Health Promotion Programs Research Articles

DETERMINAN IMUNISASI DASAR PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: STUDI PEDESAAN

According to the results of the Riskesdas report, basic immunization coverage in Indonesia in 2017 only reached 59.4% and 57.9% in 2018. This figure is still far from the strategic plan target set by the Ministry of Health in 2019, namely 93%. The research aimed to analyze the factors that influence the incomplete basic immunization status of children in rural areas, Indonesia. This research is a quantitative research designCross Sectional. The data used is secondary data originating from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI). The sampling technique usedtotal sampling amounting to 3,111 children under five. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the determinants of incomplete basic immunization for toddlers in rural areas of Indonesia are less than 3 antenatal visits, delivery not in a health facility, distance to health facilities is a big problem, mother's age is less than 25 years, father's education is low, and the order of the 3rd child, etc. The chance of children not having complete basic immunization for toddlers in rural areas of Indonesia if all risk factors are present is 86%. The most dominant risk factor influencing incomplete basic immunization status is fewer than 3 antenatal visits. It is recommended that health workers prioritize health promotion programs regarding the benefits of antenatal visits by approaching community leaders, especially midwives.

Compounding effects of stress on diet, physical activity, and wellbeing among African American parents: a qualitative study to inform the LEADS health promotion trial.

The purpose of the study was to conduct in-depth qualitative interviews to understand the lived experiences of African American parents of overweight adolescents who had previously participated in a family-based weight loss program and to utilize these insights to inform the essential elements of the LEADS trial, an integrated resilience stress management and health promotion intervention. Participants (N = 30) were African American parents and/or caregivers (96.7% female; Mage = 49.73, SD = 10.88; MBMI = 37.63, SD = 8.21) of adolescents with overweight and/or obesity. Interviews were transcribed and coded using inductive and deductive approaches for themes by two independent coders. Inter-rater reliability was acceptable (r = 0.70-0.80) and discrepancies were resolved to 100% agreement. Prominent stress themes included caregiver responsibilities, work, interpersonal family conflict, and physical and emotional consequences of chronic stress. Participants also noted decreases in physical activity and poor food choices due to stress. Coping mechanisms included prayer/meditation, church social support, and talking with family/partner. Results highlight the importance of mitigating stress among African American parents through stress management and cultural/familial resilience approaches to increase the likelihood of engagement in behavioral strategies in health promotion programs. Future studies should assess the utility of incorporating stress management components and health promotion techniques to improve health outcomes among African American families.

Empowering Young Women: A Qualitative Co-Design Study of a Social Media Health Promotion Programme.

Social media platforms may be promising intervention tools to address the nutrition literacy and associated health behaviours of young women. We aimed to co-design a lifestyle intervention on social media targeting eating, physical activity, and social wellbeing that is evidence-based, acceptable, and engaging for young women aged 18-24 years. The study used a participatory design framework and previously published iterative mixed methods approach to intervention development. Matrices for workshop objectives were constructed using expert discussions and insights were sought from young women in participatory workshops. A 10-step qualitative data analysis process resulted in relevant themes, which guided intervention development. The resulting intervention, the Daily Health Coach, uses multiple features of Instagram to disseminate health information. Co-created nutrition content considers themes such as holism, food relationships, and food neutrality and acknowledges commonly experienced barriers associated with social media use such as nutrition confusion, body image concerns, and harmful comparison. This study may guide other researchers or health professionals seeking to engage young women in the co-design of women's health promotion or intervention content on social media.

Data resource profile: nutrition data in the VA million veteran program.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Million Veteran Program (MVP) nutrition data is derived from dietary food/beverage intake information collected through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). Estimates of dietary energy, nutrient, and non-nutritive food components intakes data were derived from an extensively validated SFFQ, which assessed the habitual frequency of consumption of 61 food items, added sugar, fried food frequency, and 21 nutritional supplements over the 12 months preceding questionnaire administration. Complete nutrition data was available for 353,418 MVP participants as of 30th September 2021. Overall, 91.5% of MVP participants with nutrition data were male with an average age of 65.7 years at enrollment. Participants who completed the SFFQ were primarily White (82.5%), and Blacks accounted for 13.2% of the responders. Mean ± SD energy intake for 353, 418 MVP participants was 1428 ± 616 kcal/day, which was 1434 ± 617 kcal/day for males and 1364 ± 601 kcal/day for females. Energy intake and information on 322 nutrients and non-nutritive food components is available through contact with MVP for research collaborations at www.research.va.gov/mvp. The energy and nutrient data derived from MVP SFFQ are an invaluable resource for Veteran health and research. In conjunction with the MVP Lifestyle Survey, electronic health records, and genomic data, MVP nutrition data may be used to assess nutritional status and related risk factors, disease prevalence, and determinants of health that can provide scientific support for the development of evidence-based public health policy and health promotion programs and services for Veterans and general population.

