Panel Heating Research Articles

The effect of using phase change materials in solar panel cooling to provide green and sustainable energy of a building

The present study numerically investigates the use of solar energy for heating in a building using EnergyPlus and COMSOL. A solar panel with a size of 0.5 × 1 m was simulated. A rectangular chamber containing CaCl26H2O as a phase change material (PCM) was positioned below the solar panel. A pipe with an Al2O3-water nanofluid flow and fins was placed in the middle of the PCM chamber. The hot water outflow of the solar panel was employed to supply the hot water demand of a small residential building. Also, the amount of carbon dioxide production for this house in different months of the year for the house with and without solar thermal panel was compared. Furthermore, the panel temperature and melted PCM fraction below the panel were studied at different nanofluid flow velocities. It was found that a higher flow velocity (20 mm/s) led to a lower panel temperature than a lower velocity (5 mm/s). Thus, a higher nanofluid flow velocity would increase the fraction of energy demand supplied through the solar system during the day (up to 19.1%); however, a rise in the velocity at night diminished the energy fraction. In July, using a solar heating panel to supply hot water to the house reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 43%.

전기차 탑승자용 국부 근접 복사 히터 개발을 위한 발열판의 최적 표면 온도 결정 : 가온 면적, 인체 부위 및 체질량지수의 영향

The purpose of this study was to quantify the surface temperature of radiant heaters to optimize the warmth and hot sensations on the human skin according to the size of heating panels. Three sizes of heating panels (5 × 5, 10 × 10, 20 × 20 cm²) were applied to eight body regions of 15 young males at a distance of 10 cm from the skin. When subjects expressed initial warmth and hot sensation on the skin, the surface temperature of the heating panel was recorded. The results showed that the surface temperature of the heater was lower as the size of the heaters was larger when subjects felt warm or hot (P<0.001). The forearm and upper back were the most sensitive for detecting radiant heat, whereas the foot was the least sensitive to detect radiant heat (P<0.05). There were significant positive relationships between body mass index and the surface temperature of the heater on the especially at the hot sensation thresholds. Body regional area-weighted averages of the surface temperature for the three sizes of heaters were calculated using the measurements from the eight body regions. Linear relationships between the area of the heater and surface temperature were found for the warmth sensation (R²=0.94, P<0.05) and hot sensation (R²=0.99, P<0.05). These results suggest that the radiant heater temperature for warmth or hot sensation of passengers in electric vehicles can be predicted according to the heating size and body regions, but the estimation is limited to heaters smaller than 400 cm².

Experimental and numerical study on a new floor heating system using carbon fiber tape embedded in cement mortar

A new design for a floor electrical heating system manufactured with commercially available carbon fiber tape (CFT) as heating source embedded in cement mortar is proposed in this study. The characterization on thermal performance of the system was then performed to analyze the heating efficiency, temperature change with spatial and temporal variations, and energy consumption. The experimental results showed that the temperature of the CFT surface could increase at a rate of 1.83 °C/min through the heating system, and the heating flux is 16.31W/m2. Numerical analysis was also conducted on the heating panel and its associated heating system. The temperature gradient in the vertical direction is much greater than that in the horizontal direction. The heating power of the CFT is stable at a constant voltage, and the reflective film and insulation board effectively minimize the heat transfer towards the bottom of the device, thus enhancing the heating efficiency. The automatic temperature control device can also decrease energy consumption. The temperature increase and power-on time of the device are affected by the ambient temperature. The temperature change and distribution obtained by FE thermal analysis are in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the number and spacing of CFT are optimized to improve the performance of the heating system, and more uniform temperature distribution can be achieved using more CFTs with the same power consumption.

A Study on Comparison of Temperature Distribution between Aluminum and GFRP Mold under Carbon Spar-Cap Manufacturing Process

In this study, temperature distribution as a function of the spar-cap thickness was numerically analyzed using a 20 kW wind carbon blade model. “Realizable k-ε”, which was adopted as a turbulence model for heat transfer analysis, was effective in convection and diffusion calculations. SC/TETRA, a commercial thermal fluid analysis software, was used to calculate the heat flow from the heat panel to the outside boundary of the simulation model. In order to derive the equation for the temperature between the mold surface and the top surface of the spar-cap, the temperature interval of the heat panel was 10 °C, and the range was from 60 °C to 110 °C. As a result, the temperature distribution of the top surface of the spar-cap was insufficient to cure the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) because the heat did not reach from the mold heat panel to the top surface of the carbon spar-cap. To resolve the problem of heat loss, the equation was derived by dividing the temperature boundary conditions between the mold surface and the spar-cap top surface as a function of the thickness of the carbon laminates. The temperature unevenness in the spar-cap curing process was reduced using the improved boundary condition. In addition, the cases where GFRP and aluminum were applied to the upper mold of the heat panel were compared using the same analysis method. An improvement to reduce the temperature non-uniformity of the spar-cap top surface was studied to solve the non-curing issue of the carbon spar-cap under the manufacturing process.

GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY REUTILIZING LOW GRADE WASTE

In this present scenario everything is computerized. So, usage of power is increased. But production of power is less due to lack of Natural resources. For that we need to consume electricity as much as we can. Here we are using waste management for generating electricity through a heating panel. Industrial waste is generated in industrial processes which is not put into any practical use and is lost, wasted and dumped into the environment. Recovering the waste material can be conducted through various waste heat recovery technologies to provide valuable energy sources and reduce the overall energy consumption. Keywords: Waste Management, Heating Panel, Generating electricity.

Data-Driven Design Support for Additively Manufactured Heating Elements

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) enables innovative product designs. One promising research field is AM of integrated electrically structures, e.g. heating panels using Joule effect. A mayor challenge in designing heating panels using AM is the dependency of its resultant resistivity from material, process and geometry parameters. The goal-oriented design of heating panels with individual surface temperatures the interactions between these parameters need to be understand. Therefore, a data-driven design approach is developed that facilitates a design of heating panels with specific properties.

Flexible, Air-Stable, High-Performance Heaters Based on Nanoscale-Thick Graphite Films.

Graphite sheets are known to exhibit remarkable performance in applications such as heating panels and critical elements of thermal management systems. Industrial-scale production of graphite films relies on high-temperature treatment of polymers or calendering of graphite flakes; however, these methods are limited to obtaining micrometer-scale thicknesses. Herein, we report the fabrication of a flexible and power-efficient cm2-scaled heater based on a polycrystalline nanoscale-thick graphite film (NGF, ∼100 nm thick) grown by chemical vapor deposition. The stability of these NGF heaters (operational in air over the range 30-300 °C) is demonstrated by a 12-day continuous heating test, at 215 °C. The NGF exhibits a fast switching response and attains a steady peak temperature of 300 °C at a driving bias of 7.8 V (power density of 1.1 W/cm2). This excellent heating performance is attributed to the structural characteristics of the NGF, which contains well-distributed wrinkles and micrometer-wide few-layer graphene domains (characterized using conductive imaging and finite element methods, respectively). The efficiency and flexibility of the NGF device are exemplified by externally heating a 2000 μm-thick Pyrex glass vial and bringing 5 mL of water to a temperature of 96 °C (at 2.4 W/cm2). Overall, the NGF could become an excellent active material for ultrathin, flexible, and sustainable heating panels that operate at low power.

107 Nursing Interventions in the Temperature Management of Acute Burn Patients in the Burn Operating Room

IntroductionThe development of hypothermia in the operating room is a known risk that has been well documented in the literature. The typical surgical patient undergoing general anesthesia experiences a temperature loss of approximately 4°F without warming interventions. Burn patients are at a higher risk for hypothermia due to the greater body surface area exposure and evaporative losses related to their burn injury and length of their operative interventions. The purpose of this review is to determine the average loss of body temperature of the burn surgical patient as it pertains to total body surface area (TBSA) injury and the use of warming interventions.MethodsA two year retrospective review was performed on acute burn surgical cases in our two dedicated burn operating rooms within our burn center. Data obtained included TBSA of each case, pre and post-procedure patient temperatures, maximum OR room temperature, and use of adjunctive warming interventions. The surgical procedures were categorized by percent TBSA burn of < 10%, 10-20%, 21-40%, and >40%.ResultsWe identified 415 cases that were included in this review from 2019 and 2020. As expected, patients with larger TBSA involvement led to a greater temperature decline. As seen in Table 1, forced warm air devices were utilized in 67.2% of cases. In our large Burn OR suite, we utilize a heat panel that is integrated in the ceiling above the OR table. Utilization of these devices is determined by the Burn OR nurse. They are either initiated prior to the start of the case or intra-operatively if the patient’s temperature is declining and intervention is required. Mean operating room temperatures were 80.1°F in all cases with cooler room temperatures in the smallest TBSA group. Our average patient temperature decline was 1.25°F in all cases. However, in the largest TBSA group, the mean temperature loss was 2.68°F which is significantly less than the 4°F loss in general anesthesia procedures without warming interventions.ConclusionsThe use of elevated ambient operative room temperatures along with other warming interventions aid in the maintenance of core body temperature in the burn surgical patient. Having dedicated burn operative nurses with investment in the outcome of the burn surgical patient contributes to the overall safety and the maintenance of temperature homeostatic state.

