Healing Medicine Research Articles

Chronic wounds healing by innovative herbal medicine and Buddhist ways to prevent disability in diabetic patients

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the properties of both scientific and traditional medicinal herbs to produce innovative herbal medicine for chronic wounds healing in diabetic patients, and 2) to analyze chronic wounds healing by innovative herbal medicine and Buddhist ways to prevent disability in 30 diabetic patients in Mahasarakham, Thailand. The results revealed that 19 medicinal herbs have properties in managing the blood, vascular, lymphatic system, the main cause of chronic wounds, reducing blood viscosity, purifying blood vessels, flushing out waste water, and healing wounds. 5 medicinal herbs were used to produce innovative herbal medicine, and Buddhist principles were used in research and for informants. Chronic wounds in diabetic patients have three characteristics: peripheral neuropathy, ischemic wounds, and infectious wounds. Herbal Oil Formula 1 and Herbal Infusion Formula 2 were used as basic medicines for healing, Herbal Capsule Formula 3 for inflamed wounds, Herbal Infusion for wounds with dark secretions and rotten blood. Wounds with a lot of secretions, foul odors, and full wounds were healed by Mangosteen Peel Powder Formula 5. Accordingly, 100% of all 3 types of chronic wounds were healed. This saved all patients from disability.

The Urgency of Religion in Preparing Mental Health According to Zakiah Daradjat

As the term for the present age, the Millennial age is very full of various diseases that attack the biological side of humans and are rife in the community, including psychic and mental illnesses. That problem is usually characterized by uncontrolled morals as well as an uneasy soul. In this case, mental health becomes the main goal in healing the disease and makes many psychologists examine specifically mental health. In this regard, Zakiah Daradjat, the first Muslim psychologist in Indonesia, offers the best medicine for healing by presenting religion as a guide to human life. Using descriptive-analytical methods, the most important point found in this paper is that religion in daily life is very related and influential in fostering mental health because it has implications for controlling morals and calming one's soul.

CHARACTERIZATION TEST OF BINAHONG (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN.) STEENIS.) LEAVES AND ALOE VERA (ALOE VERA) LEAVES EXTRACTS USING INFUDATION METHOD IN MAKING LIQUID FOR EXTERNAL WOUND HEALING

Binahong leaves and aloe vera leaves contain flavonoid compounds and saponin compounds that can help the wound healing process, therefore a liquid medicine for external wound healing is made from extracts of binahong leaves and aloe vera leaves. The process of making liquid medicine begins with the manufacture of binahong leaf extract using binahong leaves carried out by the infundation method. The infundation method was carried out through an extraction process using distilled water at a temperature of (80-90)oC for 15 minutes. The results of the hypothesis show that at a temperature of (80-90)oC for 15 minutes there are no variables that affect the manufacture of binahong leaf extract. The binahong leaf extract and aloe vera were mixed according to the specified formula. The formulation used was the ratio (binahong leaf extract: aloe vera leaf) = 1:1 as formula A; 1:2 as formula B; 2:1 as formula C; 1.5:1 as formula D and added alcohol in the ratio (alcohol: a mixture of binahong leaf extract and aloe vera leaf) 1:4 to prevent oxidation. The preparation obtained is liquid so that it is easier to apply. The test results showed that the external wound healing liquid formulation with a volume ratio of aloe vera leaf extract and binahong 2:1 (Formulation C = 1.8467%) showed a high flavonoid content compared to formulas A, B, or D. The chosen method is that every 1 L of external wound healing liquid medicine consists of 536 ml of binahong leaf extract, 268 ml of aloe vera leaf extract, 201 ml of 70% alcohol from the total volume

Exploration on Traditional Uses of Herbal Medicines for Wound Healing in Different Animal Models

Exploration on Traditional Uses of Herbal Medicines for Wound Healing in Different Animal Models

Potential Wound Healing of PLGA Nanoparticles Containing a Novel L‐Carnitine–GHK Peptide Conjugate

