Consumer Health Research Articles

Enhancing the Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Bee Pollen: A Comprehensive Review of Processing Techniques

Bee pollen is recognized as a superfood due to its high content of nutrients and bioactive compounds. However, its bioavailability is restricted by a degradation-resistant outer layer known as exine. Physical and biotechnological techniques have recently been developed to degrade this layer and improve pollen’s nutritional and functional profile. This review examines how processing methods such as fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasound, and drying affect pollen’s chemical profile, nutrient content, and bioactive compounds. The review also considers changes in exine structure and possible synergistic effects between these methods. In addition, the challenges associated with the commercialization of processed bee pollen are examined, including issues such as product standardization, stability during storage, and market acceptance. The objective was to provide a understanding of the efficacy of these techniques, their physicochemical conditions, and their effect on the nutritional value of the pollen. The work also analyzes whether pollen transformation is necessary to maximize its benefits and offers conclusions based on the analysis of available methods, helping to determine whether pollen transformation is a valid strategy for inclusion in functional foods and its impact on consumer health. Although the literature reports that pollen transformation influences its final quality, further studies are needed to demonstrate the need for pollen exine modification, which could lead to greater market availability of pollen-based products with functional properties.

Sanofi to sell interest in consumer health

Sanofi to sell interest in consumer health

8.K. Scientific session: Promoting Healthier and Sustainable Diets – Evidence from the Interdisciplinary MedDietMenus4Campus

Abstract Food service comprises the production of meals consumed outside the home, including consumers from all age groups and in different sectors. This service sector has evolved through the years, providing an increasing number of meals, which have been drifting away from the Mediterranean Food Pattern. Food service is an important setting for public health interventions, educating consumers and modulating behaviours through the meals provided. Prior research on eating habits has mainly focused on a single stakeholder - typically consumers - and on a narrow set of outcome variables. Although these studies provide important clues about the determinants of adherence to food offer, research has yet to address this issue using an integrative approach of multiple stakeholders (e.g., the consumers, food providers, and decisors) across a set of different variables. Also, intervention initiatives, usually act only on the environment without strategies that efficiently engage all the stakeholders involved. In contrast, to promote behavioral change this research will focus on Social Marketing as it has been acknowledged as an effective strategy to enhance the health and well-being of consumers. Establishing and managing long-term partnerships that include different groups of stakeholders - consumers, government, retailers, and other players - are key elements in the application of mid and upstream social marketing to complex issues. The project’s main ambition is to change the food service paradigm, by creating and implementing a new healthy and sustainable food service concept complying with the Mediterranean diet, as well as solutions that comply with consumers’ new needs, and also developing and implementing strategies that engage all the stakeholders with this concept. We expect to create the reference in terms of food offer that will be demanded by consumers of the next generations and the standpoint to inspire the other food service sectors/ settings to achieve an effective and sustainable food offer change and positively influence food service consumers’ food patterns towards Mediterranean recommendations. In this workshop, the findings of the project will be presented focusing on examining the barriers and facilitators of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in the menus offered in public high education institutes canteens in Portugal, Turkey, and Croatia. To promote the identification of effective intervention pathways, we take on an interdisciplinary approach, integrating the theoretical and methodological frameworks of Nutrition, Psychology, and Marketing. Key messages • Provide an overview of an interdisciplinary approach to promote healthier and more sustainable food offered in university canteens. • Present the pathway to develop social marketing strategies to engage different stakeholders in effective food behaviour change.

MedDietMenus4Campus: Integrating Views from Nutrition, Marketing and Psychology to Improve Diets

Abstract Food service is an important setting for public health interventions, educating consumers and modulating behaviours through the meals provided. Social Marketing is one of the strategies designed to promote behaviour change, which contributions to health and well-being of consumers are widely recognised. This project aims to identify the compliance of food service menus with the Mediterranean Diet (MD) in public high education institutes (HEI) canteens, pinpointing opportunities to intervene, namely: 1) promoting changes in the food offer addressing proximity to the MD, creating, and offering plant-based meals, with seasonable and local food products and 2) developing tailored social marketing strategies to engage stakeholders to encourage healthier and sustainable food habits. It gathers a team comprised of nutrition experts on public health and food service, food technologists, gastronomy experts, psychologists, and marketers. To achieve the objectives researchers will: 1) develop an index to evaluate compliance of menus with the MD; 2) define priority stakeholders and define a methodology for engagement; 3) evaluate perceptions, barriers and facilitators; 4) develop a meal plan framework; 5) develop a new food concept “student bag” (meal on the go) and test it for industry scale-up; 6) use previous diagnosis to develop social marketing strategies directed to stakeholders and consumers to achieve food behaviour change and 7) measure the impacts of the implemented strategies. This research intends to create and implement a new healthy and sustainable food service concept, expecting to define the standpoint to inspire other food service settings to achieve an effective and sustainable food offer change and positively influence food service consumers’ food pattern towards Mediterranean recommendations, while addressing the Sustainable Development Goals (3 - good health and 12 - responsible consumption and production; 17 - partnerships for the goals).

Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Rapid Detection of Thiamethoxam in Tea Based on a SERS Tag Constructed by Phenolic-Mediated Coating Engineering.

Sensitive and accurate detection of thiamethoxam in tea is significant to ensuring consumer health. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags were prepared by using a polyphenol-mediated coating engineering strategy. This approach involved the self-assembly of tannic acid (TA) and self-polymerization of benzene-1,4-dithiol (BDT) on the surface of gold nanoparticles, resulting in the formation of Au@pBDT-TA. The SERS tags possess high Raman signals and antibody adsorption properties, avoiding the complex decoration or label steps of SERS reporters. We discovered that Au@pBDT-TA, composed of gold nanoparticles at 40 nm and a pBDT-TA thickness of 10 nm, was optimal for the development of the SERS lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). In comparison to the gold nanoparticle-based LFIA, the SERS-LFIA demonstrated 4-fold and 720-fold enhancements in visual and quantitative limits of detection in buffer solution. The SERS-LFIA demonstrated quantitative limits of detection of 0.06 and 0.1 ng/g for black and green tea, respectively, with a broader linear range spanning over 2 orders of magnitude and a short detection time of 20 min. The proposed SERS-LFIA not only offers a sensitive and reliable method for monitoring thiamethoxam in tea but also possesses a versatile potential that can be easily adapted for the trace detection of various other targets.

Evaluation of Label Compliance to Allergens in Imported Asian Food Sold in Northern Italy

Abstract Background The import of Asian food is strongly increasing in the EU. In Italy, the Asian market has expanded over the last 3 decades. Unfortunately, the labelling of these products often implies errors, mainly due to linguistic differences. Consequently, it can become a consistent problem regarding food safety, in particular for allergens declaration. According to EU Reg. 1169/2011 (Annex II), allergens must be labelled in bold and translated in the current language of the Member State. Asian food non-compliant labelling could enhance the probability of allergic consumers to get adverse events; accordingly, it is important to increase controls on the imported products. The present work investigates the label compliance to allergens on Asiatic products imported in Northern Italy. Methods Totally, 39 foodstuffs were tested for gluten, 93 for white egg proteins and 118 for milk proteins by commercial ELISA kits according to manufacturers’ instructions. Samples were considered non-compliant when the results were above 20 mg/Kg, the law limit for gluten, or above the milk LOD (10 µg/Kg) and the egg LOD (0.4 mg/Kg). Results Data showed 18% (CI 95% 0.09-0.32) of non-compliant samples for gluten: 6 samples > 80 mg/Kg (snacks and ready to eat meal) and 1 sample containing 48 mg/Kg (snack). In addition, 19.4 % (CI 95% 0.13-0.28) showed presence of egg proteins (noodles, snacks, patties and pasty). Finally, 13.6% (CI 95% 0.08-0.21) samples were irregular for undeclared milk (noodles and snacks). Conclusions Products label report their content and represent an important element for food trading and tracing. The results obtained confirm a high percentage of non-compliant labels, underlining how the consumption of imported products can represent a health risk for allergic consumers. The present work highlights the importance of imported food monitoring to guarantee the consumers health, and of the implementation of standardized/international regulated labelling rules. Key messages • Many non-compliant labels about allergens was observed on Asiatic products. • Correct labelling of allergens in imported food should be monitored to avoid adverse events.

Histamine in Fishery: A Five-Year Survey in Northern Italy

Histamine is a biogenic amine and an indicator of fishery product freshness and hygienic quality. The European Regulation EC 2073/2005 sets the standards for fish sample collection and establishes quantitative levels of histamine in fishery products to ensure consumer health and safety. This retrospective study presents data on histamine monitoring in fish and fishery products collected in northern Italy between 2018 and 2022. A total of 138 samples were analysed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Four samples found positive contained histamine levels above the legal limit. Monitoring via ELISA and HPLC-DAD can efficiently detect histamine in fish and fishery products and protect consumers’ health.

