HDPE Pipe Research Articles

ANALISIS KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TERHADAP KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DI AREA PELABUHAN BUNATI PT. BORNEO INDOBARA KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU

The research was conducted in Bunati Village which is located in Tanah Bumbu Regency. The research method used is quantitative. Data collection was carried out by measuring the levels of TSP, CO, and Fe in clean water at 3 research locations in Bunati Village and measuring public health using a respiratory disorder questionnaire, a skin disease questionnaire, and peripheral oxygen saturation. The results of the analysis of the levels of TSP, CO, and Fe in clean water at 3 research location points showed that they were below the environmental quality standards with TSP values (µg/Nm3) : (1) 38 (II) 41 (III) 77, CO (ppm): 115, and Fe of clean water (mg/L): 0.018. The results of the respiratory disorder questionnaire showed that an average of 67.74% of the people indicated respiratory problems, while for SpO2 the average community was 97.4% and for complaints related to skin diseases from 93 respondents there were no people who complained of skin diseases. Pearson correlation test results between TSP levels and respiratory disorders are above the value of α (0.061), which means there is no relationship between TSP levels and respiratory disorders, as well as CO and SpO2 as well as Fe levels in well water and skin disorders also show no results. significant relationship. An alternative solution to the problem that can be done is the company can use technology such as Automatic Water Sprinkle by installing HDPE pipes in the Port concession area.This study concluded that the results of the analysis of the quality of the environment in Bunati Village indicated that it was in good condition. Based on the results of measurements of TSP, CO, and Fe in water all are still below environmental quality standards, which means that the coal port activity has no significant impact on the environment and the people of Bunati Village.

Impact of toluene sorption on oligomers and antioxydants migration from HDPE pipes

The objective of this work was to investigate the ageing behaviour of filled HDPE samples, immersed into toluene at 60 °C, in terms of migration and extraction of stabilizers and oligomers. Firstly, the high level of solvent solubility (mass uptake of∼13.6 wt%), due to the high toluene/HDPE affinity allowed the oligomers (M < 450 g/mol) to migrate and to finally be extracted (3.5 wt% of the mass sample for an immersion time of 96 h). Secondly, the decrease in OIT values, measured at 200 °C on HDPE samples dried after immersion, also revealed the extraction of antioxydants. On the other hand, the impact of the introduction of spherical (ZnO) or lamellar (graphite and organomodified montmorillonite) fillers up to 15 wt% on toluene sorption and migration phenomena was studied. As a result, the introduction of fillers, whatever the filler type, led to modification of the extraction profile of the oligomers. However, ZnO and MMT fillers had little effect on toluene sorption compared to graphite. Indeed, a significant decrease in the amount of toluene sorbed by the matrix and a significant slowdown in the toluene diffusion rate were demonstrated for amounts of graphite greater than 10 wt%. Interestingly, a reduction in the migration of low molar mass oligomers was evidenced and attributed to possible adsorption on the filler surfaces. Among the fillers used, graphite-type was more effective, reducing the amount of extracted species by a factor of 3.5. Regarding the impact of fillers on the thermo-oxidative behavior, once again, it was shown that graphite, at concentration higher than 10 wt%, allowed to prevent the antioxidant migration and consequently the thermal-oxidative degradation. Finally, and as expected, another way to improve the thermo-oxidative resistance after immersion in toluene was to increase the initial amount of antioxidants by adding Irganox B225 which is an equimassic mixture of Irganox 1010, a primary antioxidant and Irgafos 168, a secondary antioxidant.

Perencanaan Sistem PengelolaanAir Limbah Domestik di Unit Pengembangan (UP) I Rungkut, Kota Surabaya

Development Unit (UP) I Rungkut is one of the areas in Surabaya that has a high risk of sanitation problems. The causes are environmental problems arising from the disposal of domestic waste which is directly discharged into drainage channels. Therefore, the Development Unit (UP) I Rungkut Surabaya City designed a Wastewater Distribution System and a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). In this study, a shallow sewer type wastewater distribution system was used because it is suitable for areas of high population density and gently sloping ground elevations. In the WWTP, several alternative technologies are used, such as the Bar Screen, Equalization Tank, Flotation Tank &amp; Oil Settlement Tank, Mixing Tank (Coagulation-Sedimentation Tank), Food Chain Reactor, Final Clarifier, and Sludge Drying Beds. The planning area is divided into 5 service blocks with a total population of 24,405 people. The results of the study of the technical aspects, are used WWTP with the main processing using the Food Chain Reactor unit. The planning results show that HDPE pipes with a diameter of 355-500 mm are used in the distribution system. The required investment budget is Rp. 87,832,528,386.00. The budget for operating and maintenance costs is Rp. 4,000.00/House Connection (SR) every month.