The development of a product that has simultaneous wound healing, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties is desirable for wound healing medicine. In this study, glycine–histidine–lysine (GHK) peptide as a skin repair accelerator was coupled to L‐carnitine with antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties to investigate its new wound healing properties in a nanoparticle (NP) platform. The conjugate was synthesized by solid‐phase synthesis method with Fmoc chemistry, purified by preparative HPLC, and was identified with ESI‐Mass technique. The conjugate was then loaded into PLGA NPs, which was prepared using solvent evaporation technique. Zetasizer results showed a mean size and zeta potential of 193.15 nm and −30.2 ± 3.8 mV for the conjugate‐loaded PLGA NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited spherical‐shaped morphology for the NPs with uniform size distribution (PDI = 0.265). Conjugate release from the NPs was about 10% at initial time, which increased to more than about 70% at 200 hr, exhibiting a sustained release trend. Additionally, the treatment of fibroblasts with the nanoconjugate indicated its biocompatibility. Compared to GHK, L‐carnitine and free conjugates, the most satisfactory wound healing activity was observed for conjugate‐loaded NPs upon wound closure in a rat model of skin injury repair. Furthermore, more epithelialization and neovascularization were observed for L‐carnitine–GHK nanoconjugate. Taken together, the L‐carnitine–GHK conjugate‐loaded PLGA NP will be a promising candidate for wound healing management.

THE EFFECTIVENESS TEST OF CIPLUKAN (Physalis angulate L.) LEAF EXTRACT ON WOUND HEALING IN MALE RABBIT (Oryctolagus cuniculus) WISTAR STRAIN

An incision wound is a wound that occurs because of a sharp incision on the skin. This wound can occur in the dermis and epidermis of the skin with a depth 0,3cm, and length of 1,5cm. If not handle properly, the cut can develop into an infected wound. Ciplukan leaves (Physialis angulata L.) contain tannins compounds. Tanin compound can accelerate wound healing with cellular mechanism. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of ciplukan leaves extract as an alternative medicine in healing the incisions.This study is an experimental study using a completely randomized design wich using 3 treatment groups of male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) consisted of: 1st group negative control (vaselin flava), 2nd group positive control (povidone iodine), 3rd group ciplukan leaves extract test with 3 different concentrations (15%, 30%, 45%). Wound healing was observed for 20 days.The results of the analysis using One-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis obtained a value of p?0.05, showed the extract of ciplukan leaves is effective in healing incisions . The healing ability equivalent to positive control with a healing time of 13 days was shown at a concentration of 45%.

Ethnobotanical and pharmacological profile of galinsoga parviflora

Galinsoga parviflora is a member of the Astraceaea family. Widely distributed in Central and South America, Europe, the West Indies, Mexico, Australia, Africa, and Asia are all home to it. In Asia it is mainly found in different areas of Pakistan. The herb is used in traditional medicines for wound healing, blood coagulation issues, colds, flu, toothaches, and other ailments, disorders of the skin and eyes. Galinsoga parviflora's therapeutic powers are attributed to the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites. The plant is non-toxic and utilised as livestock feed.It is also used as a vegetable in soups and salads by humans.Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory nematicidal, urease, alpa-glucosidase activity, anti-cytotoxic anti-hyperglycemic, respectively properties have been observed in crude extracts and pure chemicals obtained.More than thirty-eight chemicals constituents have been isolated from Galinsoga praviflora. The current study focuses on Galinsoga parviflora's ethno-medicinal usage, isolated natural components, and biological activity.

