Head Of Cattle Research Articles

The Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism -69T>G HSPA1A Gene with Bali Cattle Heat Tolerance

Heat shock protein plays an essential role in thermoregulatory during heat stress responses. This study aims to determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -69T>G in the promoter region of the heat shock protein 70 member 1A (HSPA1A) gene on heat tolerance in Bali cattle. One hundred and sixteen heads of Bali cattle were collected from different locations such as Pangyangan, Bali Island; Serading, Sumbawa Island; and Sembalun, Lombok Island. The SNP was analyzed by genotyping using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), which used BstUI enzyme restriction. Physiological responses including respiration rate (Rr), rectal temperature (Tr), heart rate (Hr), heat tolerance coefficient (HTC), and blood glucose level (Glu) were measured. Association analysis was conducted using a general linear model by setting genotype, altitude, and sex as factors. The SNP -69T>G variant of HSPA1A gene found in this study were wild type (TT) with 144 bp & 498 bp; GG with 144, 236, & 262 bp; and TG with 144, 236, 262, & 498 bp. Bali cattle with the GG genotype had lower (p<0.001) Rr and HTC compared to the other genotypes. It could be concluded that physiological performances were lower at high altitudes, and the SNP -69T>G HSPA1A was associated with the physiological performances of Bali cattle. SNP -69T>G of HSPA1A could be utilized for candidate marker-assisted selection of Bali cattle to improve the performance of heat tolerance.

Тechnological solutions at a dairy complex in the wilderness

Recently, the creation of large livestock complexes has been observed on all continents of the earth. High-yielding cattle herds of dairy cows exist in Holland and Israel, meat breeds - in Argentina and Brazil, pigs - in Denmark and the USA, sheep - in Australia and New Zealand, poultry - everywhere.&#x0D; In Saudi Arabia, the government has taken a decisive course on progressive policies in agriculture. The Al-Safi company produces 75,000 tons of milk per year (7000 kg per cow). It has its own processing plant (300 tons per day). The company employs more than 1,100 people in 137 different positions on a competitive basis. The farm has more than 25000 head of cattle, 225 people work, which is 89 heads per person and 125 cows per milker. Many cows give 10000 kg of milk per lactation (more than 30 kg per day). There are 17 milking parlors and 370 milking machines. The technology of keeping animals includes 5 subdivisions - newborn calves, workshops for raising young animals (heifers, steers for fattening), and an inseminated non-calf workshop.&#x0D; The load per worker is 260 heads. People work from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. and from 3 a.m. to 6 p.m., they are provided with showers, wall lockers, a washing machine, overalls and shoes, and personal hygiene products.&#x0D; To improve the gene pool of a closed population, artificial insemination is used. Every day, more than 30 calves are born at the farm, which are placed in cages (100 Ч 200 Ч 80 cm) of a calf house without walls. At the age of three months, they are transferred to a group up to a year, then heifers - to a group for fertilization, steers - for fattening. Netels are formed into a separate group. The program of uniform feeding of livestock is based on the use of silage and hay forage with a two-year supply, which ensured the stability and quality of forage, as well as crop rotation. For this purpose, there are silo facilities for 35,000 tons. Hay is harvested in bales or rolls. Organization of breeding and selection of animals is carried out according to a computer program.&#x0D; There are also similar high-tech enterprises in Israel, the USA, Holland and Canada. The talented people of Ukraine are not far behind the Arabs in terms of intelligence, the country's leaders are no stupider than princes and sheikhs, Ukrainian businessmen are no poorer than Arabs, although the sources of income are different.&#x0D; It is necessary to improve the management structure and the quality of the state apparatus, to increase punishment for inaction and fraud. The production and consumption of food determines the well-being of the people, which is so eagerly talked about "above", but there are few effective measures. Everyone must fight for the best together, using both domestic and foreign experience.

