Heat Consumption Research Articles

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF HEAT CONDUCTIVITY FOR DAMAGED THERMAL INSULATION OF PIPELINES

For heat supply systems of Ukraine, the determination and forecasting of thermal energy losses during the transportation of heat carrier is an urgent problem. The thermal lines of the heating networks are long and its insulation is damaged. Installation of heat energy metering devices at all sources and all consumers (i.e. buildings) without exception allows determining and forecasting real heat losses in the heat network, but this is a difficult task, not all consumers and sources are actually covered by heat consumption accounting. The task of determining heat losses is also relevant for energy management systems of heat supply systems, energy companies and industry. The solution to the problem is proposed by a separate mathematical modeling of the temperature state of the section of the damaged insulating layer with the determination of the heat flow through it. It is proposed to solve the problem by the method of analytical solution of the differential equation of heat conduction with boundary conditions of the third kind. With the uniform distribution of characteristic damages along the total length of the pipeline, knowing the limits of damage influence, the share of insulation damage and the number of damages on the pipeline, it is possible to determine the real heat flow from the outer surface of the pipelines, including coefficient of increase of heat losses on the section of the heat pipe in relation to those determined by regulatory documents. Traditionally, one-dimensional models or determinations of the two-dimensional temperature field and actual heat fluxes in a cross-section to the axis of a characteristic damaged section of insulation are considered. But this does not take into account the two-dimensionality of the temperature field of the damaged layer of insulation along the length (that is, along the axis) of the pipeline. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for determining heat losses through pipelines, taking into account the damage to their insulation and the distribution of characteristic damages along the length. The following simulation was carried out for one of the areas. Also, experimental and numerical studies using the finite difference method in combination with the method of running variable directions for similar models confirmed the coincidence of the analytical solution of the proposed model and the finite difference model within the permissible error.

Removal mechanism of adhering heavy oil from pipeline wall in low-temperature flow

With the global emphasis on heavy oil development and increasing water content in Chinese oilfields, the low-temperature flow of heavy oil has been widely concerned. Integrating experiments and theoretical modeling, a hydrodynamic balance model for removing adhering heavy oil from pipeline wall was proposed to determine the temperature threshold for heavy oil transportation (adhesion temperature, AT). Two forms of heavy oil removal from pipeline wall were identified in the study: slide and lift-off. At low temperatures, the abrupt increase in wall-adhesion mass is primarily due to the inability of oil droplets to be removed through lift-off, but rather only through slide. Therefore, the temperature marking the transition from lift-off to slide is suggested as the AT criterion. Predicted AT values were in effective concordance with experimental values, with a maximum deviation of 3.78 °C. ATs for oilfields were predicted, and field cooling transportation tests showed no significant pressure drop increase, indicating the model's practical applicability. Additionally, the influence factors of the model were analyzed based on considerations of adhesion force and hydrodynamic removal force. This study aims to reduce heating energy consumption and carbon emissions during transportation under the premise of ensuring safe flow of high water-content heavy oil.

A novel intelligent modeling and prediction of heat energy consumption in smart buildings

The rising cost and demand for energy have prompted several organizations to devise innovative methods for monitoring, managing, and conserving energy. Heat energy load prediction in smart buildings is critical for saving energy as well as for meeting energy demands. As the cost of energy and demand is increasing, people must find some way to control it and save energy. To overcome these issues, an intelligent energy management system needs to be developed to help individuals by predicting heat energy demand ahead of time and analyzing energy use patterns. This paper introduces a data-driven short-term heat energy consumption prediction for smart buildings by developing a hybrid deep learning model considering the capabilities of Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks. The proposed model extracts hidden patterns from actual data collected through sensors and also uses hand-crafted features to predict the heat energy demand accurately. The efficiency of the proposed model has been evaluated on real smart heat metering data, a case study in Denmark, having three kinds of buildings: single-family, apartment, and terraced houses. The extensive experimental results have been reported with real-world data by considering various evaluation metrics such as MAE, RMSE, MAPE and R2. The results are promising and outperformed other state-of-the-art methods.

