Healing Systems Research Articles

Glucose-Responsive hydrogel optimizing Fenton reaction to eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria for infected diabetic wound healing

The treatment of infected diabetic wounds faces severe challenges due to vascular deficiencies induced by a hyperglycemia microenvironment and the extensive proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria. In this work, we developed a glucose-responsive hydrogel dressing system (CGH) with dual properties that effectively treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds in rats and enhance wound healing. The hydrogel is synthesized using copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) cross-linked with oxidized hyaluronic acid (HA-ALD) in situ and decorated with glucose oxidase (GOx). GOx enzymatically degrades excess glucose at the wound site, generating gluconic acid and H2O2, and optimizes the limiting factors of the Fenton reaction. Decreasing pH weakens the interaction between CuNCs and HA-ALD, resulting in the release of CuNCs that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by degradation of H2O2 through the Fenton reaction. This process can eradicate drug-resistant bacteria. In addition, CuNCs endowed hydrogels with excellent conductivity, thus enabling the promotion of blood vessel formation by electrical stimulation (ES), thereby facilitating tissue repair around the wound area. In conclusion, the developed novel multifunctional wound healing system can conform to irregular wound shapes, reduce glucose levels within the wound, establish a sustained sterile environment, and promote blood vessel formation through electrical stimulation, thus emerging as a highly promising and comprehensive option for effectively treating complex diabetic wounds.

Triboelectric-Responsive Drug Delivery Hydrogel for Accelerating Infected Wound Healing.

Electrotherapy is of great interest in the field of tissue repair as an effective, well-tolerated, and noninvasive treatment. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has shown advantages in promoting wound healing due to its peak output characteristic and low Joule heating effect. However, it is limited in infected wound healing due to poor antimicrobial capacity. Here, a wearable triboelectric stimulator (WTS) is developed that consists of a flexible TENG (F-TENG) and a triboelectric-responsive drug delivery hydrogel (TR-DDH) for healing of bacterium-infected wounds. F-TENG can generate pulsed current to wounds by converting mechanical energy from body movements. Polypyrrole is prone to reduction and volume contraction under electrical stimulation, resulting in desorption of curcumin nanoparticles (CUR NPs) from the polypyrrole in TR-DDH. Therefore, the highly efficient and controllable release of CUR NPs can be achieved by triboelectric stimulation. According to the in vitro and in vivo experiments, WTS has the greatest antimicrobial effect and the fastest promotion of infected wound healing compared to treatment with electrical stimulation or curcumin. Finally, the safety assessment demonstrates that the WTS has excellent tissue safety for chronic wound healing. Synergistic therapy with WTS provides an efficient strategy for chronic wound healing and smart-responsive drug delivery systems.

A molecular dynamics analysis of the influence of iron corrosion products on the healing process of bitumen

Corrosion of iron materials in the asphalt concrete pavement occurs commonly when the bitumen film peels off, and the generation of corrosion products would affect the healing performance of bitumen. To identify the affection, this research focuses on the influence of iron corrosion products on the healing process of bitumen by molecular dynamics simulation. Firstly, bitumen model and iron corrosion products model were built. Then the healing systems of sandwich structure were constructed, and the simulated temperature were applied to reach equilibrium in the healing process with NVT ensemble (constant number of atoms, volume, and temperature). Dynamic movements of bitumen were characterized by appearance qualitatively. Healing rate of crack and healing rate of bitumen aggregation were held to evaluate the healing effect. Diffusion behaviors, internal force of motivation and interaction effect were also analyzed. The results indicate the duplicity of iron corrosion products in the healing process including the ease for bitumen climbing and the obstruction of bitumen movement. The comprehensive healing index demonstrated that iron corrosion products would reduce the healing degree, which was mainly caused by the obstruction effect and large internal stress generated by severe aggregation of bitumen in the limited space. From the perspective of crack closure and bitumen aggregation degree in the corrosion area, FeO healing systems were healed best, followed by Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and FeOOH. Furthermore, diffusion period of bitumen molecules on the surface of iron corrosion products during the healing process should be regarded as the important period affecting healing.

Ayurvedic Herbal Medicines: A Literature Review of Their Applications in Female Reproductive Health.

Ayurveda, an ancient holistic and personalized healing system originating from the Indian subcontinent, has been gaining increasing attention as a complementary and alternative medical practice for treating various health conditions, including those related to women's reproductive well-being. This comprehensive literature review examines a wide array of experimental and clinical studies exploring the diverse facets of Ayurvedic interventions in addressing issues such as menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and menopausal symptoms. The paper specifically focuses on discussing the available data regarding the efficacy of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), which have traditionally been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. The synthesis of literature not only highlights the potential benefits of these Ayurvedic interventions, but also critically assesses the methodological rigor of existing studies, identifying research gaps, and proposing directions for future investigations. While acknowledging the need for further rigorous research and clinical trials, the review emphasizes the benefits of collaborative and integrative healthcare. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and individuals seeking holistic and natural alternatives for female reproductive health management.