Contemporary Wayang Stories in Enhancing Cognitive and Skills of Children in Maintaining Dental and Oral Health

The prevalence of dental caries in children is still relatively high in Indonesia. One of the causes is neglect of oral and dental health maintenance. The school dental health business Program carried out to overcome this has not covered all elementary schools in Indonesia. Given the importance of maintaining children's dental and oral health, improving children's dental health promotion programs at school is necessary. Community service has been carried out at MI Al Khaeriyah, Jabungan Semarang city is a promotive program that aims to improve oral hygiene and children's knowledge in maintaining their dental health. Promotional efforts were carried out in packages consisting of fairy tales, interactive questions and answers, demonstrations, and mass brushing of teeth for 42 students in grades 1-6 elementary school. The results showed an increase in knowledge, both to 93% and followed by an increase in dental and oral hygiene criteria by 81%. Counseling in the form of fairy tales, interactive questions and answers, demonstrations, and mass tooth-brushes can motivate students to behave positively in maintaining healthy teeth every day. Promotive actions in children need to be increased and implemented on an ongoing basis to maintain positive behavior, reduce the prevalence rate of caries in the future, and support existing school dental health business programs.

Hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence in citizens of the Métis Nation of Ontario

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global concern, with Indigenous Peoples bearing the highest burden. Previous studies exploring HCV prevalence within Indigenous populations have predominantly used a pan-Indigenous approach, consequently resulting in limited availability of Métis-specific HCV data. The Métis are one of the three recognized groups of Indigenous Peoples in Canada with a distinct history and language. The Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) is the only recognized Métis government in Ontario. This study aims to examine the prevalence of self-reported HCV testing and positive results among citizens of the MNO, as well as to explore the association between sociodemographic variables and HCV testing and positive results.MethodsA population-based online survey was implemented by the MNO using their citizenship registry between May 6 and June 13, 2022. The survey included questions about hepatitis C testing and results, socio-demographics, and other health related outcomes. Census sampling was used, and 3,206 MNO citizens responded to the hepatitis C-related questions. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to analyze the survey data.ResultsAmong the respondents, 827 (25.8%, CI: 24.3–27.3) reported having undergone HCV testing and 58 indicated testing positive, resulting in a prevalence of 1.8% (CI: 1.3–2.3). Respondents with a strong sense of community belonging, higher education levels, and lower household income were more likely to report having undergone HCV testing. Among those who had undergone testing, older age groups, individuals with lower education levels, and retired individuals were more likely to test positive for HCV.ConclusionThis study is the first Métis-led and Métis-specific study to report on HCV prevalence among Métis citizens. This research contributes to the knowledge base for Métis health and will support the MNO’s health promotion program and resources for HCV. Future research will examine the actual HCV incidence and prevalence among MNO citizens.