Heat Consumer Model for Robust and Fast Simulations of District Heating Networks Using Modelica

Dynamic thermo-hydraulic simulations of district heating networks (DHN) are essential to investigate novel concepts for their sustainable design and operation. To develop solutions for a particular case study, numerous long-term simulations are required. Therefore, computational effort for simulation is critical. Heat consumers (HC) are numerous and determine the dynamics of mass flows and return temperatures in the DHN. Thus, the way in which HCs are modeled has significant impact on the computational effort and the results of the simulation. This article presents a novel Modelica-based model for HCs that builds on an existing simplified modeling approach (open-loop design). The calculation of mass flow and return temperature is improved in terms of robustness, plausible behavior and low computational effort. In particular, the model reacts to limited differential pressure and supply temperatures to ensure plausible behavior across all operating conditions, including undersupply situations. The model is successfully tested using an exemplary DHN. The analysis proves that the HC model itself requires little time to simulate. Nevertheless, it significantly influences the simulation time for the entire DHN, which varies by a factor of five for the investigated system depending on the HC model. Fast dynamics, including a bypass in the model and correction of deviations between set point and actual heat load increase the simulation time, so users should sensibly choose how to use these options. HC models triggering many state events result in high computational effort. Compared to other simple HC models, the proposed model produces more plausible results while maintaining at least equal simulation performance (for models without bypass) or even improving it (for models with bypass, CPU time is reduced by at least 35%).

Long-Term Analysis of Energy Consumption and Thermal Comfort in a Passivhaus Apartment in Spain

This study presents a detailed analysis of thermal comfort and energy consumption in a Passivhaus-certified apartment in Bolueta Tower, Bilbao, Spain, over a period of three years (2020–2022). Utilizing a comprehensive, long-term monitoring approach, the research investigates the effectiveness of the Passivhaus standard in achieving both energy efficiency and occupant comfort in a temperate climate. Using calibrated data loggers to record indoor temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels were used alongside the collection of utility bills to assess energy consumption and thermal comfort, as well as IAQ, against several international standards. Significant issues with overheating were confirmed, in line with previous research. During the warmer months, indoor temperatures frequently exceeded the Passivhaus comfort threshold of 25 °C, reaching as high as 31.3 °C, particularly in the living room and bedroom. This resulted in discomfort during summer, with the percentage of hours above 25 °C reaching 23.21% in 2022. Nighttime temperatures often surpassed 24 °C, impacting sleep quality. Conversely, heating consumption was minimal, corroborating the building’s energy efficiency in colder months. The findings highlight a critical gap in the Passivhaus standard when applied in milder climates, where overheating becomes a significant issue. This study suggests the need for an integrated approach in sustainable building design, one that balances energy efficiency with adaptive strategies to mitigate overheating, such as improved natural ventilation and thermal mass. These insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimizing energy-efficient buildings for occupant comfort in various climatic conditions.

Inform me when it matters: Cost salience, energy consumption, and efficiency investments

Using a large-scale natural experiment in staggered billing dates for energy use in Germany and a unique billing dataset for multi-apartment buildings, this paper shows that the month of billing is a significant determinant of heat energy consumption. A large set of residential buildings demand significantly more heat energy annually, when the bill is issued during off-winter months. The paper finds evidence for salience cycles of heating bills that last up to 4 months, likely because consumer attention to heat energy costs is short-lived and absent during months when heating is off. Importantly, this phenomena is pervasive enough to be detectable even in aggregated building-level consumption data. Results suggest that the mere knowledge of costs is not sufficient and that the response to billing information also hinges on its time-varying salience. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cost salience in the design of effective billing for energy conservation.

Design–operation gap caused by parameter variance in HVAC system control sequences: A simulation-based study on energy efficiency and temperature controllability

During the design phase, the annual energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is frequently simplified or fixed under certain assumptions due to uncertain parameters within the control sequence, resulting in a performance gap between the intended and actual performances. This study assessed the impact of six uncertain parameters on system energy consumption and indoor temperature control under various updating scenarios. First, sensitivity analysis was conducted using the one-at-a-time method to identify the influential impact of the single uncertain parameter. Then, mutual impact analysis was conducted to showcase how different parameters affect each other, and mixed impact analysis was applied to evaluate how intended design performance converges to actual operating outcomes. A detailed physical model of a single-zone variable air volume system was developed to enable a comprehensive evaluation across different operational conditions. The results indicate that a 10% change in some parameters can lead to a 20∼30% increase in energy consumption, especially during low-load winter months. Properly evaluating the influence of one parameter is difficult without taking the effects of additional parameters into account, and some combinations of parameters can significantly decrease the system performance. These results underscore the necessity of considering the updating and combination scenarios of different parameters within the control sequences during the design phase.