Experimental investigation on the self-healing properties of ester-exchanged vitrimeric CFRP laminate with microchannels

Epoxy vitrimer theoretically achieves an unlimited healing cycle drawing support from dynamic molecular chains. The healing conditions required for microvascular systems are variable and flexible. Current research has often focused on a single healing system, further exploration is needed for a dual healing system that combines the advantages of both. In this study, the effects of curing agent and catalyst content on the performances of vitrimer, as well as the healing parameters on the healing efficiency were studied. And then the vitrimeric CFRP (vCFRP) laminates with microchannels were prepared, and the three-point bending tests were implemented to characterize the healing efficiency of CFRP with a single and dual healing system. The results indicated that the cured vitrimer exhibited the best comprehensive performance when the molar ratio of reactants was 1:1:0.07. The healing temperature had the greatest impact on the healing efficiency of vitrimer, followed by the catalyst content and the healing pressure. The two healing systems could improve the mechanical properties of laminates, especially the healing efficiency of CFRP with dual healing system reached 134.5 %. The healing agent in the microchannels could heal micro-damage, and the healability of the vitrimer could still be utilized after the healing agent was exhausted.

Bakuchiol nanoemulsion loaded electrospun nanofibers for the treatment of burn wounds.

The present work aims to develop and evaluate the wound healing potential of bakuchiol nanoemulsion loaded electrospun scaffolds. Since oxidative stress and microbial burden leads the burn wounds to become chronic and fatal to patients, a phytoconstituent, bakuchiol (BAK), was screened on the basis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential which also defined its dose. Furthermore, BAK was incorporated into a nanoemulsion to enhance its therapeutic efficacy, reduce its dosage frequency, and maximize its stability. The present study is inclined towards the collaborative interaction of natural products and novel drug delivery systems to develop safe and therapeutically efficient systems for burn wound healing. The optimized nanoemulsion showed excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against wound susceptible pathogens, i.e., Candida albicans and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus which was further loaded into gelatin based hydrogel and nanofibrous scaffold system. The mesh structure of scaffolds was chosen as a suitable carrier system for wound healing process not only because it offers resemblance to skin's anatomy but is also capable of providing uniform distribution of wound biomarkers across the skin. The prepared nanofibers were assessed for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing potential which was observed to be significantly better than its gel formulation.

A high-current hydrogel generator with engineered mechanoionic asymmetry.

Mechanoelectrical energy conversion is a potential solution for the power supply of miniaturized wearable and implantable systems; yet it remains challenging due to limited current output when exploiting low-frequency motions with soft devices. We report a design of a hydrogel generator with mechanoionic current generation amplified by orders of magnitudes with engineered structural and chemical asymmetry. Under compressive loading, relief structures in the hydrogel intensify net ion fluxes induced by deformation gradient, which synergize with asymmetric ion adsorption characteristics of the electrodes and distinct diffusivity of cations and anions in the hydrogel matrix. This engineered mechanoionic process can yield 4 mA (5.5 A m-2) of peak current under cyclic compression of 80 kPa applied at 0.1 Hz, with the transferred charge reaching up to 916 mC m-2 per cycle. The high current output of this miniaturized hydrogel generator is beneficial for the powering of wearable devices, as exemplified by a controlled drug-releasing system for wound healing. The demonstrated mechanisms for amplifying mechanoionic effect will enable further designs for a variety of self-powered biomedical systems.

Wound pH-Modulating Strategies for Diabetic Wound Healing.

Significance: Chronic diabetic wounds on the lower extremities (diabetic foot ulcers, DFU) are one of the most prevalent and life-threatening complications of diabetes, responsible for significant loss of quality of life and cost to the health care system. Available pharmacologic treatments fail to achieve complete healing in many patients. Recent studies and investigational treatments have highlighted the potential of modulating wound pH in DFU. Recent Advances: Data from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies highlight the role of pH in the pathophysiology of DFU, and topical administration of pH-lowering agents have shown promise as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds. In this critical review, we describe the role of pH in DFU pathophysiology and present selected low-molecular-weight and hydrogel-based pH-modulating systems for wound healing and infection control in diabetic wounds. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms leading to pH alterations in diabetic wounds are complex and may differ between in vitro models, animal models of diabetes, and the human pathophysiology. Wound pH-lowering bandages for DFU therapy must be tested in established animal models of diabetic wound healing and patients with diabetes to establish a comprehensive benefit-risk profile. Future Directions: As our understanding of the role of pH in the pathophysiology of diabetic wounds is deepening, new treatments for this therapeutic target are being developed and will be tested in preclinical and clinical studies. These therapeutic systems will establish a target product profile for pH-lowering treatments such as an optimal pH profile for each wound healing stage. Thus, controlling wound bed pH could become a powerful tool to accelerate chronic diabetic wound healing.