Productive and reproductive qualities of animals of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed in breeding farms of the western region of Ukraine

Productive and reproductive qualities of animals of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed in breeding farms of the western region of Ukraine

The Northern Australia Climate Program: Overview and Selected Highlights

Abstract Since 2017, the Northern Australia Climate Program (NACP) has assisted the pastoral grazing industry to better manage drought risk and climate variability. The NACP funding is sourced from the beef cattle industry, government, and academia, representing the program’s broad range of aims and target beneficiaries. The program funds scientists in the United Kingdom and Australia, in addition to extension advisers called “Climate Mates” across a region that supports 15 million head of cattle. Many Climate Mates are employed in the cattle sector and have existing relationships in their communities and capacity to meaningfully engage with the program’s intended beneficiaries—red meat producers. The NACP is a prime example of a successful end-to-end program, integrating climate model improvements (research) with tailored forecast products (development), through to direct stakeholder engagement (extension), on-ground application of technologies (adoption), and improvement in industry and community resilience (impact). The climate information needs of stakeholders also feed back to the research and development components, ensuring the scientific research directly addresses end-user requirements. For any scientific research program, ensuring that research output has measurable real-world impact represents a key challenge. This is more difficult in cases where the scientific research is several steps away from the customer’s needs. This paper gives an overview of the NACP and research highlights, discussing how the end-to-end framework could be adapted and applied in other regions and industries. It seeks to provide a roadmap for other groups to follow to produce more targeted research with identifiable real-world benefits.

Small scale biogas technology adoption behaviours of rural households and its effect on major crop yields in East Gojjam Zone of Ethiopia: propensity score matching approach

The aim of the research was to identify and evaluate the main determinants of small-scale biogas technology adoption and its impact on crop yields. The case study is based on cross-sectional data gathered from 335 rural households in Ethiopia’s East Gojjam Zone. This study made use of both primary and secondary data. A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect primary data from 197 biogas adopter (treated) and 138 non-adopter (control) households. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods were used to estimate the determinants and impact of biogas technology adoption on cereal crop yields. According to probit model estimates, the main determinants were cattle head, follow-up and support, extension contact, training access, distance to water sources, and distance to the market. Ethiopian agricultural and rural development policies should consider the impact of household biogas technology adoption behavior when developing policy actions under the Agricultural Transformation Plan.

Protected areas still used to produce Brazil's cattle

AbstractCattle production inside Brazil's protected areas (PAs), including indigenous lands, continues to contaminate Amazonian supply chains more than a decade after efforts to reform the sector were launched with the signing of the zero‐deforestation cattle agreements (CAs). During 2013–2018, nearly 1.1 million cattle head were sold directly from private properties inside PAs to slaughterhouses in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia states. Another 2.2 million head were linked via indirect suppliers located in PAs. Most of these 3.3 million slaughtered head were originated in to sustainable‐use areas (72%), where cattle ranching may be permitted in certain cases; however, production also occurred in strictly protected units (20%) and indigenous lands (8%), where commercial grazing activities are illegal and prohibited by the CAs. Nearly half of the PA properties linked to cattle transactions from 2013 to 2018 also had deforestation. We estimate that approximately 2.8 million cattle head from properties in PAs were sold to slaughterhouses participating in the CAs (86% of the total cattle from indirect suppliers in PAs). Controlling commercial cattle production inside of PAs is crucial to both ensure Brazil's access to international beef markets and protect critical biodiversity regions in the Amazon rainforest.

Participatory Identification of Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Begaria Cattle Breed

