for HCT and CAR T-cell therapy patient monitoring, noncomplete automation of the platform and the absence of a dedicated telemedicine team still represent major limitations to be overcome. This is especially true in our real-life setting where the target population generally comprises patients of older age with a low digital education level.

Noncontact infrared thermometer measurements offer a reasonable alternative to rectal temperature measurement in afebrile horses.

To assess the repeatability of infrared thermometer temperature readings and evaluate the correlation between digital rectal temperature and infrared thermometer temperatures taken at different locations in healthy afebrile horses. 101 afebrile horses ≥ 1 year old. Digital rectal temperatures and infrared temperatures from the eye, gingiva, neck, axilla, and perineum were obtained in a climate-controlled environment and at 2 outdoor ambient temperatures (study period, November 1, 2021, to April 30, 2023). Infrared temperature measurements were well tolerated by horses, including those resistant to rectal temperature. There was significant correlation between rectal temperature and infrared temperature taken at the perineum (R = 0.57; P < .001) and eye (R = 0.37; P < .001). Infrared temperature measurements were highly repeatable, allowing for calculation of reference ranges for the perineum (36.0 to 37.8 °C) and eye (35.7 to 37.1 °C) in climate-controlled conditions. There was increased variance in outside temperatures compared to climate-controlled conditions for the eye (P = .002), gingiva (P = .047), and perineum (P = .005). While infrared thermometer temperatures were not numerically the same as rectal temperature using a digital thermometer, measurements at the perineum and eye were correlated with rectal temperature readings. Further, the repeatability of infrared readings allows for computation of reference ranges that make the infrared thermometer a viable alternative for the practicing veterinarian when obtaining a temperature in uncooperative horses. The infrared thermometer was reliable outdoors for the eye, but not the perineum. Additional validation of infrared temperature reference ranges in febrile horses and warmer ambient temperatures is warranted.

Design and Application of Duct Leak Detection Instrument in the Aircraft Pneumatic Systems

The pneumatic manifold system pipes on airplanes contain air with a pressure of approximately 45 psi and a temperature of approximately 117oC. This pipe stretches from the tip of the right wing to the tip of the left and continues to the tail area of ​​the aircraft. The total length of pipe reaches up to 300 meters. The diameter of the pipe reaches a size of up to 7 inches. Pneumatic system duct leaks are very dangerous because they affect aircraft performance and high temperatures can damage components around the leak and can even cause a fire. So far, if a leak is detected, it takes a long time to find the area because the detection method is still manual and visual. For this reason, a heat detection instrument was designed to find leak points in the pneumatic system channels. It is hoped that this instrument can help the process of finding leak points more quickly. The detection results of the instrument after testing its function using a heat sensor show more accurate results because the heat sensor can detect in areas that cannot be seen visually. This detection instrument is also able to measure the overheat temperature level at two stages, namely at 60°C and 100°C.

Vital signs Measurement: A Critical Review of Methods and Quality Improvement Strategies

Accurate measurement of vital signs is crucial for effective patient care and clinical decision-making. This critical review aims to evaluate current methods of vital signs measurement and identify strategies for quality improvement. Traditional methods, such as manual blood pressure cuffs and mercury thermometers, are compared with modern technological advancements, including digital thermometers, automated blood pressure monitors, and wearable devices. The review highlights challenges associated with measurement accuracy, including human factors, technological limitations, and environmental influences. Quality improvement strategies are discussed, emphasizing the importance of training and education, standardization of protocols, technological innovations, and continuous monitoring and feedback systems. Case studies of successful implementations demonstrate the benefits of adopting best practices and advanced technologies. The review concludes with a discussion on the implications for clinical practice and future research directions, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts to enhance the accuracy and reliability of vital signs measurement. Ensuring high-quality vital signs measurement is essential for improving patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery.