Organic-inorganic biohybrid films from wool-keratin/jellyfish-collagen/silica/boron via sol-gel reactions for soft tissue engineering applications

Therapeutic angiogenesis is pivotal in creating effective tissue-engineered constructs that deliver nutrients and oxygen to surrounding cells. Hence, biomaterials that promote angiogenesis can enhance the efficacy of various medical treatments, encompassing tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. Considering these, we propose a rapid method for producing composite silicon-boron-wool keratin/jellyfish collagen (Si-B-WK/JFC) inorganic-organic biohybrid films using sol-gel reactions. In this approach, reactive tetraethyl orthosilicate and boric acid (pKa ⩾ 9.24) were used as silicon and boron sources, respectively, and a solid-state gel was formed through the condensation reaction of these reactive groups with the keratin/collagen mixture. Once the resulting gel was thoroughly suspended in water, the films were prepared by a casting/solvent evaporation methodology. The fabricated hybrid films were characterized structurally and mechanically. In addition, angiogenic characteristics were determined by the in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, which revealed an increased vascular network within the Si-B-WK/JFC biohybrid films. In conclusion, it is believed that Si-B-WK/JFC biohybrid films with mechanical and pro-angiogenic properties have the potential to be possessed in soft tissue engineering applications, especially wound healing.

Development of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Membranes Based on Functionalized and Crosslinked Chitosan for Tissue Regeneration.

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that develops new methods to enhance the regeneration of damaged tissues, including those of wounds. Polymer systems containing bioactive molecules can play an important role in accelerating tissue regeneration, mitigating inflammation process, and fighting bacterial infection. Chitosan (CS) has attracted much attention regarding its use in wound healing system fabrication thanks to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the presence of functional groups in its structure. In this work, bioactive chitosan-based membranes were obtained by both chemical and physical modifications of the polymer with glycidyl methacrylate and glycerol (GLY), respectively. The most suitable GLY concentration to obtain wound healing systems with good elongation at break, a good water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and good wettability values was 20% (w/w). Afterwards, the membranes were crosslinked with different concentrations of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). By using a concentration of 0.05 mM EGDMA, membranes with a contact angle and WVTR values suitable for the application were obtained. To make the system bioactive, 3,4-dihydrocinnamic acid (HCAF) was introduced into the membranes, either by imbibition or chemical reaction, using laccase as a catalyst. Thermal and mechanical analyses confirmed the formation of a cohesive network, which limited the plasticizing effect of GLY, particularly when HCAF was chemically bound. The HCAF-imbibed membrane showed a good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, highlighting the potential of this system for the treatment of wound healing.

Development and optimization of Clitoria teratea synthesized silver nanoparticles and its application to nanogel systems for wound healing

Objective The present research deals with sequential optimization strategy based on Central Composite Design to optimize the process variables for efficient production of Clitoria teratea (CLT) synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using biological synthesis. Methods Two substantial factors influencing the dependent variables viz UV-visible absorbance, particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) were identified as NaOH concentration, RH concentration, temperature as independent variables. In-vitro and ex-vivo studies of prepared CLT-AgNPs gel and marketed gel were carried out using dialysis membrane and egg membrane, respectively. In addition, antimicrobial study was also performed on the bacterial strains. Results The particles size (114 nm), PDI (0.45), and zeta potential (−29.5 mV) of optimized formulation were found, respectively. In-vitro profile of AgNPs from prepared CLT-AgNPs gel was noted (95.6%) in 8 h. It was found that the prepared CLT-AgNPs gel stimulates fibroblast and agranulocytosis development resulting better and timely wound healing. Conclusions The prepared CLT-AgNPs gel can be as a potential substitute in the management and treatment of acute and chronic wounds.