The objectives of this study were to identify the breeding objectives of Begaria cattle keepers. A semi-structured questionnaire, live animal ranking, and focus group discussions were employed to identify the breeding objectives of the farmers. The study was conducted on a total of 75 conveniently sampled households. Among the total cattle population of the sampled households, 506 heads of cattle (252 male and 254 female animals) were ranked as first best, second best, third best, and/or the worst animals. Owners were asked to choose the first best, second best, third best, and worst animals from their herd for both sexes. Reasons for ranking, important morphometric measurements, and (re)production performance of the ranked animal were taken. The R Commander package version 2.6-0 was used to analyze qualitative data and analysis of variance in R software was used to analyze quantitative data. Reasons for ranking of cows in the study area were milk yield (39.14%), calving interval (15.14), temperament (12), and body size (10.86), whereas for bulls, reasons were body size (30.39%), growth (30.66), body condition score (16.85), and color (15.19). Survival rate (Sur), calving interval (CI), milk yield (MY), and lactation milk yield (LMY) for the cows and body condition score (BCS), weaning age (WA), yearling weight (YW), and weaning weight (WW) for the bulls were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) mainly between the first- and last-ranked animals. Farmers were willing to pay up to Ethiopian birr (ETB) 11,500, 10,700, 10,400, and 9500 on average for first-, second-, and third-ranked breeding females and up to ETB 6300, 5800, 5200, and 4500 for breeding males. Lactation milk yield, calving interval, mothering ability, growth rate, and age at first calving were determined as breeding objective traits of the community. with suggested selection criteria of lactation milk yield, calving interval, survival rate, yearling weight, and age at first calving, respectively.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Bovine Herpes Virus-1 in Dairy Cattle Herds in Fars Province, Southern Iran: Seroprevalence and Evaluation of Risk Factors.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) have been known as the major pathogens with significant economic consequences on the cattle industry worldwide, including in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, the seroprevalences of BVDV and BHV-1 and their associated risk factors were investigated in dairy cattle farms of Fars province, Iran, where with 0.4 million head of cattle, mainly crossbred, is ranked the first in cow population in southern Iran. A total number of 420 cattle in 18 herds were randomly selected from three geographical regions (140 samples from each of the north, central, and south regions) and their serum samples were analyzed to detect antibodies to these viruses using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate associations between risk factors and the seroprevalence of viruses. The overall seroprevalence rates for BVDV and BHV-1 were estimated at 91.67% and 77.87% at the herd level and 55.48% and 39.76% at the animal level, respectively. The only significant factor associated with the seroprevalence of both viruses at the herd level was found to be the literacy level of farmers (P<0.05). The significant risk factors for both viruses in cattle were identified as geographical region, age, and breeding method by the univariate analysis (P<0.05), while gender and farming system were determined as risk factors only for BHV-1 (P<0.001). A significant relationship of concurrent infection with BVDV and BHV-1 (φ=0.268, P<0.001) was recorded, and 28.6% of sera had antibodies to both viruses. The results of the present study demonstrated that BVDV and BHV-1 had a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds in southern Iran and highlighted the need for intensive surveillance and control strategies to reduce the risk of the spread of these viruses.

Bull selection and management in extensive rangeland production systems of California: a producer survey.

California's approximately 660,000 head of beef cattle are highly dependent on range bulls used to produce offspring that can perform across the state's diverse ecological regions. Bulls need to be functional on rugged coastal landscapes, rolling foothills, deserts, and in high-elevation terrain. Few data exist that indicate factors related to selection, maintenance, and longevity of bulls used in rangeland landscapes. Objectives herein, were to assess factors influencing bull purchasing, management, and culling decisions of California beef producers. Surveys were mailed to the California Cattlemen's Association membership (N = 1,410) with ~ 16% response rate (N = 227). Mean age and years of bull selection experience of respondents was 61 ± 1 yr and 27 ± 1 yr, respectively. Respondents managed cattle on a total of 694,949 hectare of owned, private leased, and leased public rangelands in California and surrounding states. Cow-calf herd size was 333 ± 92 head and bull battery averaged 18 ± 2 head with average bull longevity of 5 ± 1.3 yr. The average price paid for bulls in the last 2 yr was $5007 ± 163.33, while the highest price paid in the last 5 yr was $7291 ± 335.40. Survey responses were used to define current factors driving management after purchase and for subsequent breeding seasons. After bull purchase, 48% of producers turned bulls out directly with females, while 52% held bulls until the following breeding season. Additionally, most producers (70%) did not manage bulls to reduce condition after purchase. Semen quality analysis, a major component of a breeding soundness exam, was evaluated annually by 45% of respondents, while 20% of respondents never evaluated semen quality. Respondents indicated bull age (35%) and structural soundness (29%) as the most common factors for culling bulls. This research shows that despite the variability in operation demographics, there were similarities in beef bull selection and management across the state. Additionally, these data suggest the need for additional research focused on bull selection and management to maximize producer investment in reproduction.