Evaluation of phytoconstituents from selected medicinal plants and its synergistic antimicrobial activity

Phytoconstituents of plants had enormous therapeutic potential against the wounds on skin. Plants like Tecoma stans, Manilkara zapota and Cassia fistula were some which had the ability to heal the wounds. However, there was limited research in Cassia fistula flowers and its synergism with plants on wound healing and its mechanism. Qualitative analysis was performed to confirm the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, saponins and tannins in solvents:aqueous ethanol and methanol. All three components showed their attributes towards wound healing. Results of antimicrobial activity clearly stated that, methanol extract of the Cassia fistula flowers at increasing concentration, showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 27 mm at 100 μl (antibacterial assay) and 18 mm at 100 μl (anti-fungal assay). They had higher potential against the selective microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The combination of C. fistula flowers and C. fistula leaves; C. fistula flowers and M. zapota leaves showed maximum zone of inhibition of 23 mm and 21 mm for anti-bacterial; 22 mm and 23 mm for antifungal at 100 μl respectively. The C. fistula flowers along with the Manilkara zapota leaves and C. fistula leaves enhanced the antimicrobial nature than the individual plants. The antimicrobial properties present in the plants would engage them in future for developing an improved medicine for wound healing. Thus a polyherbal plant solution containing equal proportions of plants, tested for the antibacterial activity, succeeded by showing its higher inhibition of 25 mm at 100 μl.This concluded that the synergism of plants had higher efficiency in microbial activity than the individual samples hence proving the plants attributes towards the wound healing.

Music as a Healing Medicine in COVID-19 Pandemic.

This article presents that the use of music like "A Prayer for Nation" during the COVID-19 outbreak is an alternative healing medicine helping people to reduce their loneliness, depression, stress, and anxiety. In a multicultural, pluralistic country like Indonesia, this song has the pastoral power to uplift, unite, and heal.

The Role of Regenerative Medicine in Wound Healing in Cases of Vesicovaginal Fistulae

Background: Post-surgical wound healing in cases of vesicovaginal fistulae is a challenge because it is related to infection prevention and the long-term well-being of women.
 Aim: The aim of this research was to critically review the application of regenerative medicine in wound healing. The next aim was to look in depth to see whether regenerative medicine strategies have a place in the future of wound healing in a clinical setting. More specifically, to see if these strategies would apply for vesico vaginal fistulae case in the field of urogynecology.
 Method: A narrative literature review examines several previous research published at the last 5 years, containing keywords, namely vesicovaginal fistulae, regenerative medicine, wound healing. We used databases from Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus Database.
 Results: A vesicovaginal fistula is an abnormal communication between the bladder and the vagina. There are currently no precise guidelines for the postoperative management of patients after fistula repair. Transvaginal surgical procedures are a common solution for vesicovaginal fistulas. In wound healing, more attention is needed because of the risk of infection especially wound healing in the area of ​​​​the reproductive organs. It should also be noted that stress urinary incontinence is a common complication. Several studies have initiated the trial process of regenerative medicine for using in urogynecological cases.
 Conclusion: In the management of vesico vaginal fistula cases, regenerative medicine can be a solution in postoperative care but still needs further development and standardization.
 Keywords: placenta, urogynecology, regenerative medicine

Healing and Rebalancing in the Aftermath of Colonial Violence: An Indigenous-Informed, Response-Based Approach

What is understood as “healing” is often culturally and socially embedded. One’s culture helps to define what it means to be well or unwell, and what it means to heal or recover. Sometimes, one’s culture sits in contrast to the mainstream, western scientific approach to health, often seen as the freedom from illness. A Métis worldview is holistic in itself, and it incorporates notions and practices of well-being that go beyond just being “illness or problem free”. Wellbeing is often directly linked to our relationship with the food that sustains us, to the various animal and plant worlds, to the elements, and to being in “right relationship” to the world and others. Dr. Catherine Richardson Kinewesquao presents an approach to healing which she refers to as transformative, energetic and spiritual. She draws from Cree teachings related to “mamatowisowin”, the life force inherent in all beings and the act of calling forth this energy into the healing process. This life force is connected to dignity, justice and care. Metaphorically, it can be talked about as being released or made available when an individual opens to discussing/facing fears and sorrows, distressing events and losses, and to finding a way to integrate them into their whole being. It is a form of energy transmutation, of becoming more emotionally fluid and liberated from the negativity of what is “acting upon them”. When energy is unblocked or released, particularly in the presence of a compassionate listener, the person may then have more energy for their chosen life projects. By using a response-based approach in the aftermath of violence and degradation, and by contextualizing events through exploratory conversations, one may transform stress into productive energy to fuel life, growth and action. Kinewesquao articulates the use of cultural processes for stress management and working with the natural world to enhance well-being. Ultimately, she makes a case that “positive social responses” (e.g., love, care, compassionate listening, support and cultural rituals) to one’s suffering can be some of the best healing medicines.

Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Endemic Species Croton ferrugineus and Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity.

Croton ferrugineus Kunth is an endemic species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine both for wound healing and as an antiseptic. In this study, fresh Croton ferrugineus leaves were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against three Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacterium and one dermatophyte fungus. The radical scavenging properties of the essential oil was evaluated by means of DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify thirty-five compounds representing more than 99.95% of the total composition. Aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trans-caryophyllene was the main constituent with 20.47 ± 1.25%. Other main compounds were myrcene (11.47 ± 1.56%), β-phellandrene (10.55 ± 0.02%), germacrene D (7.60 ± 0.60%), and α-humulene (5.49 ± 0.38%). The essential oil from Croton ferrugineus presented moderate activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) with an MIC of 1000 μg/mL, a scavenging capacity SC50 of 901 ± 20 µg/mL with the ABTS method, and very strong antiglucosidase activity with an IC50 of 146 ± 20 µg/mL.

Effect of Complementary Medicine on Pain Relief and Wound Healing after Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review.

ObjectivesCesarean sections are one of the common surgical procedures around the world. Management of cesarean section side effects, including pain, hematoma, delayed wound healing, is of particular importance in maintaining maternal health and ability to care for the baby. The tendency to use complementary medicine strategies is on the rise because of the easy treatment with low side effects. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the efficacy and safety of clinical trials performed in Iran and worldwide on the effect of complementary medicine on pain relief and wound healing after cesarean section.MethodsPRISMA checklist was followed to prepare the report of this systematic review. The search process was carried out on databases on databases of Magiran, SID, Iran Medex, Scopus, Pub Med, Science direct, Medline and Cochrane library using keywords of cesarean, pain, wound healing, Herbal medicine, acupressure, massage, complementary medicine and their Persian equivalent and all possible combinations, from inception until February 2020. We used the Jadad scale to assess the quality of the searched articles. According to the Jadad scale, the articles with a score of at least 3 were included in the study.ResultsFinally, 28 clinical trials (with a sample size of 3,245) scored at least 3 on the Jadad scale were included into the analysis. This article reviewed 13 articles on medicinal herbs, 4 articles on massage, 1 article on reflexology, 2 articles on acupressure.ConclusionAccording to the present review, the use of medicinal herbs was the most common method of complementary medicine in pain relief and wound healing after cesarean section.

Ethno-pharmacological review on the wild edible medicinal plant, Lilium martagon L

Purpose: Martagon lily (Lilium martagon L.) is used in Eastern traditional medicine for wound healing and treatment of toothache. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the chemical, botanical, ethnological, pharmacological, and pharmacognostic aspects of L. martagon, with a view to facilitating further in-depth pharmaceutical studies on the potentials of the plant as a herbal remedy.
 Methods: Diverse electronic search engines and specialized reference tools such as Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, scientific literature, publishing sites and electronic databases (Pubmed, Springer, Wiley and Science Direct) were used for data retrieval. The data focused on botany, traditional uses, biological activities and phytochemistry of L. martagon, with emphasis on integration of this plant in official medicare.
 Results: Lilium martagon possesses anti-inflammatory, sedative, anticancer, analgesic and hemostatic properties. Some modern techniques (in vitro propagation, genetic manipulation and advanced molecular biology techniques) have been applied in L. martagon biotechnology, with respect to major plant diseases and genetic variation issues.
 Conclusion: Lilium martagon L contains different groups of biologically-active substances, amongst which are pyrroline derivatives and steroidal saponins. These may justify the usage of this plant and its subspecies in the traditional treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases.