The Future of Food Health-Focused Brands in the Fast-Food Industry Based on the Analysis of Chipotle

Abstract: Healthy and sustainable food eating has become one of the significant trends in customer behavior. Academics and media research have found the significance of embracing new consumption habits, food choices on nutritionally adjusted meals, and increasing consumer health awareness. However, more research is still needed on the development opportunities of the fast-food industry in response to this new consumer behavior. Therefore, this article will use Chipotle as an example to demonstrate the financial opportunities of the fast-food industry's change toward healthy eating. This article uses research on healthy eating development, trends in the fast-food industry, balance sheets, and financial ratios. We have employed the analysis of Chipotle's financial statement and forecast the development of the fast-food restaurant from 2024 to 2028 after it accepts healthy eating. Research has found that customers' attitudes are changing. Consumers now prefer natural, high-quality fast food; introducing healthy products is financially rewarded with higher sales growth. This kind of brand will gain traction and boost profit. Various brands should also launch new products that focus on healthier alternatives.

An integrative systematic review on interventions to improve layperson's ability to identify trustworthy digital health information.

Health information on the Internet has a ubiquitous influence on health consumers' behaviour. Searching and evaluating online health information poses a real challenge for many health consumers. To our knowledge, our systematic review paper is the first to explore the interventions targeting lay people to improve their e-health literacy skills. Our paper aims to explore interventions to improve laypeople ability to identify trustworthy online health information. The search was conducted on Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane database, Academic Search Complete, and APA psych info. Publications were selected by screening title, abstract, and full text, then manual review of reference lists of selected publications. Data was extracted from eligible studies on an excel sheet about the types of interventions, the outcomes of the interventions and whether they are effective, and the barriers and facilitators for using the interventions by consumers. A mixed-methods appraisal tool was used to appraise evidence from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies. Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review approach was used as a guidance for narrative synthesis. The total number of included studies is twelve. Media literacy interventions are the most common type of interventions. Few studies measured the effect of the interventions on patient health outcomes. All the procedural and navigation/ evaluation skills-building interventions are significantly effective. Computer/internet illiteracy and the absence of guidance/facilitators are significant barriers to web-based intervention use. Few interventions are distinguished by its implementation in a context tailored to consumers, using a human-centred design approach, and delivery through multiple health stakeholders' partnership. There is potential for further research to understand how to improve consumers health information use focusing on collaborative learning, using human-centred approaches, and addressing the social determinants of health.

Evaluation of lipid profiles in selected fresh and dry-cured game meats

This study examined and compared the fatty acid (FA) composition and fat quality indices of four types of wild game meat (deer, roe deer, mouflon, and wild boar) from Croatia, and two types of dry-cured game meat products (deer and wild boar) available on the market, in relation to their impact on consumer health. FAs were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector, and fat quality indices were calculated based on the determined FAs. Wild boar meat clearly differs from other game meat (ruminants), due to its higher fat content and higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA). Palmitic and stearic acids made up the greatest proportion of the SFA component, with stearic acid most represented in mouflon and roe deer meat, and palmitic acid predominating in wild boar and deer meat. Oleic acid was the largest component of MUFAs, with wild boar meat having the significantly highest and deer meat the lowest values. Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid made up the largest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with the highest proportion of α-linolenic omega-3 acid found in deer meat. The determined PUFA/SFA ratio was lower, while the thrombogenic index was above the recommended values. Wild boar meat, along with roe deer and mouflon meat, was compliant with the recommendations concerning hypo- to hypercholesterolemic fatty acids and atherogenic indices, while deer meat and roe deer meat were compliant only for the n-6/n-3 ratio. According to health recommendations, roe deer meat showed the most favourable values for most fat quality indices, while deer meat showed the least favourable values. When comparing fresh meat and dry-cured products from the same species, no significant differences were observed.