Farm-related determinants of food insecurity among livestock dependent households in two agrarian districts with varying rainfall patterns in Ghana

BackgroundDespite availability of sufficient arable land, many African countries continue to dawdle in agricultural productivity due to over-reliance on rainfall patterns. Thus, undernourishment levels are disproportionately high in Africa. Even though they play key roles in agricultural production, the food security (FS) levels of livestock dependent households are understudied. Our study assessed the FS level and its determinants in livestock farming households in Ghana.MethodsWe compared the FS levels of 287 cattle producing households in two representative agrarian districts with varying rainfall patterns in Ghana (dry vs. wet), using a cross-sectional survey. We assessed household's FS using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. FS scores and categories were computed, and using generalized linear models, we assessed factors that explained variations in the FS levels among households.ResultsThe median herd size of households was 31 cattle (lower quartile = 24, upper quartile = 60 cattle), with a majority (91%) engaged in crop cultivation. Households reported experiencing an average of eight adverse events over a five-year recall period (2014–2018) mainly from animal diseases, cattle theft, and pasture shortages. Most households (81%) were food insecure (moderate = 40%, severe = 41%). In an adjusted model, households raising cattle in the dry district [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 5.43, 95% CI: 1.94, 15.2] and being married (aOR = 9.48, 95% CI: 2.35, 38.3) were associated with moderate food insecurity. While households raising cattle in the dry district [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.44, 12.0], being married (aOR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.03, 12.2), and increase in number of adverse events experienced (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.96), were associated with increased odds of severe food insecurity. Household's odds of severe food insecurity decreased with each additional head of cattle in their herds (aOR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99). We find no evidence of effect modification by farming district on other predictor's effect on food insecurity.ConclusionMost of the livestock dependent households are food insecure. The food insecurity levels are worse for households farming in dry areas, those married and who experience increased frequency of adverse events. Government policy interventions focusing on maintaining healthy, secure, and productive animal herds would contribute to improving the productivity of household herds, food safety and food security.

Study of cattle microbiota in different regions of Kazakhstan using 16S metabarcoding analysis

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG). Enteric methane emissions from farmed ruminant livestock account for approximately 15% of global GHG emissions, with approximately 44% of livestock emissions in the form of methane. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of feeding types and regional characteristics of Kazakhstan on the microbiota of feces and the number of methane-forming archaea of beef and meat-and-dairy cattle productivity. For this purpose, fecal samples were taken rectally from 37 cattle heads from four regions of Kazakhstan (Western, Southern, Northern and Southeast). The taxonomic composition of the community in all samples was determined by 16S metabarcoding; additionally alpha and beta diversities were calculated. The dominant phyla were: Firmicutes (57.30%), Bacteroidetes (17.00%), Verrucomicrobia (6.88%), Euryarchaeota (6.49%), Actinobacteria (4.77%) and Patescibacteria (3.38%). Significant differences with regard to methanogens bacteria were found: Euryarchaeota were less present in animals from Western Kazakhstan (2.40%), while Methanobacteriales and Methanobrevibacter were prevalent in Southeast, and less abundant in Western region. Western Kazakhstan differs from the other regions likely because animals are mainly grazed in the pasture. Thus, grazing animals has an impact on their microbiota thus leading to a decrease in methane emissions.

PSX-B-13 Effect of Nutragen Supplementation on Incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease, Weight Gain and Culling Rate in Feedlot Receiving Cattle