Performance evaluation of solid waste landfilled gas collection with HDPE pipe material characteristics analysis

The landfill gas collection pipe system for municipal solid waste is essential to be applied in different areas to maitain the people’s health, environment and as well as utilization of naturally generated land fill gas from MSW. The design of high density polyethylene pipe in solid waste dumpyard can be utilized in the suitable zones after proper treatment of MSW.This system provides material testing and design to fulfill the requirement of an LFG system. It consists LFG collector, piping system blower, compression system and gas engine to use the landfill gas for using the generating the energy.LFG abstraction at various pressure for an effective collection of gas system is beneficial for the environmental due to greenhouse gas emissions, smell control, minimizing fugitive emissions and fire catching in MSW dumpyards.Collection efficiency depends on suitable pipe system such as reducing hazardous,minimum lekage, maximum pressure bearing capacity with long life above 70 °C.This paper analyses the various testing parameters like hydraulic, tensile compressive, impact and bending properties of HDPE pipe.

Evaluasi Risiko Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja dengan Metode Hirarc pada Proyek Pembangunan Sistem Penyediaan Air Baku Bendungan Pengga Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

AbstractThe construction of Pengga Dam bulk water supply system in Central Lombok district has considerable complexity that requires health and safety risk evaluation management, that include part of the project plan and control. This construction consist of several working stage: intake work, jetty work, galvanized pipe connection work, HDPE pipe connection work and pipe bridge construction work. This study uses HIRARC (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control) method consisting of risk identification, risk assessment, and risk control. Risk assessment is explored through field observations and job supervision. Result of the study identifies risks on 7 working stages in which there are any identified potential hazards with multi-levels of risk, in which are low risk, medium risk, up to high risk level. The hazard risk is caused by the absence of occupational safety and health training, inadequate work methods and equipment, the absence of safety signs and complete standardized PPE, also the absence of supervision carried out by the job executor. Risk control should be undertaken in the form of administrating Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and appropriate use of PPE when carrying out job activities and when in site. Keywords: Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control, Bulk Water

Geothermal Pavements: Experimental Testing, Prototype Testing, and Numerical Analysis of Recycled Demolition Wastes

Geothermal pavements have the potential to reduce the pavement surface temperature by circulating fluid in pipes within the pavement structure. This research investigated an innovative geothermal pavement system with multiple benefits, such as reducing the surface temperature and harvesting heat energy for power generation. This research aimed to provide an understanding of the mechanical properties of geothermal pavements constructed with construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste materials through large-scale physical testing, experimental testing, small-scale prototype testing, and numerical simulation. The mechanical properties of the geothermal pavement system were assessed under long-term traffic loading conditions using a prototype test system. The repeated load triaxial and repeated-load California bearing ratio tests were also undertaken to evaluate the effect of pipe inclusion on the permanent deformation, stiffness, and strength of the pavement base. A numerical model was subsequently developed and calibrated using the data from small-scale prototype testing. In addition, the effects of the flow rate and pipe materials on the thermal performances of the geothermal pavements were also investigated in this research. The inclusion of pipes in the pavement base layer was found to have negligible detrimental effects on the deformation behavior of RCA. The resilient moduli of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) samples slightly decreased with the inclusion of pipes. An HDPE pipe reduced the stiffness of the RCA + HDPE mix. On the other hand, a copper pipe’s high stiffness improved the mix’s strength. The numerical simulations indicated that for the HDPE pipe, increasing the flow rate from 500 mL/min to 2000 mL/min reduced the surface temperature by approximately 1.3%, while using the copper pipe resulted in an approximately 4% further decrease in the surface temperature compared to the HDPE pipe.