Rapid Formation of Stem Cell Spheroids Using Two-Dimensional MXene Particles

Cell spheroids have been studied as a biomimic medicine for tissue healing using cell sources. Rapid cell spheroid production increases cell survival and activity as well as the efficiency of mass production by reducing processing time. In this study, two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2) particles were used to form mesenchymal stem cell spheroids, and the optimal MXene concentration, spheroid-production times, and bioactivity levels of spheroid cells during this process were assessed. A MXene concentration range of 1 to 10 μg/mL induced spheroid formation within 6 h. The MXene-induced spheroids exhibited osteogenic-differentiation behavior, with the highest activity levels at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. We report a novel and effective method for the rapid formation of stem cell spheroids using MXene.

Evaluation the Effects of Helichrysum plicatum Subsp. pseudoplicatum on an In-Vitro Wound Model Using Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells.

Wound is tissue damage that occurs in the skin. Helichrysum species (Altınotu) are rich in phenolic compounds used in traditional medicine for wound healing. The main component in their flower head (capitulum) is phenolic compounds. The present study investigates the proliferative, oxidative stress, and wound healing properties of the methanolic extract of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulum on a human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell line in this study. H plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulums were collected in Erzurum, Turkey (altitude 1950 m), dried, pulverized, and extracted with methanol. Firstly, total phenolic contents were determined and secondly, the proliferative effect, oxidative stress activities, and wound healing effects on HDF cells were evaluated by the cell proliferation kit (XTT) test, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) commercial kits, and the scratch experiment by taking microscopic images of the cells at 0, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively. Total phenolic content was found to be 142.00 ± 0.73 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GAE/g) extract. The capitulum extract has a proliferative effect at 0.5 to 10 µg/mL concentrations according to the XTT test results. It was observed that TAS levels significantly increased in the plant extract at the concentration ranges 1 to 10 µg/mL (P < .01). About 1 to 5 µg/mL plant extract started to increase cell migration at the 12 h and significantly closed the wound area at the 24 h. At the doses between 1 to 5 μg/mL, it has the most substantial effect on both cell viability and antioxidant effect, and wound healing was found to be in this concentration range. These findings suggested that the H plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulum is a valuable source of phenolic content with important antioxidant activity at wound healing and it was concluded that the capitulum extract accelerates wound healing by increasing cell migration in low doses.

Known data on applied regenerative medicine in tendon healing.

Tendons and ligaments are important structures in the musculoskeletal system. Ligaments connect various bones and provide stability in complex movements of joints in the knee. Tendon is made of dense connective tissue and transmits the force of contraction from muscle to bone. They are injured due to direct trauma in sports or roadside accidents. Tendon healing after repair is often poor due to the formation of fibro vascular scar tissues with low mechanical property. Regenerative techniques such as PRP (platelet-rich plasma), stem cells, scaffolds, gene therapy, cell sheets, and scaffolds help augment repair and regenerate tissue in this context. Therefore, it is of interest to document known data (repair process, tissue regeneration, mechanical strength, and clinical outcome) on applied regenerative medicine in tendon healing.

Activation of platelet-rich plasma by pulse electric fields: Voltage, pulse width and calcium concentration can be used to control and tune the release of growth factors, serotonin and hemoglobin.

Activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used in the clinical settings of wound healing and regenerative medicine, with activation typically induced by the addition of bovine thrombin. To eliminate issues with availability, cost and potential side effects associated with bovine thrombin, ex vivo PRP activation using pulse electric fields (PEF) has been proposed and demonstrated. The present study characterizes the effect of PEF voltage and pulse width, in combination with a range of calcium concentrations, on clot formation, growth factor release, and serotonin (5-HT) release from dense granules. The main findings are: 1) increasing calcium concentrations with most PEF conditions leads to increased levels of PDGF and 5-HT release; 2) whether EGF levels increase or decrease with increasing calcium concentration depends on the specific PEF parameters; 3) the pattern of PDGF and EGF levels in supernatants suggest that these molecules are localized differently within platelets; 4) significant levels of PDGF, EGF, and 5-HT can be released without inducing clot formation or hemoglobin release. In conclusion, voltage, pulse width and calcium concentration can be used to control and tune the release of growth factors, serotonin and hemoglobin from PEF-activated PRP. Because growth factor requirements vary for different types of wounds and for wounds at different stages of healing, the unique balance of factors in supernatants of PEF-activated PRP may provide more clinically advantageous than the current standard of bovine thrombin-activated PRP.