Implementation of the artificial neural network to predict the effectiveness of the solar system using Cu/water-ethylene nanofluid to save energy

A solar heat panel with the nanofluids (NFs) flow is simulated. For this purpose, an 80 W Photovoltaic (PV) with its cooling system (CLS) is simulated. The CLS consists of a copper pipe, and a copper plate with 1 mm thickness is located under the panel. Cu/water-ethylene (70-30) NFs flows with different flow rates in the CLS under heat flux of different hours of the day. The neural network is employed to estimate the thermal behavior of a PV that provides heat flow. For better analysis, an optimization is performed on the variables, including pipe diameter (dPipe), heat flux, and NFs flow rate on the output parameters such as maximum temperature (T-Max) and pressure drop (ΔP). The simulation results show the extraordinary ability of the neural network to estimate the output variables so that MSE < 10−5, R2 = 0.999, and MOD < 0.5%. The results of optimization revealed that the greatest fluid flow should be conducted via the pipe with the smallest (dPipe) and lowest heat flux in order to decrease the T-Max. The maximum undesirable panel temperature occurs at the opposite point. The minimum ΔP occurs when the panel has the pipe with the largest diameter, and the fluid passes through it with the lowest velocity.

Assessing the Energy Consumption and Driving Range of the QUIET Project Demonstrator Vehicle

This article summarises the experimental testing campaign performed at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) on the demonstrator battery electric vehicle (BEV) of the European Union Horizon 2020 research project QUIET. The project, launched in October 2017, aimed at developing an improved and energy-efficient electric vehicle with increased driving range under real-world driving conditions, focusing on three areas: improved energy management, lightweight materials with enhanced thermal insulation properties, and improved safety and comfort. A heating, venting, and air conditioning (HVAC) system based on the refrigerant R290 (propane), a phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system, infrared heating panels in the near field of the passengers, lightweight materials for seat internal structures, and composite vehicle doors with a novel atomically precise manufacturing (APM) aluminium foam are all the breakthrough technologies installed on the QUIET demonstrator vehicle. All these innovative technologies allow the energetic request for cooling and heating the cabin of the demonstrator vehicle under different driving conditions and the weight of the vehicle components (e.g., doors, windshields, seats, heating, and air conditioning) to be reduced by about 28%, leading to an approximately 26% driving range increase under both hot (40 °C) and cold (−10 °C) weather conditions.

Thermal Performance Analysis of Hydronic Ceiling Radiant Panel Heaters Under Different Parameters

Abstract A numerical analysis of a ceiling-type radiant panel heater system was performed to examine the heating performance under different parameters, using the FloEFD code. Three-dimensional models of the room and radiant panel heater were created, and the effects of the Reynolds number, water inlet temperature, pipe diameter and pipe runs on the heating performance of the system were examined in detail. The effects of these parameters on the total heat load, the net radiation rate, and the average surface temperature on the sheet and insulation material have been presented. The total heat load and net radiation rate obtained from the system increase with the increase in the Reynolds number. In addition, a rise in the water inlet temperature increases the heat output of the system. An increase of approximately 500 W was observed in the total heat output as the pipe diameter increased. It was observed, too, that the heat output increased with an increase in pipe runs, although above a certain value the heat output became almost constant. The results of this study could offer information to engineers and manufacturers on the design and use of hydronic radiant systems.

Preparation and application practice of temperature self‐regulating flexible polymer electric heaters

AbstractThe present article considers a comparative analysis of two elastomers, polyurethane (PUС) and organosilicon (OSC), both modified with 1.0–9.0 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNTs‐1 and MWCNTs‐2 were synthesized through CVD method using Co‐Mo/Al2O3‐MgO and Fe‐Co/2,1Al2O3. The results obtained showed that the lowest bulk conductivity (5 × 10−10 S × cm−1) was typical for PUC elastomer modified with 1 wt.% MWCNTs‐2. As for OSC elastomer (modified with 9 wt.% MWCNTs‐1), the lowest bulk conductivity was found to be 0.4 S × cm−1. The maximum temperature field uniformity was established for OSC elastomer modified with 7 wt.% MWCNTs‐2, whereas in the modified PUC‐based elastomer, the nonuniform temperature field took place. This might be caused by local MWCNTs entanglement manifested in the formation of agglomerates or a denser packing of conductive networks. The best combination of the polymer matrix and MWCNTs type was revealed. Finally, it was established that for electric heaters, it is the most efficient to employ OSC modified with 7 wt.% MWCNTs and use MWCNTs‐1 or MWCNTs‐2, depending on the feeding voltage level of 12 or 24 V. This study is of special importance in household purposes, clothing with built‐in heating panels, car/tractor systems, minibus interiors, onboard thermal ventilation systems, clothing, and aircraft industries.