From Sudoscan to bedside: theory, modalities, and application of electrochemical skin conductance in medical diagnostics

The human body has two main types of sweat glands: apocrine and eccrine. Eccrine glands are widely distributed across the skin, including areas with hair. While the eccrine glands on palms and soles help improve grip, those on the rest of the body primarily aid in thermoregulation. Sudomotor function, which controls sweating, is regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system through cholinergic and adrenergic pathways. The activation of eccrine glands involves intricate processes, including neurotransmitter binding, ion channel modulation, and voltage generation. Sudoscan technology utilizes electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) to non-invasively measure sudomotor function. This method, which has been standardized for accuracy, has established normative benchmarks and has proven reliable across diverse populations. Sudoscan’s diagnostic performance is comparable to invasive methods such as intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy. Moreover, it has been shown to correlate with corneal nerve fiber length, providing insights into various neuropathic conditions. Compared to traditional sudomotor function tests, Sudoscan proves superior in terms of its accessibility, simplicity, and reliability, with the potential to replace or complement existing diagnostic methods. It is important to differentiate ESC, as measured by Sudoscan, from other skin conductance measures, such as galvanic skin response (GSR) or electrodermal activity (EDA). Although these methods share a common physiological principle, ESC is specifically designed for diagnosing sudomotor function, unlike GSR/EDA, which is typically used for continuous monitoring. Sudoscan’s success has led to its integration into consumer health devices, such as the BodyScan from Withings, showcasing its versatility beyond clinical settings. Future research may explore ESC applications in diverse medical fields, leveraging real-world data from integrated consumer devices. Collaborative efforts between researchers and engineers promise to offer new insights into sudomotor function and its implications for broader health monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive overview of ESC, including topics such as eccrine gland physiology, sudomotor function, Sudoscan technology, normative benchmarks, diagnostic comparisons, and potential future applications.

Lactobacilli as additional cultures in cheese making

Production of cheeses from thermally processed milk at an industrial scale is impossible without using commercial bacterial starter cultures that include a limited number of species and strains of microorganisms. This leads to the fact that sensory indicators of mass-produced cheeses practically do not differ. Traditional cheeses from unpasteurized milk are distinguished by more pronounced and diverse tastes. Scientific literature describes the significant taxonomic variety of microbiota of traditional cheeses, including non-starter lactobacilli. Sensory indicators and safety of cheeses directly depend on the composition of this microbiota. This study examines the main moments of the taxonomic reform of lactobacilli, which resulted in union of two families Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae, and division of the genus Lactobacillus into 25 genera. New description of the family and several species of lactobacilli used in starter cultures is given. The authors demonstrate the complex autochthonous microbiota of cheeses and a possibility of stabilization of fermentation upon cheese making from raw milk and improvement of their quality without losing individuality due to the introduction of selected autochthonous additional cultures. When cheeses are made from pasteurized milk, these cultures improve sensory characteristics of a product and impart the original flavor to them. Several studies show that probiotic bacteria intensively develop and maintain viability for a long time even in long-ripened cheeses. Such cheeses can be carriers of live probiotics and their metabolites that are beneficial for the consumer health. This review summarizes information about promising directions of extension of the species spectrum of additional cultures for creation of domestic starter cultures for cheese making. Taking into consideration that microbiology of cheese making is quite a wide field that is not fully studied, the review does not claim to be the comprehensive analysis of all existing approaches.

DNA-Based Chemical Unclonable Functions for Cryptographic Anticounterfeit Tagging of Pharmaceuticals.

Counterfeit products are a problem known across many industries. Chemical products such as pharmaceuticals belong to the most targeted markets, with harmful consequences for consumer health and safety. However, many of the currently used anticounterfeit measures are associated with the packaging, with the readout method and level of security varying between different solutions. Identifiers that can be directly and safely mixed into the product to securely authenticate a batch would be desirable. For this purpose, we propose the use of chemical unclonable functions based on pools of short random DNA oligos, which allow the integration of a cryptographic authentication system into chemical products. We demonstrate and characterize a simplified workflow for readout, showing that results are robust and clearly differentiate between the correct tag and a counterfeit. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the labeling of an acetaminophen formulation with a chemical unclonable function. The acetaminophen was successfully authenticated from a subsample of the product at a DNA admixing concentration of below 50 ng/g. Stability tests revealed that the readout is stable at room temperature for several years, exceeding the shelf life of most drug products. Our work thus shows that chemical unclonable functions are a valid alternative to state-of-the-art anticounterfeit methods, enabling a secure authentication scheme that is physically linked to the product and safe for consumption. The method is widely applicable beyond pharmaceuticals, allowing for more secure product tracing across industries.