Effects of combined dietary intervention and physical-cognitive exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health of postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostmenopausal women with obesity are markedly at risk of cognitive impairment and several health issues. Emerging evidence demonstrated that both diet and exercise, particularly physical-cognitive exercise are involved in cognitive and health benefits. However, the comparative effect of diet, exercise, and combined interventions in postmenopausal women with obesity on cognition and cardiometabolic health is still lacking. Identifying the effective health promotion program and understanding changes in cardiometabolic health linking these interventions to cognition would have important medical implications. This RCT aimed to examine the effect of single and combined interventions of diet and exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women with obesity.MethodsNinety-two postmenopausal women with obesity were randomly assigned to diet group (intermittent fasting 2 days/week, 3 months), exercise group (physical-cognitive exercise 3 days/week, 3 months), combined group, or control group (n = 23/group). All cognitive outcomes and cardiometabolic outcomes were measured at baseline and post-3 months. Primary outcomes were executive functions, memory, and plasma BDNF levels. Secondary outcomes were global cognition, attention, language domain, plasma adiponectin levels, IL-6 levels, metabolic parameters, and physical function.ResultsAt the end of the 3-month intervention, the exercise and combined group demonstrated significant memory improvement which was accompanied by significant improvements in plasma BDNF level, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, %body fat, and muscle strength when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Only the combined intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in executive function and increased plasma adiponectin levels when compared to control (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, no cognitive improvement was observed in the diet group (p > 0.05). Significant reduction in cholesterol levels was shown in the diet and combined groups when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Among the three intervention groups, there were no significant differences in all cognitive outcomes and cardiometabolic outcomes (p > 0.05). However, all three intervention groups showed significant improvements in plasma BDNF levels, weight, BMI, WHR, fat mass, and predicted VO2 max, when compared to control (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings suggest that combined physical-cognitive exercise and dietary intervention are promising interventions to improve cognition and obesity-related complications of postmenopausal women with obesity.Trial registrationNCT04768725 (https://clinicaltrials.gov) 24th February 2021.

(119) Anathema: Pilot Study to Assess the Acceptability, Feasibility, and Preliminary Efficacy of a Digital Intervention to Promote Sexual Health in Colorectal Cancer Survivors

Abstract Introduction Introduction: Sexual health is a central dimension of overall health and quality of life, yet it remains a largely neglected component in vulnerable populations such as cancer patients. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide, and its treatments negatively affect people's sexual and relational health and well-being throughout the course of the disease. Notwithstanding the negative impact of treatments on different dimensions of sexual functioning (e.g., changes in sexual desire, sexual arousal, and orgasm experience), on the experience of pleasure and sexual satisfaction of people with CRC, access to specialized support is often hampered due to organizational, geographical, and attitudinal barriers (e.g., stigma). Given their intimate nature, accessibility, and convenience/flexibility, smartphone-based digital interventions can help bridge this gap and be an important supportive tool to effectively address unmet sexual health care needs in people with CRC. However, there is still a lack of studies evaluating the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of smartphone-based sexual health promotion programs for people with CRC. Objective Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of Anathema, a program developed for the promotion of the sexual health of CRC survivors. Methods Methods: A randomized controlled pilot study is underway and involves 30 CRC survivors randomly assigned to an experimental group (with access to the program) and a waiting list control group (treatment as usual). The program was structured into five modules to be completed in 8 weeks and developed based on the principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. An institutional Ethical Board approved the study. Acceptability, usability, and feasibility of Anathema were the primary outcomes defined in this study. Sexual and relational satisfaction, sexual functioning and distress, sexual pleasure, and quality of life were defined as secondary outcomes. Results Results: The participatory design used throughout the different phases of this project anticipates a good acceptability of the program among its primary users. It is also expected that the program and the design adopted will be suitable for the future implementation of an RCT. Improvement in levels of sexual and relationship satisfaction, sexual pleasure, quality of life, and a decrease in levels of sexual distress in people who use the program compared to people in the waiting list group, are also expected. Conclusions Conclusions: Anathema is a promising program for promoting sexual health and quality of life in CRC survivors. Funding source: This project is jointly funded by the European Commission through the AAL Program (ref. AAL-2020-7-133-CP) and its Member States: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, in Portugal (AAL/0005/2020), Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), in Austria, and ZonMw, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, in the Netherlands. Disclosure No.

Community-Based Designed Pilot Cooking and Texting Intervention on Health-Related Quality of Life among College Students.

As emerging adulthood is an important area of life for developing healthful habits, the current study aimed to test the feasibility of a pilot program for improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL), food security, and diet quality among college students. Students 18-26 years old were recruited from two land-grant institutions to participate in an online survey and self-selected to participate in an intervention study. An intervention program was developed by student peers to include (1) a four-session cooking curriculum and a (2) semester-long text message program to share health resources on the relevant college campus. Diet quality, food security, and mentally healthy days were assessed. Baseline to post-program changes were assessed using paired t-tests. Cohen's d was used to determine effect size estimates. In the full sample (N = 65), "days/month when mental health was not good" and "days/month feeling worried, tense, or anxious" significantly improved (p < 0.05). Dietary quality measures of total short Healthy Eating Index (sHEI) score and total vegetable intake significantly improved throughout the intervention. Subsamples of (1) food-insecure participants (n = 22) and those with (2) dietary quality below the 50th percentile (n = 29) both had positive improvements following the program. Health promotion programs should be formed, adapted, or expanded in an effort to improve health among our next generation of workers. College and university environments should focus on mental health, diet, and food security among their constituents, particularly with regard to those at risk.