Behavior of Service Lateral Pipes during Wildfires: Testing Methodologies and Impact on Drinking Water Contamination

Wildfires have damaged civil infrastructure throughout wildland urban interface communities, including water distribution systems. Post-wildfire, communities have detected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within drinking water systems. This paper focuses on the behavior of service lateral pipes used for potable water under fire conditions, with an emphasis on testing methodologies and impacts on drinking water contamination. The authors tested commonly-used service lateral pipes (type L copper, galvanized steel, schedule-40 PVC, and STIR-7 HDPE) at elevated temperatures to determine critical threshold temperatures at which these pipes thermally degrade. This paper summarizes tests evaluating type L copper, galvanized steel, schedule-40 PVC, and STIR-7 HDPE pipe materials at elevated temperatures and numerical simulations to examine fire scenario characteristics that may thermally degrade pipes. Post-heating treatments of the pipes were considered (spirals, small pieces, and whole sections) to examine the influence of different testing methodologies on the contamination levels found in water, primarily how the surface area exposed influences the concentration of contaminants during a fire. Water was analyzed following EPA 524.2, and regression curves were fitted to the results to quantify the threshold temperatures at which pipe materials may release VOCs exceeding federal limits. Practical metrics, including wildfire conditions (heat flux and burn duration) and pipe burial depths, were varied to investigate under what circumstances buried service laterals may exceed threshold temperatures. From the series of tests performed, the authors conclude that neither galvanized steel nor copper released VOCs exceeding the federal limit at the highest tested temperature (300 °C) and that the threshold temperatures for PVC and HDPE were 194 and 254 °C, respectively. Additionally, results show that the surface area of pipe materials tested does affect contamination levels; however, regardless of the surface area tested, the heating of relatively short lengths of pipe (less than 3.25 m) can release contaminants exceeding federal limits.

Clarifying effect of multimodal polymerization on thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of HDPE pipe resin

Clarifying effect of multimodal polymerization on thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of HDPE pipe resin

Stress-Crack Resistance and Life Prediction of Corrugated Recycled and Virgin HDPE Pipes Used in Road Drainage Systems in Quebec, Canada

Stress-Crack Resistance and Life Prediction of Corrugated Recycled and Virgin HDPE Pipes Used in Road Drainage Systems in Quebec, Canada

Application of value engineering to the regional SPAM of Agam Regency – Bukittinggi City, West Sumatra Province

Access to clean drinking water is critical for human well-being and socio-economic development. In Indonesia, the water supply system, known as Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM), is crucial for providing access to clean drinking water, an essential resource for the country's growing population and economic development. The objective of this study is to apply Value Engineering, using a six-stage process, to optimize the network distribution system within the Regional SPAM of Agam Regency - Bukittinggi City, West Sumatra Province, thereby enhancing water accessibility and infrastructure efficiency. The stages include information gathering, function analysis, creativity, evaluation, recommendation, and implementation. By utilizing the multi-Criteria Analysis method during the evaluation stage, this research systematically assesses available alternatives, ultimately identifying the most effective and economically viable solution, the use of HDPE pipes in the distribution system. The findings have significant implications for improving drinking water accessibility and advancing sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Ultrasonic phased array detection method for butt fusion welding defects of HDPE pipes

The welding joint is the weak link of the high-density polyethylene pipeline. The continuous development of ultrasonic phased array technology is expected to replace traditional non-destructive testing methods. In this paper, ultrasonic phased array technology is used to detect the defects of butt fusion welding. The results show that the ultrasonic phased array can distinguish between metallic and non-metallic inclusions, and the inclusion size can be displayed. Besides, insufficient fusion defects have no obvious defect features in the sector scan results. The types of insufficient fusion defects can be judged from the end-face line scan results.

Value Engineering In Planning Construction of Ampelsari Reservoir Pasuruan Regency

Controlling the cost and time of project implementation is important in a project management process. In this research, a value engineering analysis will be carried out on the Ampelsari Reservoir construction plan to determine the most effective and cost-efficient alternative construction design. The application of value engineering to determine the amount of construction cost savings with a work plan includes: Information Stage, Creative Stage, Analysis Stage, and Recommendation Stage. The results of the value engineering analysis in this study obtained construction cost savings of Rp. 1,624,162,703.65 or 6.16% of the total initial design cost, with alternative designs selected in 3 (three) types of work, on Spillway Work with K-225 Reinforced Concrete and Cyclop Concrete work items (A3), on Gate Valve House Work with Concrete Rebate and U-Ditch 30 x 30 work items (B3), on Reservoir Work with HDPE Pipe work items dia. 2.5" (C2). 2.5" (C2)