YOUTUBE VIDEOS AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION APPLICATION WITH THE Z TECHNIQUE: CONTENT, QUALITY AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

YouTube videos about intramuscular injection with the Z technique were evaluated for content, quality and reliability. A search of YouTube was made on 13 November 2023 using the keywords of “Z technique” and “intramuscular injection”. 40 videos that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were assessed for usefulness using the Z Technique Intramuscular Injection Administration Checklist (ZIAC), reliability using the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health (DISCERN), and quality using the Global Quality Scale (GQS) scores. Most of the videos used in the study belonged to individual content producers. The videos were determined to be of medium quality, and reliability, but their usefulness was not at the desired level based on their ZIAC, DISCERN, and GQS scores (respectively; 16.92±2.72; 2.92±0.763; 3.03±0.77). Furthermore, the videos' usefulness (ZIAC), reliability (DISCERN), and quality (GQS) scores all showed a strong positive correlation. It was determined that the dorsogluteal region was preferred in 48.1% of the videos (n=13), and the region was determined correctly in 67.5% of the videos (n=27). To provide the most reliable information to healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, it is recommended that expert nurses and educators create qualified videos about the use of intramuscular injection with the Z technique and share them on YouTube.

Exploratory Data Analyses Indicate an Overuse of Dietary Supplements among Male Gym Users in Germany

Background: Dietary supplements (DS) are very popular with the general population, physically active people and professional athletes are often taken without professional advice. Adverse effects on consumer health are increasingly being reported and there are concerns about overdoses of certain nutrients. There are initial indications that some groups of people have a higher affinity to DS than others. It appears that the type of sport and possibly gym membership could have an influence on consumer behaviour. Therefore, this study aimed to identify high consumer groups of DS among the general population in Germany. Methods: The consumption of DS was assessed using an online questionnaire including information about physical activity, gym membership and the consumption and intake doses of DS. Completed questionnaires were returned by 244 participants (m=153, f=91; 30.7±10.4 years SD). The answer options were valued, and subjects were categorized in low, average and high consumers (indicating overdosing). A configural frequency analysis was performed using the independent variables gender, gym membership, consumption. The configurations were tested with an exact binomial test and the p-value was corrected according to Bonferroni (0.05/12=0.0042). Results: Three significant configurations were found (p≤0.0042). The configuration, ‘male-gym member-average consumption’ as well as ‘male-gym member-high consumption’ were significantly overrepresented. Male gym members with low consumption behaviour were significantly underrepresented. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that male gym users in the German population have a higher risk of excessive DS consumption than other subgroups. Awareness campaigns regarding the risk of intake and overconsumption of DS can be targeted to high-risk groups. Due to the small sample size and the different types of fitness gyms, further studies are needed to make clearer statements and identify more precise risk groups.

The Potential Application of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Protein in Plant‐Based Food Analogs: A Review

ABSTRACTThe increasing demand for plant‐based food products by consumers along with the growing global population requires the discovery of novel and sustainable protein sources to address environmental challenges and meet nutritional requirements. Among various plant proteins, mung bean protein (MBP) exhibits several unique characteristics that make it a valuable ingredient in the field of plant‐based food analogs. This literature review aims to express the unique structure and composition of MBP, in addition to its physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties. Furthermore, its potential applications in novel meat, dairy, and egg analogs are highlighted to meet the growing demand for sustainable, nutritious, and delicious plant‐based food alternatives. Structurally, MBP consists of a complex arrangement of amino acids, forming a globular protein with distinct functional properties. Its composition is also rich in essential amino acids, particularly leucine and lysine, making it a promising protein source for plant‐based diets. From a techno‐functional perspective, MBP exhibits remarkable gelling, emulsifying, foaming, and binding properties, which are necessary for the development of stable emulsions, airy foams, firm gels, and cohesive textures in various plant‐based food formulations. Moreover, MBP and its derivatives can possess notable bio‐functional properties, including antioxidant activity and anti‐inflammatory benefits, as well as cholesterol‐lowering, anti‐obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anticancer effects. Consequently, the production of food analogs based on MBP not only improves the techno‐functional attributes of the final products but also can promote consumer health and well‐being.