Prevalence and determinants of not testing for HIV among young adult women in Papua New Guinea: findings from the Demographic and Health Survey, 2016–2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of not testing for HIV and its determinants among young adult women aged 15–29 years in Papua New Guinea (PNG).Design...

Navigating Risk:: Understanding Chronic Disease Factors in Delaware's College Population.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors among college students, particularly within a minority-serving institution in Delaware, to inform targeted prevention efforts. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed, administering surveys to 457 students at Delaware State University over a three-year period. Surveys assessed tobacco use, physical activity, and dietary habits. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The majority of respondents were people of color (83%) and female (74%). Significant findings included 24.1% reporting trying tobacco cigarettes, 4.9% smoking in the last 30 days, and 37.2% trying e-cigarettes, with 11.8% vaping in the last month. Regarding physical activity, 65.6% reported being active for 120+ minutes per week, while only 5.7% consumed four or more servings of vegetables daily. Behavioral disparities were observed, with more males reporting tobacco use but also higher engagement in physical activity compared to females. Nutritional intake was inadequate for both genders. Convenience sampling may limit generalizability, highlighting the need for larger, randomized studies. Colleges are pivotal settings for promoting healthy behaviors and addressing chronic disease burdens. Integrated approaches involving education, policy changes, and community engagement are crucial. Investing in health promotion programs is essential for cultivating a healthier future population. This study underscores the importance of preventive measures and equitable access to resources for addressing chronic disease risk factors among college students.

Perceived Determinants of Health-Related Behaviors Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study.

Studies had reported some influencing factors of health behavior among patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). However, considering that human perceptions are complex, unrestricted and dynamically changing. A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted to explore the determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI and dynamic changes of these determinants at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Using purposive sampling, 18 patients undergoing PCI were interviewed. The conventional content analysis method was used to identify categories and subcategories. Semi-structured, face-to-face or telephone in-depth interviews were conducted at the cardiology unit of a tertiary referral hospital in Yunnan Province, China from March 2022 to January 2023. Seven categories with some subcategories were constructed from the data, categorized into three domains. Firstly, individual factors include (i) Personal coping with healthy lifestyle requirements (tried but failed; I can do it), (ii) individual perception and feeling toward disease (knowing about the disease; belief of cure; fearsofrelapse), and (iii) personal benefits (improved health; meaning of life). Secondly, social factors include (i) social facilitators (family resources; healthcare support), (ii) social barriers (inconvenient medical care service; conflicting information). Finally, cultural factors include (i) way of living (dietary habits; key roles of yan (cigarette) and jiu (alcohol) in Chinese society), (ii) way of thinking (fatalism and Confucian familism). The determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI are multifaceted and dynamic. Different interventions should be formulated to promote patients' adherence to health behaviors. Moreover, priority should be given to the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy on the health behaviors of patients after PCI, and the health promotion program for these patients should be culturally sensitive. In addition, future research should further explore the determinants of health behaviors among diverse ethnic minorities after PCI, which has not been fully inquired in this study.

Mental health implementation research in Indigenous communities: creating culturally safe space to enhance collective strengths

In this article, we discuss the construct of cultural safety in relation to the ethics, politics, and practice of implementation research in Indigenous communities. We convened a 3-day workshop, bringing together 23 Indigenous and non-Indigenous collaborators from First Nation communities and universities across Canada to reflect on experiences with implementing an Indigenous youth and family mental health promotion program in First Nation communities. Participants identified three dimensions central to achieving culturally safe space in implementation research: (1) interpersonal dynamics of collaboration between Indigenous and non-Indigenous partners; (2) structural and temporal arrangements necessary for collaborative work; and (3) the systematic recognition and incorporation of Indigenous cultural knowledge, values, and practices. Within implementation research, attention to cultural safety can mitigate the epistemic injustice that arise from research frameworks and methodologies that exclude Indigenous perspectives and values. Cultural safety can increase the likelihood that the research process itself contributes to mental health promotion.