Sonic assessment of physical ageing of plastic pipes

This article explores the potential of vibro-acoustics to detect physical ageing of plastic pipes. For this purpose, two different topics are combined: the ability of vibro-acoustics to estimate the storage modulus of a plastic pipe, and the sensitivity of the estimated storage modulus to changes due to ageing. Concerning the first topic, a vibro-acoustic method was applied to two water-filled HDPE pipes, one surrounded by air and another by sand. The excitation was achieved via an impact hammer and the propagating signal was recorded with the aid of hydrophones. Signal analysis led to the estimation of the axial wavenumber of the propagating axisymmetric fluid-borne wave. This value was used in the dispersion equation for the propagating mode to evaluate the storage modulus of the pipe material for a given experimental setup. Results revealed that the vibro-acoustic method gives consistent and reliable estimations of the storage modulus. Concerning the second topic, samples from two PVC pipes with an age difference of 41 years were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis to study the behaviour of the storage modulus as a function of frequency. Results showed that it is feasible to distinguish discrepancies in the magnitude of the storage modulus due to ageing, provided that the measurement uncertainty is small. The uncertainty analysis highlighted the parameters that need to be more accurately known in order to lower the overall uncertainty of the estimated storage modulus when the proposed vibro-acoustic method is used. Irrespectively of the medium surrounding the pipe (air or soil), the distance between the points of the recording signals should be sufficiently long to measure the signal phase accurately. It was found that the accurate knowledge of the pipe’s geometry, i.e. the wall thickness and internal radius, was more or equally important for controlling the overall uncertainty than that of the parameters of surrounding soil.

Effect of Certain Hydrocarbon Compounds on High-density Polyethylene Water Pipes

Plastic pipes are being more widely used in various industries, as they combine both a rather light weight and quite high physical mechanical performance characteristics. The present article materials are devoted to the researches, relating to the determination of the various hydrocarbon compounds effect on some mechanical properties reduction degree of samples cut from HDPE pipes, represented by characteristic values of curves (strength - tensile strain) as an absorption result. In the course of the research, the gasoline presence in material structure of the pipe samples was noted to make the process unstable, and the curves representing a change in the characteristic values under study, depending on the immersion time in diesel fuel, tended to decrease throughout the entire immersion period. The experiments have shown that in the study of samples absorbing capacity a full saturation was obtained when immersed in diesel fuel and, despite large difference in absorbance values, the volume of absorbed hydrocarbons caused decline close to the studied characteristic values. Motor oils produced the most significant effect on the HDPE samples studied characteristics at the relatively low absorption values.

Internal Pressure Test on HDPE Pipe Ring

The purpose of experiment was the highlight of the creep of ring from polyethylene pipe subjected to internal pressure. To create the internal pressure in the HDPE pipe ring, a weight of 4.5 kg was superimposed on it, in the form of a cylindrical plate. In order to evaluate the strains of the elastic element subjected to the tensile stress, respectively compression, tensometric marks 1 and 2 are placed on the outside, in the case of the circular section. The internal pressure test was performed to evaluate the strains of the material of a PE 100 polyethylene ring in two directions: one axial (longitudinal) and the other transverse (circumferential) in order to highlight the creep of the pipe material due to its structure. In a polyethylene pipe stressed at internal pressure, due to the symmetry the tangential stresses are zero. The axial strain initially showed a positive increase, followed by a decrease, reaching negative values towards the end of the experiment, while the circumferential strain recorded positive values, about 300 times higher than the initial ones. The principal stress changed approximately linearly. The circumferential stress recorded the maximum value of σ1=0.33 MPa (3.3 bar) after two and a half hours of experiment. Based on such this test could be calculate Poisson s ratio ν.

Water Hammer in Steel–Plastic Pipes Connected in Series

This paper experimentally and numerically investigates the water hammer phenomenon in serially connected steel and HDPE pipes with different diameters. The aim of the laboratory tests was to obtain the time history of the pressure head at the downstream end of the pipeline system. Transient tests were conducted on seven different pipeline system configurations. The experimental results show that despite the significantly smaller diameter of the HDPE pipe compared to the steel pipe, introducing an HDPE section makes it possible to suppress the valve-induced pressure surge. By referring to the results of the experimental tests conducted, the comparative numerical calculations were performed using the fixed-grid method of characteristics. To reproduce pressure wave attenuation in a steel pipe, Brunone-Vitkovský instant acceleration-based model of unsteady friction was used. To include the viscoelastic behavior of the HDPE pipe wall, the one-element Kelvin–Voigt model was applied. By calibrating the unsteady friction coefficient and creep parameters, satisfactory agreement between the calculated and observed data was obtained. The calibrated values of parameters for a single experimental test were introduced in a numerical model to simulate the remaining water hammer runs. It was demonstrated that using the same unsteady friction coefficient and creep parameters in slightly different configurations of pipe lengths can be effective. However, this approach fails to reliably reproduce the pressure oscillations in pipeline systems with sections of significantly different lengths.