Abstract Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major health issue in feedlot cattle negatively impacting growth performance and profitability. NutraGen (NG, Phibro Animal Health) is an immunomodulatory feed additive with demonstrated benefits in supporting the immune system in cattle during periods of stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding NG on incidence of BRD during the receiving phase and the carryover performance during the full days on feed in a mixed population of feedlot cattle. Over 4 weeks, 5,125 head of mixed breeds and sex cattle from 4 regions in Argentina were weighed at arrival and assigned to treatment, CON (no NG, n=2,391) or NG (9 g/100 kg BW, n=2,734). Cattle were fed the treatments during the 30-d pre-conditioning phase only, and health and performance measurements recorded. Multivariant linear regression analysis was used to estimate the main effect of treatment. Cattle within treatment were further stratified by travel distance. After controlling for breed, sex, arrival body weight (BW), and pen size, NG cattle were 2.3% less likely to contract BRD (P&amp;lt; 0.01), 2.1% less likely to be discarded (P&amp;lt; 0.01), and gained 7.3 kg more BW than CON. NG had a greater impact on cattle that traveled longer distances. NG fed cattle traveling 630-880 km to the feedlot were 7.2% less likely to contract BRD (P&amp;lt; 0.01), 7.5% less likely to be discarded (P&amp;lt; 0.01) and gained 8.5 kg more BW compared with CON. NG fed cattle traveling over 880 km (n=1219) were 8.8% less likely to contract BRD (P=0.02), 8.7% less likely to be discarded (P&amp;lt; 0.01) and gained 17.5 kg more BW (P&amp;lt; 0.01) than CON cattle. These data support the use of NG supplementation during the pre-conditioning feedlot period to improve health and performance, especially for cattle transported over long distances.

PSX-B-19 Producers’ Perception of Utilization of Reproductive Technologies in Small Cattle Herds

Abstract A multitude of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are available to producers for the use of improving their herds production and optimizing efficiency. Nonetheless, current utilization of ART is less than 50% among cattle producers and even less amongst producers with less than 100 head of cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate what reproductive technologies small beef herd producers in Texas currently use and what affects their decision not to utilize available technologies. A 19-question survey was populated using Qualtrics. A population was asked to complete the survey via a link connected to a QR code. The survey comprised questions regarding producer demographics, herd demographics, use of reproductive technologies, and perception of available pregnancy detection methods. A total of 152 surveys were collected with a final of 122 being evaluated. Survey answers were recorded in Qualtrics. Means and frequencies of responses were calculated for each question. The usage of ART within herds, including currently implemented breeding technologies, pregnancy detection methods, and factors affecting the decision to use technologies was investigated. Of producers surveyed, 66.3% do not utilize any form of breeding technologies within their herd and instead rely on natural cover of the bull. For pregnancy detection methods, 44.35% utilize palpation while 34.68% use no form of detection. There was a numerically similar distribution of reasons for not utilizing available technologies with time (12.10%), money (8.87%), and the combination of the two (11.29%), standing above other reasons such as access to technology and information available. The results of this investigation will be utilized to implement a series of workshops available to producers. The goal of these workshops is to create an opportunity for producers to continue their education and establish a working relationship with Tarleton State University.

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Dairy Cattle Manure in a Cattle Shed in Japan

The livestock industry is a major source of atmospheric volatile organic compounds(VOCs), but details on these emissions are not well documented in Japan. In particular, it remains unclear how the rearing method affects the emissions of VOCs from livestock, which originate primarily from feces and urine. Here we aimed to estimate the amounts of VOCs emitted from the feces and urine of tethered Holstein dairy cattle in a cattle shed in Japan. Dimethyl sulfide and acetone accounted for about 60% of the total VOCs emitted from feces, followed by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Also, dimethyl sulfide and acetone were the dominant VOCs emitted from urine, accounting for 90% of the total VOCs. The VOCs from manure were considered to be emitted between the excretion and removal of the manure during the cleaning of the shed. As a result of analyzing images from three cameras installed in the shed, the average time between excretion and cleaning during the daytime (8:00 am–5:00 pm) was 80 min for feces and urine, whereas at night (5:00 pm–7:00 am), the average time between excretion and cleaning was 480 min. Based on the above findings, the emissions of VOCs in the interval between excretion and cleaning of the shed were estimated. As a result, the emissions of VOCs from feces and urine per head of cattle in the shed were estimated to be 1.75 and 1.52 g day−1, respectively. Furthermore, contribution of VOCs emitted from manure to odor activity value (OAV) and hydroxyl radical reactivity (OHR) were also estimated. Volatile fatty acids and sulfur compounds emitted from feces estimated to have high contribution to OAV, whereas aldehydes contributed mainly for OHR from manure.