A two-level optimisation approach for underground natural ventilation based on CFD and building energy simulations

Natural ventilation is a historical and promising passive design for conserving building energy. However, a noticeable scarcity exists in design strategies and academic studies on underground natural ventilation. This study introduces a two-level optimisation approach for underground natural ventilation, considering form and environmental characteristics. At the initial level, computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed to quantify and visualise the momentary ventilation performances of various passive strategies. These simulations also furnished precise wind pressure coefficients. Subsequently, at the second level, this study predicted the annual energy savings of the proposed prototype by integrating an airflow network model with building energy simulations. To adapt design parameters, sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimisation techniques were applied. These numerical models underwent validation against measured data from analogous studies. The results reveal that the ‘inlet buried pipe + outlet shaft’ led to a 6.9 % reduction in energy consumption for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning in underground hybrid ventilation compared to underground mechanical ventilation. Moreover, it achieved a 28.8 % decrease compared to aboveground mechanical ventilation. Optimising air temperatures following climate, soil conditions, and building characteristics is imperative, aligning with design standards. This study contributes a quantitative and visual approach to support underground natural ventilation and addresses the limitations of empirical designs, providing a foundation for future research and practical applications.

Construction of high-fidelity and multi-functional organic/inorganic aerogel composites for harsh environments

Heat consumption is a serious energy waste, especially in an extremely cold environment. In view of their excellent advantages, several kinds of aerogels with different functions were emerged successively and served as critical materials in various areas. In this contribution, a simple strategy was developed to fabricate a high-fidelity and high-performance organic/inorganic composite aerogel by integrating dianhydrid-end capped polyamide acid (PAA) precursor and multi-amino functionalized hydroxyapatite (m-AmHA; used as the inorganic cross-linkers) in different feed ratios. Followed by the freeze-drying and thermal imidization treatments, the chemical cross-linked polyimide (PI) and HA based aerogels (HAx@PI, in which x represents the percentage of HA content) were obtained. The synergistic effect of inorganic filler and microporous structure of aerogel led to a great improvement of mechanical and thermal properties. Most importantly, the resultant HAx@PI aerogels could maintain their excellent physicochemical properties in several extreme environments such as ultra hot (300 °C), extreme cold (-196 °C; liquid nitrogen), water soaking (2 h, 40 °C), acid (pH 2.0; 1 h, 40 °C) and alkali (pH 12.0; 1 h, 40 °C) conditions. Based on these outstanding properties, we believe that such HAx@PI composite aerogels with low cost and high performances endowed them to be an ideal candidate to be employed in several harsh environments in addition to the conventional insulation and flame-retardant materials.

Ambient temperature modelling from surface characteristics and associating urban morphology with thermal discomfort

Urban heat island assessment is of paramount importance when monitoring microclimate changes, increased heat stress, mortality and energy consumption. Simply analysing land surface temperature patterns for human comfort and health assessment is often inadequate. In this study, we attempt to resolve this inadequacy with ambient temperature modelling from multiple surface characteristics for a tropical megacity. A 336 datapoint‐based multilinear regression model was formulated to predict the maximum summer air temperature with a mean absolute error of 0.694°C. Specific locations of critical thermal environments were demarcated with Getis‐Ord statistic. Based on our results, extreme hotspots covered 10.53 per cent of the city on a daily basis at 99 per cent confidence level. The application of an outdoor thermal comfort index highlighted the existence of very strong heat stress zones over 14.67 per cent of the study area. The air temperature hotspots were verified with intra‐urban variation in carbon sequestration. This environmental parameter was used to strengthen the observed results since, carbon sequestration directly links urbanization with degradation of thermal environments. Further, five urban morphological parameters were analysed to conclude that building density and height were the most significant urban design factors leading to increased air temperature. Simultaneous local climate zone mapping depicted that heat islands were dominated by mid and high‐rise built‐up areas, of which 68.44 km2 of that area is suitable for vertical and roof gardening. Another 33.29 km of road stretch was delineated within low‐rise built‐up areas with scope for green landscaping to improve urban sustainability.