Effects of vertical and horizontal heating panel on heat loss from human legs

In China’s hot summer and cold winter zone, there are cold and humid in winter. If there is no heating measure, the human body will feel less comfortable in the cold environment. The traditional HVAC system consumes a lot of energy, and it is difficult to meet the thermal comfort needs of everyone. By creating a local thermal environment around the human body, the personalized heating system can significantly improve the thermal comfort level of the human body with lower energy consumption. In this paper, it is mainly analyzing the heating effect of the heating panel on the legs of the human body by theoretically analyzing the indoor temperature of 12 °C in the hot summer and cold winter zone. For the following two working conditions: the heating panel is placed vertically on the side of the human leg and the heating panel is placed horizontally under the feet. It is calculated that when the human body feels comfortable, the heat loss is about 45 W/m2∼50 W/m2. The conclusions are as follows: (1) When the heating panel is placed vertically on the side of the human leg, the thermal comfort needs are only met when the heating panel temperature is 70 °C and the distance between the heating panel and the leg is 5 cm or 10 cm. (2) When the heating panel is placed horizontally under the feet and the temperature of the heating panel is 70 °C, the local heat loss of the human body is less than 45W/m2, and the human body feels slightly warmer.

The effect of diffuse ceiling ventilation air supply on human thermal comfort under radiant asymmetry

Sidewall radiant heating creates a non-uniform thermal environment. In office buildings, it is important to know how to supply fresh air to reduce radiant asymmetry without causing draft. As a solution, diffuse ceiling ventilation (DCV) is used to supply fresh air into a sidewall radiant heated room. 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) were recruited and subjective assessments were obtained. The results show that under the influence of sidewall radiant heating, there are differences in the subjects’ requirements for airflow and wall temperature on both body sides. Skin temperature and thermal sensation of the same body parts decrease differently when the subjects move away from the radiant heating panels, especially in forearms, shanks and feet. DCV airflow with low supply momentum interacts with thermal plume formed by radiant heating panels.

Investigating the influence of nanoparticle disbanded phase changing material (NDPCM) on the working of solar PV

As the price of solar photovoltaic (PV) panel remains to fall owing to the consequence of nation’s energy policy proposals favouring sustainable and renewable energy solutions, conversion of solar radiation into electricity has become increasingly popular. But the PV's efficacy is not impressive, and it's about 15% all the time. The PV's surface temperature changes dramatically during the day because of the variation in sun's rays, which has a significant impact on how well it performs. As a result, efficient solar panel heat management is critical to maximizing the efficiency of the panel. Using a Nanoparticle Disbanded Phase Change Material (NDPCM), the researchers hoped to maximize performance of solar PVs by regulating absorbed heat radiation of the panels. To make NDPCM, a paraffin matrix was diffused at a low volume percent (0.5 vol%) with nano-ZnO particles in this present study. Two similar PV solar panels with the same capacity (30 Wp) and architecture had been used in this experiment. During the experimental work on thermal management of panels, the first panel was used as-is, however, the second panel was incorporated with aforementioned NDPCM and the trials had accompanied on days with non-cloudy sky. The PV panels were inspected between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. and it was found that the uniting of NDPCM reduced PV temperature by 28.98% and improved electrical efficiency to 14.88%, which is 2.14% greater than the normal PV.

Abstract 13602: Detection of Thermal Myocardial Injury Using the Microwave Return Loss Spectrum

Introduction: Thermocouples located inside conventional ablation catheters do not measure tissue temperature nor determine thermal lesion size during cardiac catheter ablation. Hypothesis: Progressive, thermally mediated changes in tissue composition can be detected by the return loss spectrum of a microwave antenna coupling to tissue in the microwave band. Results: Return loss (RL) exhibited characteristic changes in the 1.6 to 1.7 GHz band during heating (Panel A). Heating to a temperature lethal to the myocardium (50°C) reduced the RL amplitude of the sample from baseline by 346.7% (-10.80 ± 4.430 dB, p = 0.0055). Further temperature rise restituted RL amplitude back to approximately baseline values at 64°C to 70°C (Panel B). Conclusion: The pattern of RL amplitude change in the 1.6 - 1.7 GHz microwave band may be useful for detecting lethal thermal myocardial injury and prevent overheating. This observation may have applications for monitoring cardiac catheter ablation.