Providing for the People: Economic Change among the Salish and Kootenai Indians, 1875–1910 by Robert J. Bigart (review)

Reviewed by: Providing for the People: Economic Change among the Salish and Kootenai Indians, 1875–1910 by Robert J. Bigart Thomas Biolsi (bio) Providing for the People: Economic Change among the Salish and Kootenai Indians, 1875–1910 by Robert J. Bigart University of Oklahoma Press, 2020 ROBERT J. BIGART is librarian emeritus at Salish Kootenai College on the Flathead Reservation. Providing for the People is not a typical scholarly history. This is a detailed narrative of the gradual changes in the reservation economy of the Salish and Kootenai and the result of what the author describes as over fifty years of research. The narrative is focused largely on how Salish and Kootenai adapted—very effectively, it quickly becomes obvious—to changing circumstances, and description is tightly linked to the archival sources. The book is copiously documented and draws on the author's long career locating documents of many kinds. The main lesson of the narrative is abundantly clear: The Salish and Kootenai peoples made a gradual transition from dependence on hunting, fishing, and foraging to primary dependence upon cattle and farming by 1910 (although foraging continued to play a role in subsistence into the twentieth century). Another lesson is that this transition was made without any need for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to "civilize" or otherwise induce the Salish and Kootenai to farm; they made the transition on their own, with some very modest assistance from the agency in the form of seeds and farm implements (paid for with Indian labor). Furthermore, the Salish and Kootenai never became heavily dependent upon BIA rations. The picture Bigart carefully paints makes the reader wonder why on earth the transition to agriculture and "self-support" (as the BIA anxiously and judgmentally called it) was supposedly so vexed on other reservations—or even if the fraught histories of poverty and supposed resistance to agriculture on other reservations was more the outcome of the BIA failures than the "buffalo culture," much less the "indolence" of Native people. The last buffalo hunt took place in 1881, and at that point adaptations were already apparent on the reservation. Both horses and cattle were grazed on the open range (with an annual roundup); numbers varied by individual, of which 105 owned cattle. Most livestock were owned by mixedbloods and white men married into the tribes, but sixty-seven fullbloods owned at least some. The impact of family ownership of even a few cattle for cash sale [End Page 181] and for subsistence was, of course, significant. A good deal of small-scale farming was also taking place by 1881, including subsistence gardens, but also wheat and oats acreages (two to ten acres in the case of wheat). Notably, this was prior to the allotment of the reservation; there was no need to impose "private property" to induce what the BIA called "industry." Chiefs had an important role in allocating farmsteads and in adjudicating disputes over land (apparently there was little need for a Court of Indian Offenses). Even though economic productivity varied by family—a few families owned large herds or farms and also opened reservation businesses—one must consider that surviving traditional customs of pooling and sharing spread basic resources and even cash more widely than might be the case among non-Indians. The tribes also continued to forage both on and off the reservation (including deer, elk, trout, bitterroot, and berries); access to the original homelands beyond reservation boundaries was guaranteed by the terms of the Hellgate Treaty of 1855. Families that continued to rely on this source of subsistence combined it with livestock and farming, leaving for trips when crops or cattle did not need intensive attention. Gradually, the role of foraging in subsistence declined (but never disappeared), while cattle raising, farming, and (fairly limited) wage work became more prominent. The BIA agent reported in 1910 that "practically every family on the reservation is engaged in the cattle business to a certain extent, and the herds vary from two or three cows to as high as a thousand head of cattle" (144). It was the imposition of new laws in the twentieth century that put this Indigenous economic adaptation at risk. Most importantly...

Supply Chain Analysis of Beef from Slaughterhouse to End Consumers (Case Study: Bangkong Slaughterhouse)

Livestock is a sector that has a huge opportunity to be developed as a business in the future. According to BPS data in 2014 there were 4.104 heads of cattle and in 2016 decreased with a total of slaughtering as many as 3,461 heads of cattle. From this data it can be seen that the number of cattle slaughtering in Sumbawa Regency can be said to be quite low for the needs of beef in Sumbawa Regency. In Sumbawa especially, the problem of beef lies in relatively expensive price. This study aims to determine the supply chain of beef from slaughterhouse to end consumers by using data collection methods, and determining respondents (snowball sampling technique and purposive sampling technique). The result of this study is the marketing efficiency of beef shows that the efficiency of marketing of 0 (zero) level of beef seller-consumer is 0% smaller compared to the level marketing efficiency of level 1 (one) of meat retailers-consumers of 0.87 %. Value added at the level of beef seller (butcher) shows that the conversion factor value is 1.30 where the conversion factor is obtained by dividing the output value with the input value for every 1 medium-sized cattle.