Enhancing the physical properties of recycled low-density polyethylene and virgin low-density polyethylene blend using octanoate starch

Increasing global consumption of low-density polyethylene leads to more polymeric waste and challenges solid waste management. Therefore, the process of recycling or mixing recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) with the same virgin low-density polyethylene (VLDPE) and enhancing the properties of this blend by adding different amounts of bioplastic such as Octanoate starch (OCST) is a good contribution to getting rid of plastic waste and obtaining new materials. This paper mixed the 20, 30 and 50 wt.% from RLDPE with VLDPE to determine the homogeneous blend. Also, 30, 40, and 50 wt. % from OCST were blended with homogeneous as a 20:80 RLDPE: VLDPE to obtain a new hybrid blend containing bioplastic. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed the high surface roughness of the film RLDPE: VLDPE after adding the OCST. The tensile strength, elastic modulus, and hardness of the 20:80 RLDPE: VLDPE blend were 13.0 ± 1.467 MPa, 0.08 ± 0.016 MPa, and 42.3 ± 2.32 Shore A, while the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and hardness of the 12:48:40 RLDPE: VLDPE: OCST were 14.3 ± 1.626 MPa, 0.1 ± 0.032 MPa, and 50.1 ± 2.78 Shore A respectively. On the other hand, the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) indicated that the strong bands at 1746 cm−1, 2856 cm−1, and 2927 cm−1 indicated stretching deformation of the ester carbonyl group and the methyl and methylene groups of OCST with blend polymers, respectively. The thermal properties as melting point, heat energy consumption, and heat flow difference increased from 122.52 to 123.73°C, −389.41 to −144.43 (mJ), and −77.88 to −28.89 (J/g) when the OCST content increased from 20:80 RLDPE: VLDPE to 12:48:40 RLDPE: VLDPE: OCST. Thermal decomposition led to the formation of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl on LDPE baskets and an increase in the carbonyl index after adding OCST to the RLDPE: VLDPE blend. The best hybrid blend was 12:48:40 RLDPE: VLDPE: OCST.

Green building adaptation in hot-humid climates: assessment of coconut and corn husk fiber composite bricks as energy-efficient building envelopes

PurposeThis study has assessed the thermal performance of locally fabricated bio-based building envelopes made of coconut and corn husk composite bricks to reduce building wall heat transmission load and energy consumption towards green building adaptation.Design/methodology/approachSamples of coconut fiber (coir) and corn husk fiber bricks were fabricated and tested for their thermophysical properties using the Transient Plane Source (TPS) 2500s instrument. A simulation was conducted using Dynamic Energy Response of Building - Lunds Tekniska Hogskola (DEROB-LTH) to determine indoor temperature variation over 24 h. The time lag and decrement factor, two important parameters in evaluating building envelopes, were also determined.FindingsThe time lag of the bio-based composite building envelope was found to be in the range of 4.2–4.6 h for 100 mm thickness block and 10.64–11.5 h for 200 mm thickness block. The decrement factor was also determined to be in the range of 0.87–0.88. The bio-based composite building envelopes were able to maintain the indoor temperature of the model from 25.4 to 27.4 °C, providing a closely stable indoor thermal comfort despite varying outdoor temperatures. The temperature variation in 24 h, was very stable for about 8 h before a degree increment, providing a comfortable indoor temperature for occupants and the need not to rely on air conditions and other mechanical forms of cooling. Potential energy savings also peaked at 529.14 kWh per year.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study present opportunities to building developers and engineers in terms of selecting vernacular materials for building envelopes towards green building adaptation, energy savings, reduced construction costs and job creation.Originality/valueThis study presents for the first time, time lag and decrement factor for bio-based composite building envelopes for green building adaptation in hot climates, as found in Ghana.

Impact of Energy-Consuming Air Conditioning Systems on People's Thermal Comfort and Preferences: Comparative Study of Iraq and Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

This study investigates the impact of the intense usage of air-conditioning systems on the thermal comfort requirements of building occupants. It compares the thermal comfort requirements of building occupants in Iraq and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Iraqis have limited usage of air-conditioning units, whilst people in GCC countries intensely operate these systems. Research work underpinning this article involved undertaking a year-long thermal comfort survey in Iraq, and an intensive analysis of thermal comfort studies conducted in GCC countries. Results show that, in Iraq, people experience a 2–50 °C annual indoor temperature range, and their annual comfort range is 14–35 °C. In GCC countries, due to the intense usage of air-conditioning systems, the widest recorded annual indoor temperature range is 17.2–31.0 °C, and the widest annual comfort range is 20.0–27.8 °C. These results demonstrate the significant impact of air-conditioning systems on narrowing the thermal comfort limits of building occupants leading to high energy consumption. This study presents a novel comparison between two cases highlighting the impact of air-conditioning systems on the thermal comfort requirements of building occupants. The results of this study can be used to inform the development of thermal comfort standards that better consider people’s adaptation capabilities to help reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes.