Evaluation of Ehretia Laevis Roxb. (Khandu Chakka/Ajan Vruksha) in the Wound Healing Adjudged by Histological Examination of the Tissue

Many herbal plants are mentioned in Ayurveda for wound healing. Folklore medicine for various ailmentsincluding wound healing is being practiced in India. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. contains many such chemicalcompounds useful for promotion of healing &amp; repair. Tissue renewal goes hand in hand with inflammationinfluenced by multiple processes. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. called Khandu Chakka &amp; Ajan Vruksha andtraditionally being used for wound healing, body pain &amp; minor fractures in the form of local application byfolklore in the state of Maharashtra India. Objectives of the present study is to know the effect of EhretiaLaevis Roxb. in the wound healing on the histological parameters in animal model. Phenytoin ointmentas a control was used. The present study has found put that leaf extract paste of Ehretia Laevis Roxb.has enhanced the process of wound healing ascertained on histological parameters as compared to topicalphenytoin application. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. paste is found to be immensely useful at wound healing ascompared to Phenytoin. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. is concluded to promote the healing significantly as observedby feature of granulation, collagenisation &amp; re epithelisation of the wounds suggesting early healing byprimary intension

Phytochemical Screening and Emulgel Formulation of Jernang Resin Extract (Daemonorops Draco (Willd) Blume)

Objective: Daemonorops draco (Willd) Blume is a plant that produces jernang, which is a red resin that sticks to the outer skin of the fruit. Also known as dragon's blood, it is used as a traditional medicine for wound healing, anti-diarrhea, etc. as a natural coloring agent. Emulgel is an emulsion that contains a gel base in a certain ratio. Emulgel has the advantages of increasing drug absorption, easy to apply and more comfortable, not sticky on the skin. This study aims to determine the class of secondary metabolites contained in jernang in the form of simplicia and their extracts and to make jernang resin extract emulgel preparations that can be used as wound medicine.&#x0D; Method: Jernang simplicia collected by dry method. The extract was made by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, separating the solvent using a rotary evaporator and concentrating it on a water bath. Phytochemical screening was carried out on simplicia and extracts. The emulsion formulation of jernang resin extract was made in three formulas with various levels of extracts P1 (2.5%), P2 (5%) and P3 (7.5%), using Tween 80 and Isopropyl myristate (IPA) as surfactants and oil phase, and 1% Carbopol as a gel base, then the emulgel was made with a ratio of emulsion and gel base of 4: 1 so that the variations of the extract were made into three formulas P4 (2%), P5 (4%) and P6 (6%)&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of phytochemical screening showed that jernang simplicia contained flavonoid, glycoside and saponin compounds. Also compounds that are non-polar, namely steroids / triterpenoids. Whereas in the form of the extract it contains flavonoid class compounds, this is because the 96% ethanol solvent is semi-polar so that the compounds contained in the ethanol extract are polar compounds, namely flavonoids which are the largest content of compounds in jernang. Jernang P4 extract emulgel (2%) organoleptically has the best physical appearance, has the characteristics of a thick, slightly clear consistency, brownish red color, has a distinctive smell of jernang mixed with the aroma of Tween 80, and is homogeneous.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the test results, it can be concluded that in the form of jernang simplicia, it contains polar compounds (flavonoids, glycosides and saponins) and non-polar (steroid / terponoid groups) and in the form of jernang resin extract contains flavonoid class compounds. Organoleptically, the jernang resin extract emulgel with a content of 2% (P4) is the best formula compared to other formulas.&#x0D;