Study and analysis the effect of panel rear surface temperature on the photovoltaic system efficiency

As the operating temperatures increase, the efficiency of the solar system will be decreases. Therefore, the examination of the mode of transmission and dissipation of the temperature of the solar panel and its impact on the level of electricity generation of the panel has made a significant contribution to determining the solar panel efficiency. In order to reduce the possibility of excessive heating, in particular its upper part, so, leaving a certain air gap between the hatching roof surface and the panel back at which the solar panel can be allowed heat dissipation. The aim of this work is to study and investigate the impact of the solar panel rear surface temperature on its output. The study was performed experimentally on three heights (10, 20 and 30 cm) in 3 positions. The study was first carried out with three identical panels on one height of the roof, then ,the height of the first panel remains unchanged, while, the other two panels being changed by 20 cm and 30 cm in the woe steps respectively. The results obtained show that the solar panel output level is inversely proportional to the panel rear surface temperature. So, we can conclude that in case of leaving a certain air gap will lead to more dissipation of panel heat which lead to a much increase in the panel output level.

Floor Heating of Piglets Using a Thermoelectric Heat Pump

A functional and process flow diagram of an energy-saving floor heating panel using a thermoelectric assembly operating in a heat pump mode has been developed. The technique and calculation of the main heat-and-power parameters of this installation are presented. Studies of a working prototype of a floor heating panel, which have shown the high energy efficiency of the installation being developed, have been performed. It is shown that energy saving is about 15% in comparison with the serially used equipment for local heating of young animals.

The Influence of Glazing on the Functioning of a Trombe Wall Containing a Phase Change Material

Among the technological solutions for external walls, the Trombe wall is an interesting proposition for obtaining solar radiation energy. The aim of the presented research is to determine the influence of glazing parameters on the thermal performance of the Trombe wall containing a phase change material (PCM). In the experimental tests, three glazing (G1, G2, and G3) with different heat transfer coefficient (Ug) and total solar energy transmittance factor (g) were used. The tests were carried out under laboratory conditions in a small-scale simulation chamber. The thermal energy of absorbed solar radiation was simulated with a heating panel. All of the walls are characterized by high dynamics of operation in the first two days. From the moment of heating, the walls achieve the minimum value of the heat flux after 16–18 h. In practice, this means the highest thermal efficiency of the wall during the night of the next day. A noticeable influence of the type of glazing on the operation of the barrier was found. The obtained results suggest that the most effective barrier for “sunny days” is the B1 barrier. The B2 barrier is suitable for alternating days in the cycle: “sunny day”, “cloudy day”. However, the B3 barrier is the most advantageous in periods with a predominance of “cloudy days”. In addition to the experimental studies, a numerical model of the B1 barrier was developed and simulation was carried out using the finite element method. The simulation results were consistent with the experimental tests. The second numerical simulation confirmed the rightness of using the heating panel in experimental tests.

Numerical investigation of photovoltaic hybrid cooling system performance using the thermoelectric generator and RT25 Phase change material

The PV panel absorbs solar irradiation flux on its surface. Part of the absorbed flux generates electricity, and a more significant amount converts into heat. Different methods are used to maintain photovoltaic at low temperatures. Heat is transferred in all heat transfer forms conduction, convection, and radiation. In the current study, two cooling models of the photovoltaic panel are developed as active and hybrid cooling systems. The active cooling system uses thermoelectric generators for photovoltaic panel heat dissipation. The hybrid cooling system uses a thermoelectric generator and phase change material for photovoltaic panel heat dissipation. The thermoelectric generators heat sink in both active and hybrid cooling systems is the domestic water supply at average ambient temperature. The thermoelectric generator heat source is the photovoltaic temperature in the active cooling system and the phase change material temperature in the hybrid active and passive cooling system. The hybrid cooling process keeps the photovoltaic panel at a steady temperature for four hours and decreases the temperature from 332K to 295K by up to 60 %. Results show an improvement of the panel efficiency by 2.5% in fair weather and 3.5% in sunny weather. Also, electrical power generation is enhanced by 20% in fair weather and 30% in sunny weather. The effeciency enhancement of the photovoltaic panel is steady for ten hours, even under transient irradiation flux. The active cooling and hybrid cooling systems with cavity channel (CCH) and cavity capsules (CCP) show a significant improvement and stability in temperature, efficiency, and power generation.