Black TiO2-infused polydimethylsiloxane composites for efficient solar-assisted water evaporation and thermoelectric energy generation

Solar assisted interfacial water evaporation through the strategic localization of solar- thermal energy conversion by relying on the air–water interface has garnered significant interest owing to its enhanced efficiency in a variety of applications, from water purification to energy generation. Nevertheless, achieving utterly improved thermal management to enhance the efficiency of solar heat consumption is still quite complex. Herein, we created special composites of black titanium dioxide and polydimethylsiloxane (B-TiO2/PDMS) aiming effectively harvest a broad range of spectrum of solar radiation for the benefit of improving energy production and aid for water purification. The B-TiO2/PDMS sponge possesses an impressive optical to thermal transformation as an outcome, keeping a constant surface temperature of 66 °C, as opposed to 41.6 °C for PDMS sponge at typical 1 sun intensity for 10 min. This solar evaporation system constitutes a greater evaporation rate of 1.39 Kg m−2h−1 with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 70.8 % under 1 sun illumination. To accomplish integrated thermoelectric power generation during solar evaporation, the thermoelectric (TE) module is used as an insulating medium, succeeding an optimal yield of 30 mV under 1 sun. Furthermore, the as prepared B-TiO2/PDMS sponge achieved notable mechanical resilience and incredible adaptability, offering a viable approach for thermal management and cooperative way to utilize solar powered evaporation to produce potable water and energy.

Improving the ventilation of a classroom to achieve heating energy savings and better indoor air quality

Indoor air quality and heating energy consumption are closely linked, especially in densely occupied spaces, as classrooms. In a classroom of Rennes University, a transient thermal simulation highlights the impact of ventilation on heating consumptions for different cases: (1) without controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), (2) with a single flow CMV (SF CMV) of a regulatory flow of 18 m3.h−1. person−1 during periods of occupancy, and (3) a double flow CMV (DF CMV) whose flow is during periods of occupancy either equal to 18 m3.h−1. person−1 or (4) to 35 m3.h−1.person−1. The infiltration flowrate was evaluated experimentally using CO2 concentration measurements in the first case, which corresponds to the actual situation. In the normal use of the classroom with 30 persons inside, CO2 concentration exceeds 5000 ppm and the heating energy consumption is equal to 52 kWh.m−2.year−1. In case (2) and (3), CO2 concentration has a maximum level of 1350 ppm and the energy consumption is equal to 65 and 53 kWh.m−2.year−1, respectively. In case (4), the maximum CO2 concentration stays in the range 800-900 ppm without excessive heating consumption (58 kWh.m−2.year−1). Finally, by limiting the fresh air flowrate to 18 m3.h−1.person−1 in DF CMV and coupling it to a façade insulation (extra Case 5), the heating consumption is reduced to 32 kWh.m−2.year−1. These results are valuable within the context of the upcoming energy renovation strategy of the campus. Practical application In most schools, in France and elsewhere, insufficient ventilation flowrates are often observed compared to regulatory requirements. If compliance with ventilation standards and the subsequent revision of CMV installations are necessary to ensure the health of users, it is important to evaluate the energy cost of these renovations, and to identify the best choice to reduce heating consumptions. Our contribution is to compare different renovation choices in terms of two indicators: energy consumption and indoor air quality evaluated using CO2 concentration.

Critical impacts of energy targeting on the sustainability of advanced biobutanol separation

Biobutanol stands out as an advanced renewable biofuel, yet its production through fermentation yields a low butanol concentration, necessitating expensive and energy-intensive separation methods, particularly by distillation. Alternative approaches, including adsorptive separation, have emerged, with the 2-column zeolite-based process showing promise. This study employed Aspen Plus for simulating adsorptive separation, utilized Pinch technology for heat integration, and analyzed various alternatives using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Compared to the base case, which relied on our previously acquired experimental data and further purification through atmospheric distillation, the adoption of indirect heating/cooling adsorption reduced heating energy demand by 59.5%. Additionally, cooling energy usage was increased notably by 68.9%, and chilling prerequisites were eliminated. The implementation of Pinch technology further reduced heating and cooling energy requirements by approximately 36%. Multi-pressure distillation was also explored, revealing its potential to reduce heating energy consumption by 46.6%, accompanied by a modest 6.2% increase in cooling energy demand. A gate-to-gate LCA framework was used to evaluate the environmental impacts. The results showed that the combination of indirect heating/cooling adsorption, multi-pressure distillation, and energy-efficient practices resulted in over a 98% reduction in damages related to human health, ecosystem well-being, and resource depletion compared to the base case. Prioritization of key performance indicators revealed that human health had the most significant influence, with prominent midpoint effects attributed to human toxicity and global warming. This study underscores the pivotal role of energy targeting in curtailing energy consumption and enhancing the sustainability of adsorptive biobutanol separation.