A comprehensive study on the production of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate reference material in orange juice

Controlling the content of preservatives in soft drinks is of paramount important for assessing their quality during production and consumption, as well as for ensuring consumer health. To effectively enhance laboratory capacity in preservatives analysis, the requirement for reference materials (RMs) of non-alcoholic beverages containing common preservatives such as potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate is fundamentally essential. This research was conducted to provide a procedure for the production of reference materials for potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in orange juice. The concentration of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in the reference materials complied with Circular No.24/2019/TT-BYT which regulates the management and use of food additives. The two RMs of natural and flavored orange juice were homogeneous and stable, however, their quality and stability were strongly affected by the storage temperature. At a particular condition of 5°C, synthetic orange juice witnessed a higher stability than natural at 532 days and 318 days, respectively. Furthermore, an accelerated aging study demonstrated that at -20°C, the integrity of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in natural orange juice was identically maintained for a substantial period of almost 3 years (expected shelf life 1,049 days).

Detection of antibiotic residues by a novel rapid test in cow’s milk from north Algeria

Detection of antibiotic residues by a novel rapid test in cow’s milk from north Algeria Veterinary treatments, particularly antibiotics used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in dairy cattle, can be the cause of antibiotic residues in raw milk. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of antibiotics in the dairy cattle industry and to detect the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk at collection centers using the SNAPduo ST Plus Test in the Bouira and Bordj Bou Arreridj (BBA) regions of Algeria. The results of the survey of 114 breeders showed that the Montbeliarde and Holstein breeds are the most dominant in the farms studied, the frequency of veterinary interventions in cattle farming is always, the curative veterinary intervention represents the highest rate and the beta-lactam is the most family used with 46.25% in Bouira and 85% in BBA, then the oxytetracycline was 22.5% and 15% respectively. Regarding the use of antibiotics by breeders, the majority of them use antibiotics for their animals, with 76.25% in the region of Bouira and 91% in the province of BBA. The antibiotic test of 122 samples of raw milk showed that 19.67% (24/122) of the samples were positive for antibiotic residues with the beta-lactam showing the highest value (79.16%) followed by tetracycline residues with 20.83%. This study showed the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk in the study area, which may affect the health of dairy consumers.

Camel Milk Yield and Composition and its Adjuvant Potential Impacts on Health of Consumers: A Review

Dromedaries can be integrated efficiently into an extensive and intensive management milk production systems for producing milk. Camel milk has specific nutritional values that alleviate certain diseases. The camel milk can be produced under harsh and intensive management conditions. Camel milk was given to human and experimental animal species under normal and dysfunction conditions as hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic and hepatitis. The articles concerning management conditions of producing camel milk and its specific nutritive values were used for writing the manuscript and they were collected from google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed databases. The results indicated that camels species were significantly produced milk either under harsh or intensive management conditions. The constituents of chemical camel milk were differed among species, stage of lactation, and management systems. The nutritional values of camel milk were explored as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-cancer, and others. The possible biological candidates in camel milk include lactoglobulins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. It could be concluded that camel milk has a potential nutritional therapy, where it is effected on blood glucose values, liver and kidney functions.

Residential Water Consumption Patterns: A Theoretical Review

The global water crisis and acute increase in water demand have increased stress on water resources in urban areas, particularly in water-scarce regions like Egypt. Many current strategies of sustainable water demand management show low effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of how water is used in households, and a failure to consider the environmental and urban diversity that shapes water consumption patterns in Egypt. This understanding requires knowing how water is consumed for micro-components of water use (i.e., end-uses such as bathing, cooking, and toilet use). This research aims to develop a conceptual/theoretical framework for probable worldwide water consumption patterns and their shaping factors, to be used as an auxiliary tool in future data collection and analysis in Egypt, which is an essential step to contextualize water consumption patterns and develop more sustainable water demand management strategies. The study reviews and analyzes water end-use data from 39 major cities in developed and developing countries to identify trends and critical factors in household water consumption. It documents six different major trends in household water consumption patterns with main water activities: cooking, bathing, washing machines, faucets, and toilet use. It also identifies and categorizes the patterns-shaping factors into five main groups: socioeconomic characteristics, physical, spatial, climatic conditions, and political restrictions. Moreover, significant correlations emerge between pattern elements and shaping forces such as income and washing machine usage, the presence/absence of children/elders and use of basin, and dietary culture and cooking consumption. Given the research findings, household consumption patterns in Egyptian cities are expected to be high in kitchens, showers, and toilets, and average in laundry and faucets. The study underscores the importance of considering factors such as socio-economic characteristics, water policies, spatial influences, water supply efficiency, and consumer health in forthcoming investigations, as these are believed to substantially influence household water consumption in Egypt.