Features of keeping calves in the conditions of the dairy complex of the Leningrad region

Purpose: This work is based on a study of the features of keeping young cattle (organization of livestock placement, feeding regimen, veterinary manipulations) in a breeding plant in the Leningrad Region, assessing these features and identifying their impact on the state of the livestock and animal productivity.2000 heads of cattle, of which 915 are part of the dairy herd with average daily milk yield per cow - 19-20 kg (when cows are milked 2 times a day, freshly calved - 3 times) and the mass fraction of fat is 3.7%. After birth, calves are kept in a dispensary for up to 20 days, tied at a distance of 1.5-2 m from each other. After 20 days, the calves are transferred to group cages, 7 heads each, with a gradual change in feeding regimen. After 25 days, they are transferred to the calf house. The most common diseases in young animals are bronchopneumonia, pulmonary enphysema and dyspepsia. To prevent the development of infectious diseases in calves, vaccination is carried out from the age of 14 days. Against parainfluenza-3 and pasteurellosis vaccines Bovilis IBR (live labeled vaccine for specific prophylaxis against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and Bovilis Bovipast RSP vaccine (inactivated vaccine against parainfluenza-3 , respiratory syncytial infection and pasteurellosis of cattle) are used at a dose of 5 ml subcutaneously. At the age of three weeks, calves are vaccinated against salmonellosis (paratyphoid) and parainfluenza (again - after 10 days). After 2 weeks, calves are vaccinated against leptospirosis (repeat - after six months). From the age of two months they are vaccinated against tuberculosis. From the age of three months - against brucellosis, anthrax (revaccination after six months), depriving and rabies. At 3 months, the first deworming is carried out. Vaccination can increase the survival rate of young animals up to 97%. The ongoing activities are the main ones for the further use of breeding and commercial animals, the realization of their genetic potential and the production of high-quality products.

FORMATION OF ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS IN COWS OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES BY KAPPA-CASEIN

The genes of cattle casein are polymorphic. Today, a large number of variants of kappa-casein protein are known:&#x0D; A, B, B2, C, D, E, F1, F2, G1, G2, H, I і J. Scientists pay attention to three main types of genotypes – AA, AB and BB. It has been proven that the most common alleles of kappa-casein in cattle are A and B. Importantly, the allelic variant of kappa-casein B is associated with the production of milk with a more optimal chemical composition and technological parameters for cheese production compared to the A allele.&#x0D; According to the results of scientific research, it was established that the level of milk yield in cows with the AA genotype was higher compared to animals of other genotypes. At the same time, animals with the BB genotype are characterized by a higher protein content in milk compared to milk from animals with the AA genotype. Scientists have also proven that the milk of animals with the desired genotype (BB) curdles faster during cheese production, and the yield of cheese is higher than that of animals with the AA genotype. In confirmation of this, other researchers note that animals with the AA genotype have a lower average protein content in milk (by 0.09%) compared to animals with the BB genotype.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of kappa-casein genotypes on economic and useful traits of animals of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed.&#x0D; Research materials and methods. Genotyping of 42 heads of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed cattle belonging to the Breeding Plant of the State Enterprise "Experimental Farm of Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS" was carried out. Determination of kappa-casein gene polymorphism was carried out in the genetic laboratory of the Institute of Physiology named after Bogomolets of NAS with the help of molecular biological analysis of allele recognition by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time.&#x0D; Blood samples were collected in monovets with a volume of 2.7 ml (Sarstedt, Germany), with subsequent freezing of the samples and their storage at -20ºC. DNA for genotyping was obtained from samples using the Monarch® New England BioLab (USA) genomic DNA purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol.&#x0D; Three sub-experimental groups of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed animals with genotypes according to kappa-casein AA, AB and BB were formed. The electronic database of SUMS "Orsek" was used to evaluate economic and useful features. Changes in live weight of cattle up to 18 months of age, indicators of reproductive capacity, and milk productivity were evaluated. The research results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics using the "Statistica-6.1" package in the Windows environment on a personal computer.&#x0D; As a result of the conducted research, no significant influence of the kappa-casein genotype on live weight indicators of heifers was established in all studied periods. This indicates that when creating herds of animals with the desired BB genotype, the growth indicators of repair heifers will not deteriorate.&#x0D; According to indicators of reproductive capacity, there is no statistically significant difference between animals of different genotypes. At the same time, the youngest age of first insemination was distinguished by animals with the AB genotype, and the highest – with the AA genotype. The duration of the intercalving period and the value of the coefficient of reproductive capacity were the lowest in homozygous (AA) and heterozygous (AB) animals.&#x0D; During the first lactation, homozygous AA animals had an advantage in the content of fat and protein in milk. Homozygous BB cows had an advantage in terms of milk yield in the third lactation, in terms of fat content – animals with heterozygous genotype AB, protein – animals with genotype AA. In terms of better lactation, animals with the BB genotype prevailed over other groups in terms of milk yield. Homozygous AA animals had an advantage in terms of fat content, and homozygous BB animals had an advantage in terms of protein content.&#x0D; Conclusions. Animals of the Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed corresponded to the standard of the breed in almost all indicators of milk productivity. Between animals of different genotypes, according to kappa-casein, a difference was established for certain economic and useful traits. It should be noted that in different periods and according to different characteristics, it varied greatly, and in some cases it was statistically significant. In the third and best lactation according to milk yield, a statistically significant difference was established between homozygous BB, heterozygous AB genotypes and homozygous AA in favor of the first two genotypes. It can be stated that the formation of herds with the BB genotype for kappa-casein will ensure the preservation of the desired values of productive indicators of dairy cattle.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle Breeding Based on the Ecological Cycle Model.