Medicinal Herbal Plants Useful for Diabetes

The world is currently facing a diabetes epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the global prevalence of DM was 171 million in 2000 and will increase to approximately 366 million by 2030. However, the global prevalence of DM has already reached 346 million in 2010. About 1.6 million deaths are directly attributable to diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were caused by high blood sugar in 2012. The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in middle- and low-income countries. The exponentially increasing future high prevalence of DM accounts for most of the mortality and morbidity worldwide. Danger sign of diabetes and related diseases. India has been the source of human development and revolution since ancient times. We have a rich history and knowledge of the plants and animals used in the healing system. Plants have been used in medicine since the ancient Indian system of Ayurveda. Thus, we found that the diabetic drug system is highly dependent on the composition of synthetic drugs. In this review, we try to complete the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of medicinal plants. Natural products were considered the best choice because they are less harmful to the environment and other non-target organisms

Ayurveda Medicine as a New Modality of Natural and Traditional Medicine in our Country

A bibliographic review on Ayurveda Medicine was carried out with the objective of showing the general aspects fundamental to its knowledge and application. Articles and documents related to the topic were reviewed. The definition of it is shown. The curative medical systems present in this type of medicine, as well as the procedures with which it works for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and symptoms. It is concluded that Ayurveda medicine is a healing system applicable for the treatment of common conditions.

Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts.

Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans and animals. However, when inflammation resolution is delayed or compromised as a result of its misregulation, the process proceeds from the acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of various chronic illnesses. It is proven that redox balance disturbances and oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB and leading to over-inflammation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory properties of various natural antioxidants have been widely tested in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that silymarin (SM) and its main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) have great potential as an anti-inflammation agent. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM/SB action is attributed to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, in the same model systems, SM/SB was able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) and lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. The inflammatory properties of SM/SB were clearly demonstrated in model systems based on immune (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective tissue and cancer) cells. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory action of SM/SB was confirmed in a number of in vivo models, including toxicity models, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion models, stress-induced injuries, ageing and exercising models, wound healing and many other relevant model systems. It seems likely that the anti-inflammatory activities of SM/SB are key elements on the health-promoting properties of these phytochemicals.

A Pilot Study on Sodhana of Puga (Areca catechu Linn.)

The “Ayurveda” science of life was one of the most valuable gifts our predecessors gave us. It is the natural healing system of India and has been passed down through countless generations without losing any of its unique lusters. Due to its efficiency, it is helping to improve human health in many incurable chronic and degenerative diseases. In Ayurveda treatises and Nighantus there is mention of many drugs, among them Puga (Areca catechu Linn) is one; it is mentioned in Vedas by the name Kramuka. In the karma paribhasha chapter, Sharangadhara cited Kramuka as an example of the vikasi guna, due to this it was considered to be Visha samana, after reviewing the various Nighantus, it was found that the vikasi guna, ojonashaka property was only visible in apakva- adrapuga. According to Nighantu Bhavaprakash, Puga should be boiled in "Choughar" to do Sodhana. The pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses of Asuddha and Suddha Puga were performed in the current study. The rasa of suddha Puga was found to be mild Madhura and Kasaya rasa, and it has a higher alcoholic extraction value than Asuddha Puga. The phytochemical evaluation shows a significant difference between Asuddha and suddha Puga

Enhanced burn wound healing by controlled-release 3D ADMSC-derived exosome-loaded hyaluronan hydrogel.

Adipose mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC)-derived exosomes (ADMSC-Exos) have shown great potential in regenerative medicine and been evidenced benefiting wound repair such as burns. However, the low yield, easy loss after direct coating, and no suitable loading system to improve their availability and efficacy hinder their clinical application for wound healing. And few studies focused on the comparison of biological functions between exosomes derived from different culture techniques, especially in exosome-releasing hydrogel system. Therefore, we designed a high-performance exosome controllable releasing hydrogel system for burn wound healing, namely loading 3D-printed microfiber culture-derived exosomes in a highly biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA). In this project, we compared the biological functions in vitro and in a burn model among exosomes derived from the conventional two-dimensional (2D) plate culture (2D-Exos), microcarrier culture (2.5D-Exos), and 3D-printed microfiber culture (3D-Exos). Results showed that compared with 2D-Exos and 2.5D-Exos, 3D-Exos promoted HACATs and HUVECs cell proliferation and migration more significantly. Additionally, 3D-Exos had stronger angiogenesis-promoting effects in tube formation of (HUVECs) cells. Moreover, we found HA-loaded 3D-Exos showed better burn wound healing promotion compared to 2D-Exos and 2.5D-Exos, including accelerated burn wound healing rate and better collagen remodeling. The study findings reveal that the HA-loaded, controllable-release 3D-Exos repair system distinctly augments therapeutic efficacy in terms of wound healing, while concurrently introducing a facile application approach. This system markedly bolsters the exosomal loading efficiency, provides a robust protective milieu, and potentiates the inherent biological functionalities of the exosomes. Our findings provide a rationale for more efficient utilization of high-quality and high-yield 3D exosomes in the future, and a novel strategy for healing severe burns.