Using infrared thermography for the evaluation of road transport thermal homeostasis in athletic horse

This study aimed to evaluate changes in body temperature in athletic horses during two different road transport distances. Six Italian Saddle horses were subjected to a 100 and 300 km transport during different times of day (am and pm). Rectal and cutaneous temperatures were recorded before (T0), immediately (following 5 min- T1) and 1 hour (T2) after transport by means of a rectal digital thermometer and a thermal infrared camera (FLIR T440) respectively, for the evaluation of left and right side of four body regions: jugular, shoulder, croup and inner thigh. There were no differences between left and right sides, inner thigh or rectal temperatures when comparing the transport distance, time points or time of day. At T0, jugular (P < 0.0001), shoulder (P < 0.01) and croup (P < 0.01) average temperatures were higher in the pm compared to those in the am in both journeys. At T1, jugular (P < 0.01) and croup (P < 0.01) temperatures were lower in the pm compared to am following the 300 km journey. Jugular temperature (P < 0.0001) was higher following the 300 km compared to the 100 km journey at each time point (T1 and T2) at both times of day (am and pm). Shoulder (P < 0.0001) and croup temperatures (P < 0.0001) were higher at T2 after the 300 km journey than at T2 after the 100 km journey). The current results suggested a difference between the two distances and the time of day appeared to have as great effect on ocular temperature as road transport distance

Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Cuaca Berbasis Google Spreadsheet Untuk Nelayan Di Wilayah Pesisir Pantai

Coastal areas are vital areas for fishing activities, and the weather in this area plays a very important role in the safety and efficiency of fishermen's operations. Fishermen on the coast often face the challenges of weather that is changeable and can be very extreme, including strong winds that can cause high waves and unsafe sea conditions. Therefore, the development of a Google spreadsheet-based weather monitoring system for fishermen in coastal areas is very relevant and strategic to support safer and more productive fishing activities. This research aims to make it easier for fishermen to monitor the weather in coastal areas in real time. Testing is carried out by running the system for observation for a predetermined time duration. This research uses an anemometer, DHT11 and raindrop sensors connected to a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller to send data to a Google spreadsheet, with readings of wind speed, temperature, air humidity and rain values. This research was carried out at the Nusantara Prigi fishing port, Trenggalek, challenging the work of anemometer sensors, DHT11 and raindrop sensors. Testing of tools and data obtained by comparing data on wind speed, temperature and air humidity using a digital anemometer and digital thermometer hygrometer humidity. The results of this research are that a Google spreadsheet-based weather monitoring design for fishermen in coastal areas can monitor wind speed, air humidity, temperature and detect rain online using a spreadsheet application and functions well with an average error accuracy of 3%.

Innovative Integration of Triboelectric Nanogenerators into Signature Stamps for Energy Harvesting, Self-Powered Electronic Devices, and Smart Applications

In this manuscript, we present a novel approach for integrating Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) into signature stamps, termed Stamp TENG (S-TENG). We have modified a commercially available stamp holder to integrate triboelectric layers for multiple applications like effective energy harvesting, sensing, and embedded electronics for data prediction. S-TENG has been further explored in remote monitoring systems for elderly individuals and for gathering real-time statistics regarding persons or events at specific locations. The S-TENG is fabricated using FEP and Al as functional layers. It demonstrates an output voltage of 310 V, a current of 165 μA, and a power density of 14.8 W/m2. The simplicity of the S-TENG’s design is noteworthy. Its ability to generate energy through simple, repetitive stamping actions, which anyone can perform without specialized training, stands out as a key feature. The device is also designed for ease of use, being handheld and user-friendly. Its flexible and adaptable structure ensures that individuals with varying physical capabilities can comfortably operate it. An impressive capability of the TENG is its ability to illuminate 320 LEDs with each stamp press momentarily. Furthermore, using energy management circuits, the S-TENG can power small electronic gadgets such as digital watches and thermometers for a few seconds. In addition, when integrated with electronics, the S-TENG shows great potential in data prediction for various practical applications.