PEMASANGAN PIPA HDPE PADA PENYAMBUNGAN PIPA IRIGASI DENGAN METODE BUTT FUSION

This paper was made based on the experience of implementing a network development project of the raw Spam Regional transmission pipeline BANJARBAKULA from IPA II Pinus (Kab. Banjar) to IPA Pramuka (Banjarmasin city). The path to be traversed installation of pipes not all can be accessed properly to mobilize pipes to the location, until another alternative is found SO that HDPE pipe OD 710 mm to the location of the Pipeline installation plan, by the WAY of unwrapped HDPE pipe OD 710 mm in the irrigation channel primary Riam Kanan. Connection of HDPE pipe divided by two namely short circuit and long circuit with connection method using butt Fusion tool, until the pipe is connected to a single unit and hydrotest test results meet the required specifications. Keywords : HDPE pipe OD 710 mm, butt fusion, curtain pipe, hydrotest

Analysis of The Pipelines Headrace of Micro-Hydropower Plant

The area around Andalas University has the potential for renewable water sources that have not been utilized optimally. This can be used to meet the electricity needs of Andalas University. University requires electricity costs of 720 million per month. With the Micro Hydro Power Plant, the campus can save electricity costs for this purpose. This research aims to study the most optimum headraces and the generated power capacity. A hydrology analysis is needed to obtain a reliable discharge as a reference for potential river flow in determining the electric power capacity; the dependable discharge is used with a percentage of events throughout the year of 85%. The dependable discharge analysis is carried out by the F.J Mock method and the NRECA model, where the calculation results of these two methods are almost close to 1.1 m3/s. This study uses EPANET 2.0 software in modeling the water distribution network to the MHP turbine. The rainfall data used is for 11 years (2008-2018), where the data is taken from Batu Busuk station, Ladang Padi station, Simpang Alai station and Gunung Nago station. The climatological data needed is the climatological data for the city of Padang. In this study, several alternative channel traces were used to make it easier to determine the most optimum channel trace. Based on the EPANET simulation results, an alternative D is obtained as the best trace with a carrier channel along 1692.82 m using HDPE pipe Ø720. The discharge that can be passed is 1,098 m3/s, and the power generated is 0.6 MW. Alternative D trace is superior to others because it does not pass-through steep slopes, so it is safe and easy to install.

Effects of Exposure Conditions on Antioxidant Depletion, Tensile Strength, and Creep Modulus of Corrugated HDPE Pipes Made With or Without Recycled Resins

Effects of Exposure Conditions on Antioxidant Depletion, Tensile Strength, and Creep Modulus of Corrugated HDPE Pipes Made With or Without Recycled Resins

Genotoxic effects of chlorinated disinfection by-products of 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG): Cell-based in-vitro testing and formation potential during water disinfection

1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) is a commonly used rubber and polymer additive, that has been found to be one of the main leachate products of tire wear particles and from HDPE pipes. Its introduction to aquatic environments and potentially water supplies lead to further questions regarding the effects of disinfection by-products potentially formed. Using different bioassay approaches and NGS RNA-sequencing, we show that some of the chlorinated by-products of DPG exert significant toxicity. DPG and its chlorinated by-products also can alter cell bioenergetic processes, affecting cellular basal respiration rates and ATP production, moreover, DPG and its two chlorination products, 1,3-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)guanidine (CC04) and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)−3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)guanidine (CC11), have an impact on mitochondrial proton leak, which is an indicator of mitochondria damage. Evidence of genotoxic effects in the form of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was suggested by RNA-sequencing results and further validated by an increased expression of genes associated with DNA damage response (DDR), specifically the canonical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) pathway, as determined by qPCR analysis of different pathway specific genes (XRCC6, PRKDC, LIG4 and XRCC4). Immunofluorescence analysis of phosphorylated histone H2AX, another DSB biomarker, also confirmed the potential genotoxic effects observed for the chlorinated products. In addition, chlorination of DPG leads to the formation of different chlorinated products (CC04, CC05 and CC15), with analysed compounds representing up to 42% of formed products, monochloramine is not able to effectively react with DPG. These findings indicate that DPG reaction with free chlorine doses commonly applied during drinking water treatment or in water distribution networks (0.2–0.5 mg/L) can lead to the formation of toxic and genotoxic chlorinated products.