Bionic artificial skin with a fully implantable wireless tactile sensory system for wound healing and restoring skin tactile function

Tactile function is essential for human life as it enables us to recognize texture and respond to external stimuli, including potential threats with sharp objects that may result in punctures or lacerations. Severe skin damage caused by severe burns, skin cancer, chemical accidents, and industrial accidents damage the structure of the skin tissue as well as the nerve system, resulting in permanent tactile sensory dysfunction, which significantly impacts an individual’s daily life. Here, we introduce a fully-implantable wireless powered tactile sensory system embedded artificial skin (WTSA), with stable operation, to restore permanently damaged tactile function and promote wound healing for regenerating severely damaged skin. The fabricated WTSA facilitates (i) replacement of severely damaged tactile sensory with broad biocompatibility, (ii) promoting of skin wound healing and regeneration through collagen and fibrin-based artificial skin (CFAS), and (iii) minimization of foreign body reaction via hydrogel coating on neural interface electrodes. Furthermore, the WTSA shows a stable operation as a sensory system as evidenced by the quantitative analysis of leg movement angle and electromyogram (EMG) signals in response to varying intensities of applied pressures.

Nonpharmacological Techniques of Labor Analgesia

Abstract Labor pain has two components: uterine contractions resulting in visceral pain which occurs during the early first stage and the second stage of childbirth, and somatic pain which occurs during the late first stage and the second stage. Referred pain from uterus is transmitted to a skin area over the vertebrae L3-S2 in the area known as the Michaeli’s rhomboid. During the second stage of labor, there is severe somatic pain in the perineum which is continuous and distressing. The nonpharmacologic techniques of labor analgesia are nothing but traditional methods that have been employed for centuries by various cultures. These can be divided into mind–body interventions, alternative systems of medical practice, manual healing, bioelectromagnetic and physical methods. The mind- body interventions consist of psychoprophylactic methods such as lamaze method, yoga, sophrology, Leboyer’s method, music therapy, biofeedback, hypnosis etc. There are also techniques which activate peripheral sensory perception such as warm water baths, superficial applications of alternate hot and cold packs on the back, back massage, sterile water injections, acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. These techniques are cost effective and specially important in areas where there is shortage of staff and nonavailability of personnel to give specialized care.

Comparison of Endoscopic and Artificial Intelligence Diagnoses for Predicting the Histological Healing of Ulcerative Colitis in a Real-World Clinical Setting.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted colonoscopy systems with contact microscopy capabilities have been reported previously; however, no studies regarding the clinical use of a commercially available system in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have been reported. In this study, the diagnostic performance of an AI-assisted ultra-magnifying colonoscopy system for histological healing was compared with that of conventional light non-magnifying endoscopic evaluation in patients with UC. The data of 52 patients with UC were retrospectively analyzed. The Mayo endoscopic score (MES) was determined by 3 endoscopists. Using the AI system, healing of the same spot assessed via MES was defined as a predicted Geboes score (GS) < 3.1. The GS was then determined using pathology specimens from the same site. A total of 191 sites were evaluated, including 159 with a GS < 3.1. The MES diagnosis identified 130 sites as MES0. A total of 120 sites were determined to have healed based on AI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of MES0 for the diagnosis of GS < 3.1 were 79.2%, 90.6%, 97.7%, 46.8%, and 81.2%, respectively. The AI system performed similarly to MES for the diagnosis of GS < 3.1: sensitivity, 74.2%; specificity: 93.8%; PPV: 98.3%; NPV: 42.3%; and accuracy: 77.5%. The AI system also significantly identified a GS of < 3.1 in the setting of MES1 (P = .0169). The histological diagnostic yield the MES- and AI-assisted diagnoses was comparable. Healing decisions using AI may avoid the need for histological examinations.

Harnessing the potential of antimicrobial peptides: current advances and future applications

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising class of naturally occurring molecules with diverse structures and functions, offering a potent defense mechanism against microbial pathogens. This review explores the multifaceted role of AMPs in combating infections and their potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. We discuss the mechanisms of action of AMPs, their structural diversity, modes of synthesis, and recent advancements in enhancing their stability and efficacy. Furthermore, we highlight the therapeutic potential of AMPs in treating multidrug-resistant infections, their role as alternatives to conventional antibiotics, and their applications in wound healing, immunomodulation, and drug delivery systems. Additionally, we examine the challenges associated with the clinical translation of AMPs and propose strategies to overcome these hurdles. Overall, this review underscores the importance of AMPs as versatile antimicrobial agents and emphasizes their potential to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.