Design Implementation of a Logger-Based Digital Thermometer

LM35 temperature sensor is a widely used 3-terminal sensor known for its precise temperature measurement capabilities without the need for external calibration circuitry. With a sensitivity of 10mV/°C, it operates within a temperature range of -55°C to 150°C, with an error margin of 0.5°C. This paper presents the development and testing of a logger-based digital thermometer using LM35 sensor, integrated with a dsPIC30F4013 digital signal processing controller, an LCD, a real-time clock (DS1307), and other essential components. The methodology involves the analysis of the sensor's sensitivity and its response under both stress and non-stress temperature conditions. The findings indicate that the sensor's output closely follows the theoretical sensitivity, with a negligible offset, ensuring accurate temperature measurements. Comparative analysis with a standard laboratory thermometer suggests that the digital sensor provides superior precision, with an error margin of ±0.01°C. The results confirm LM35's suitability for accurate ambient temperature monitoring and validation of environmental temperature fluctuations.

Study of The Physiological Status of Horses Before and After Training in Anantya Riding Club

Background: The physiological status of a horse is an indicator of its health. Parameters that can be used to determine the health status of a horse include respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature. As the activity of a horse increases, its respiratory rate increases. By measuring respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature before and after training, changes in the physiological status of a horse can be determined. Purpose: This study aims to provide an overview of the physiological status of horses before and after training at Anantya Riding Club. Case: Physiological status of horses before and after training. Case Management: This study used a qualitative approach. Data on the physiological conditions of horses were collected before and after training. A digital thermometer was used to measure body temperature. A stethoscope was used to measure heart rate. Respiratory rate was measured by placing the back of the hand or the palm of the hand close to the horse's nose to feel its breath. These measurements were taken before and after training. Conclusion: This study concluded that the physiological status of horses after training showed an improvement. The average body temperatures of the horses before and after training were [37.6 ± 0.09]°C and [38.61 ± 0.03] °C, respectively. The average heart rates of the horses before and after training were 41.0 ± 2.4 beats/minute and 90.2 ± 3.5 beats/minute, respectively. Finally, the average respiratory rates of the horses before and after training exercise were 39.7 ± 3.0 breaths/minute and 101.2 ± 0.5 breaths/minute, respectively.

Edukasi, Pendampingan, dan Pemberdayaan Keluarga yang Menjalani Isolasi Mandiri COVID 19 dalam Upaya Peningkatan Status Kesehatan Keluarga

The beginning of 2020 was the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the world; until 2021, more and more COVID-19 cases occurred in Indonesia, and more and more positive cases in the community resulted in hospitals not being able to accept patients for treatment in hospitals, so people who experienced moderate symptoms, mild and without symptoms can self-isolate in their respective homes. As of February 28, 2021, there were 2112 positive cases in Tegal City. During self-isolation, the patient needs family support; the family has a vital role in improving health status, so education, assistance, and empowerment are needed for families; education is provided through booklet media, as well as the provision of masks, hand sanitizers, hand soap, disinfectant spray and digital thermometer to families who are self-isolating. This activity aims to increase knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about COVID-19 to improve health status and prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the community, especially families.

Relationships of infrared thermography temperature with core temperature in goat.

Rectal temperature is widely used as an indicator of animal health. However, rectal temperature is conventionally measured by an invasive method, which may reduce animal welfare. So, this study aimed to determine the relationships between the deep-body (core) temperature and body surface temperatures in goats and develop a linear regression equation to establish the core temperature based on body surface temperatures. Body surface temperatures (head, eye, muzzle, horn, back, scrotum and groin) of goats were measured by infrared thermography (IRT). Ambient temperatures were measured by digital thermometer. Core temperatures were measured by a digital vet thermometer. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between body surface temperatures, ambient temperature, and core temperature. Simple linear regression analysis was used to develop core temperature assessment equations. Correlation analysis showed that groin temperature was highly correlated with core temperature, and low correlated with ambient temperature. The body surface temperature of other region was low correlated with core temperature, and highly correlated with ambient temperature. Regression analysis showed that the determination coefficient of core temperature assessment equation based on groin temperature was the highest (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.55), and those based on surface temperature of other regions were low (P < 0.01, R2 ≤ 0.16). We concluded that body surface temperatures obtained by IRT could be used for the assessment of goat core temperature. The core temperature assessment equations developed by the temperature of the body surface, which is less affected by ambient temperature, was found to have a higher determination coefficient than the equations developed using body surface temperature that is more affected by ambient temperature.