Effectiveness of a Nursing Student-led Comprehensive Health Promotion Program for Rural Older Adults: Toward Community-based Learning

Objectives This study investigates the effects of a nursing student-led comprehensive health-promotion program for rural older adults on perceived health, depression, cognitive function, and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Methods A non-equivalent control group pre-post study design was adopted, and rural older adults aged 65 years and over were divided into the experimental (n=41) and control group (n=31). The experimental group underwent a comprehensive health-promotion program once-a-week for six weeks. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 statistical program, and the differences in subjective health, depression, cognitive function, and life satisfaction between the experimental and control groups after the program were tested by independent t-test, and reliability was analyzed by Cronbach's α.&#x0D; Results There were no significant differences in perceived health, depression, cognitive function, and life satisfaction at baseline between the two groups. After the program, there was a significant difference in life satisfaction between the control and experimental groups, and no significant difference in subjective health, depression, or cognitive function; however, the pre-post paired t-test for life satisfaction in the experimental group was not statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusions A comprehensive program developed based on the needs of rural elders was an partially effective nursing intervention in increasing life satisfaction. The findings of this study may be useful in developing effective nursing student-led health promotion programs and interventions for rural older adults. In addition, this study suggests the possibility of nursing student-led health promotion programs centered on community-based learning as an alternative health service.&#x0D;

Exploration and practice of nursing and health promotion programs in the outpatient department

Exploration and practice of nursing and health promotion programs in the outpatient department

Factors associated with the utilization of health service facilities at Abeli community health center, Kendari city, southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia, 2023

Background: Abeli Community Health Center, Kendari City, has experienced fluctuating visits over the last few years. This research was conducted in the working area of the Abeli Health Center, Kendari City. The instability in the number of patient visits at the Abeli Health Center in Kendari City over the last few years is clearly illustrated. In 2019, the number of patients served by this Puskesmas reached 14,333 patients. However, there was a decrease in the number of patient visits in 2020, with 10,038 patients using the service. This condition continues in 2021, with only 9,388 patients utilizing puskesmas facilities. However, in 2022, there is expected to be a significant increase, with 12,356 patients accessing services at the Abeli Community Health Center. Objective: To determine the factors related to the utilization of health service facilities in the working area of the Abeli Coomunity Health Center, Kendari City in 2023. Method: This type of research is quantitative research with an observational analytical approach and a cross sectional research design. The sampling technique in this study used an accidental sampling technique with a total of 351 samples with the criteria of respondents who utilized the health service facilities at the Abeli Community Health Center, Kendari City in 2023. Results: The results of the study show that there is a relationship between confidence in health services (p value = 0.000), waiting time for health services (p value = 0.000), perception of health and illness (p value = 0.013) with the use of health service facilities, and there is no relationship between ownership of health insurance (p value = 0.139) and utilization of health service facilities in the working area of the Abeli Health Center, Kendari City. Conclusion: There is a relationship between confidence in health services, waiting time for health services, perception of health and illness and utilization of health service facilities and there is no relationship between ownership of health insurance and utilization of health service facilities in the Abeli Health Center Working Area, Kendari City in 2023, so the role of agencies health to increase intensive health promotion programs to provide information to the public about the importance of health care through the use of health service facilities.

Promosi Kesehatan: Pengenalan Telemedicine Pada Orang Tua Siswa di TK-Al Islam 5 Grobagan

Telemedicine is the provision of long-distance health services by health professionals using information and communication technology, including the exchange of information on diagnosis, treatment, disease and injury prevention, research and evaluation, and continuing education of health service providers for the benefit of improving individual and community health. Health Service Facilities, hereinafter referred to as Health Facilities, are tools and/or places used to provide promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health service efforts carried out by the central government, regional government and/or the community. Health Facilities that provide consultations are health facilities that receive requests and provide Telemedicine consultation services. Health Facilities Requesting Consultation are Health Facilities that send requests for Telemedicine consultations (1). In the partner environment, not many people know about the term telemedicine and the majority have never used these facilities for their daily needs. Therefore, the author wants to hold outreach as part of a health promotion program regarding the introduction of telemedicine to parents of students at TK-Al Islam 5 Grobagan. The aim of this community service is to increase knowledge, provide education, and increase understanding among the community, especially parents of students at TK-Al Islam 5 regarding telemedicine in Indonesia. The output target to be achieved in this community service is the publication of journal articles.

THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ASSESSMENT OF TUNJUNGSARI SUBURBAN, BANTUR VILLAGE, MALANG DISTRICT: A CASE STUDY

Background: The community health nursing assessment is a process to understand the health problems that are often found in such location including health behavior problems, environmental problem, also health services utilization problem which will cause various effect among age group population Purpose: Researcher would like to perform nursing process to the community health problems at the Tunjungsari Suburban, Bantur Village, Malang District. Methods: The case study with a cross sectional approach used as research design. The nursing community assessment checklist delivered to 641 respondents who lives at 217 households around Tunjungsari Suburban, Bantur Village. The data then analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis based on community nursing approach using community as partner theory. Results: The results showed that the community had a risky health behaviour marked by 47% adult were smoking inside the house, 73% of the elders never performing any health check, 89% of the elder’s never to come to the Posyandu. 38,27% of the total population experienced acute inflammatory respiratory disease during the past 6 months, and failed to managing the household waste due to limited facilities. Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, it is recommended for the stakeholders to improve the community health services, increases the health promotion programs distribution especially targeting the elder’s population. For the government providing final waste management in this community will help to increases the community health. Keywords: Case study; community health; nursing process.

Factors contributing to the rising prevalence of waterpipe smoking dependence among university students: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionWaterpipe smoking (WPS) has been associated with a variety of adverse health effects, consequences, and symptoms of nicotine dependence. This study aims to determine the prevalence of WPS dependence among Palestinian university waterpipe smoking students, their normative beliefs about WPS, and their relationship to dependence.MethodsA cross-sectional study of current WPS university students at five major Palestinian universities was conducted from September to December 2022. Participants were recruited using convenient sampling, and data collection was carried out via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. We assessed students’ WPS dependence using the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale. We used the Poisson regression model with robust variance to analyze factors independently associated with high WPS dependence.ResultsThe study included 746 current WPS university students. Results revealed a high prevalence of WPS dependence, with 69.4% (95%CI: 66.0-72.7%) exhibiting high dependence. Factors contributing to high WPS dependence included dual cigarette smoking (aPR: 1.18; 95%CI: 1.12–1.25), studying medical sciences (aPR: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.10–1.18), friends’ approval of WPS (aPR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.17–1.34), daily WPS frequency (aPR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.39–2.23), spending more than 50% of daily allowance on WPS (aPR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.10–1.64), and morning WPS sessions (aPR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.31–2.27). The study highlighted the influence of social factors, such as peers’ approval and perceived prevalence, on WPS dependence.ConclusionsWPS dependence is prevalent among university students, and it is associated with morning WPS, dual smoking, and increased WPS frequency. Notably, peer and cultural factors are essential primary motivators. As a result, it is critical to incorporate WPS considerations into Palestine’s antismoking health promotion program. Therefore, it is vital to incorporate WPS into the Palestinian antismoking health promotion policy, and the health education of adolescents regarding the dangers of WPS should coincide with antismoking initiatives.

Understanding the Impact of Water Accessibility and Sanitation-Related Diseases on Livelihoods in Tanzania

Water is an important resource for improved sanitation and livelihood due to its multiple uses and impacts on household income. Despite its significance, most households in developing countries, including Tanzania, have been facing difficulty accessing this resource, whose effects are seen in health and general household welfare. In bringing that into light, the current study investigates the interplay of water accessibility, sanitation-related diseases, and livelihood among households in Tanzania by employing the probit regression and the Ordinary least squares models using Household Budget Survey data of 2017/18. Findings showed that urban households (0.111, p&lt;0.01), age (-0.305, p&lt;0.05), household size (0.159, p&lt;0.01), education level, water cost (-0.249, p&lt;0.01), and employment (0.166, p&lt;0.01) influence water accessibility. Moreover, variables like secondary education, college education and water costs were also found to influence household sanitation status. Conversely, the study found that water accessibility and sanitation-related disease influence household livelihood significantly at 0.167 (p&lt;0.01) and -0.649 (p&lt;0.1). Conclusively, neglecting the urban gap would continually worsen the welfare of the people living in rural areas. Furthermore, the study recommends that programs to enhance water accessibility should go hand in hand with health promotion programs, especially in rural areas where water accessibility is poor, and most people are characterised as having low income.