Natural convective solar dryer powered by stepped fin plate integrated trough array solar air heater for agricultural produce preservations

In this work, heat energy analysis and economic feasibility of natural convection mixed mode solar dryer under three different methods viz., normal flat plate collector solar dryer (NFPSD), step fin plate integrated trough array collector solar dryer (SFPTSD) and SFPTSD with latent heat storage (LHS) are experimentally investigated. The drying time in SFPTSD – LHS (setup 3) to reach its safe moisture content for paddy, wheat, green chilli are 5.5 h, 6 h and 7 h respectively and it is significantly lowered to a maximum of 47 % as compared with NFPSD (setup 1). Also, the average maximum heat efficiency of 62.19 % for collector and 38.32 % for drying cabinet is obtained in setup 3. The specific heat energy consumption is lowered by 20.65 % and specific moisture extraction rate increases to 21.73 % for this proposed setup in comparison with setup 1. The improvement potential is reduced to a substantial margin of 136.5 W and yields an exergetic efficiency increase of 12.38 % than setup 1. An average annual saving increase of 193.08$ with its present value 94.33$ is achieved for setup 3 as compared with setup 1. We recommend this setup can dry edible produce at low cost and affordable to economically weak farming communities.

Smart home technology adoption in Denmark: Diffusion, social differences, and energy consumption

Smart home technology (SHT) is increasingly entering homes to provide services such as energy management, security, comfort, and convenience. However, research shows that adoption varies across social groups and that SHT might affect energy demand. Denmark is considered a frontrunner in the uptake of SHT and offers a unique opportunity to combine administrative household information with energy consumption data and survey responses on SHT uptake. This paper studies a representative sample of 1,468 Danish households to investigate SHT diffusion, social differences in SHT adoption, and correlations between SHT and energy consumption, divided into appliance use and heating. The results indicate that entertainment and home security are the most popular SHT services in Denmark and that SHT is more widespread among younger households, especially for entertainment and robotic help. In contrast, smart heating systems are more widespread among older households. Living in a detached house seems to increase the likelihood of having SHT, while the highest income group appears more likely to have security systems, and technical education seems associated with the adoption of SHT for heating management. Finally, smart security systems were associated with higher electricity consumption, and SHT for electricity management was associated with higher heating consumption and to a lesser extent higher electricity consumption, but there was no significant correlation between having smart heating control and heating consumption.

Features of structural improvement of the cooking appliance for confectionery mass

The object of this study is the process of making confectionery masses using the example of boiling the jam mass with the introduction of pre-dried fruit and berry raw materials, followed by boiling in a sugar syrup solution on an advanced cooking device. A feature of the improved cooking apparatus is the elimination of intermediate heat carriers, ensuring mobility, and increasing the heat exchange surface. Additional heating of the stirring device increases the total heat exchange surface by 0.23 m2. The elimination of the steam component made it possible to install the device on a moving platform, thereby ensuring its use in small confectionery workshops. A method of jam production with the introduction of pre-dried fruit and berry raw materials and subsequent boiling in a sugar syrup solution is proposed. A feature is preliminary drying of raw materials in a vertical cylindrical IR dryer to 25...35 % SR at a temperature of 40...55 °С, grinding to 1.0...3.0 mm, with subsequent addition to sugar syrup. Boiling of the jam mass with the introduction of plant ingredients was carried out in the temperature range of 50...60 °С in the improved mobile design of the cooking apparatus to the content of 60...75 % SR, within 10...15 minutes. The set duration of output (620 s) to the stationary mode of cooking the jam mass at a temperature of 55 °С in the improved design of the cooking apparatus, which is 30 % less. The introduction of a stirrer design with a heating surface increases the usable heating surface by 0.23 m2, while the cooking time for jam, for example, is reduced by 26 %, and the specific heat consumption is reduced by 1.34 times. The use of an improved mobile device in the practical activities of enterprises of the industry will make it possible to reduce the time of cooking confectionery masses and improve operational indicators

Cooling and Heating Load Calculation and Energy Consumption Analysis for Single-family Residences in New York

Cooling and Heating Load Calculation and Energy Consumption Analysis for Single-family Residences in New York