Over the past few decades, the supply of beef has increasingly become available with the great improvement of the quality of life, especially in developing countries. However, along with the demand for meat products of high quality and the transformation of dietary structure, the impact of massive agricultural greenhouse gas emissions on the environmental load cannot be ignored. Therefore, the objective of this study is to predict the annual greenhouse gas emissions of 10 million heads of beef cattle under both the ecological cycle model (EC model) and the non-ecological cycle model (non-EC model), respectively, in order to compare the differences between these two production models in each process, and thus explore which one is more sustainable and environmentally friendly. To this end, through the life cycle assessment (LCA), this paper performs relevant calculations according to the methodology of 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2019 IPCC Inventories). The results have shown that the total GHG emissions of the non-EC model were almost 4 times higher than those of the EC model, and feed-grain cultivation and manure management were main emission sources in both models. The non-EC model produced significantly more emissions than the EC model in each kind of GHG, especially the largest gap between these two was in CO2 emissions that accounted for 68.01% and 56.17% of the respective planting and breeding systems. This study demonstrates that the transformation of a beef cattle breeding model has a significant direct impact on cutting agricultural GHG emissions, and persuades other countries in the similar situation to vigorously advocate ecological cycling breeding model instead of the traditional ones so that promotes coordinated development between planting industry and beef cattle breeding industry.

Dependence of the amount of feed distribution in the small-sized feed distribution device on the number of rotations of blade rotor

Livestock is mainly raised on small family livestock farms with 5-10 heads of cattle or 50-60 heads of sheep in Uzbekistan. Although there are small devices that are used to grind feed for these farms, due to the lack of a feed distribution device, feed distribution work is carried out manually, spending a lot of work. With this in mind, a device was developed that is used in the distribution of feed for small farms, and a change in the feed distribution norm was studied depending on the number of rotations of blade rotor. According to the results of the experiments, the distribution quality of corn, trefoil and straw stalks of coarse feed is selected according to the amount of one-time feed in the daily ration of livestock (between 4-5 kg for corn and trefoil, 2-3 kg for straw stalks), which was achieved when the number of rotations of the feed distributor blade rotor was 50 r/min. Due to the fact that the density of corn, trefoil and straw stalks differs from each other, it was determined that there would be a change in the amount of feed distributed, although the number of rotations of blade rotor of the device is the same.