HC Emissions Research Articles

Dual fuel combustion of 1-hexanol with diesel and biodiesel fuels in a diesel engine: An experimental investigation and multi criteria optimization using artificial neural network and TOPSIS algorithm

The use of renewable biofuels namely higher alcohol and biodiesel in diesel engines under dual fuel combustion (DFC) mode gains importance because of reduced usage of diesel and enhanced performance and emission characteristics. In this DFC study, 1-hexanol (HX) is injected at various premixed energy ratio (PER) of 10%, 20% and 30% in the intake port, while diesel/waste cooking oil biodiesel is directly injected as in the conventional combustion mode (CCM). The experiments are carried out using diesel (D100), B20, B50 and B100 in CCM as well as DFC mode at various engine loads. The comparison between CCM and DFC reveals that the DFC mode with PER of 10% increases the BTE at all loads. The DFC decreased the NOx emission at lower loads and increased it at high loads, while a decline in smoke emission along with an increase in CO (except at rated load) and HC emission are observed at all the loads. A maximum reduction in NOx emission is observed from the DFC of diesel-1-hexanol by 37.81%, 26.68%, and 3.01% at 25, 50 and 75% loads respectively, while it increased by 13.3% at 100% load compared to its CCM. The required data set for the optimisation are predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) model trained by the measured data with higher R2 values in the range of 0.993–0.996, 0.9892 and 0.985–0.996 for performance, combustion and emission parameters respectively. To optimise the fuel combination and the PER of 1-hexanol for an effective operation of DFC at various loads, a multi-objective decision-making optimization technique TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is adopted. The optimal conditions in terms of overall improved performance and emission are the CCM of D100 for 25% and 50% loads and the DFC of B50 and B70 with 30% PER of 1-hexanol for 75% and 100% loads respectively. This concludes the ability of the DFC of renewable biofuels to diminish fossil diesel usage as well as harmful pollutants.

Combination of Biogas-dual Fuel Engine Method and Activated Charcoal Adsorbent to Minimize Emissions from Two-wheeler

Two-wheelers emissions have been reduced by using sustainable fuels, mainly biogas, in conjunction with adsorbents made from corncob charcoal. Biogas is obtained by purifying biogas from fermented cow dung. In addition, activated charcoal adsorbents obtained from corn cobs are used in the biogas purification process. This process yields biogas with a methane concentration of 93.4%. Purified biogas is then mixed with liquid fuel. Therefore, this study employs the dual fuel combustion method, in which liquid fuel serves as the pilot fuel. The experiment was conducted by introducing biogas at a rate of 1 L/minute and without load at a constant engine speed of 900 rpm. The findings demonstrate a strong synergy between biogas and activated carbon adsorbents in significantly reducing CO and HC emissions. Notably, the adsorbent's capacity to adsorb exhaust emissions improves as the concentration of NaCl activator in activated charcoal increases. HC emissions can be reduced by up to 20%, while CO emissions can be reduced by up to 5.6%. However, CO emissions show an increase, particularly during biogas combustion. Yet, this increase is reversed when combined with activated charcoal adsorbent. The NaCl activator has been proven to widen charcoal pores effectively, enhancing absorption efficiency.

A novel coffea leaf pigment doped Phoenix dactylifera L biodiesel and its performance characteristics on a direct injection compression ignition engine

The instability of biodiesel fuels during storage is a key issue. In this work, biodiesel has derived from Phoenix dactylifera L (Date seed) is doped with CLP in various concentrations from 500 ppm to 2000 ppm to improve storage stability. Doping the samples with coffea leaf pigment made them more stable than plain biodiesel fuel. Using 2000 ppm of CLP in the DS (B20), engine testing proves that the addition of antioxidants improves engine performance to a considerable extent. The performance, combustion, and emission experiments were performed on the DICI engine by fueling with DS doped with CLP antioxidant additives. Brake thermal efficiency was found to increase for all test blends with respect to load due to the increased power output at higher loading conditions. However, the biodiesel with antioxidant-doped blends depicted a declining trend in brake thermal efficiency at all loading conditions. The biodiesel blend doped with antioxidant additives reduces the degree of oxidation of fuel molecules thereby restricting the combustion temperature where reduces the BTE. On analyzing the emission characteristics, the antioxidant addition diminishes the free radical sites and kerbs the oxidation reaction thereby augmenting CO and HC emissions. Emission of HC augmented on adding of CLP concentration in biodiesel due to the retarded oxidation of the hydrocarbon chain as a result of antioxidant addition. On the other hand, a reduction in combustion temperature leads to a reduction of NOX emissions for all the antioxidant-doped blends as oxidation of nitrogen is curbed by restricting the free radical sites and quenching the combustion temperature.

A Review of Research on Emission Characteristics of Ethanol-Diesel Blends in Diesel Engines

This paper reviews research on the emission characteristics of blended ethanol and other fuels. With the rapid development of modern industry, the extensive use of fuel engines has led to increasingly prominent contradictions between energy and the environment. In order to respond to sustainable development and reduce engine emissions in various countries, many scientific research institutions have conducted research on mixed fuels. The research of blended fuel mainly focuses on its sustainability, economy and environmental protection. Compared with gasoline engines, diesel engines have a lower fuel consumption rate and are widely used in heavy industry. But its fuel comes from refining crude oil, which is non-renewable and has poor cleanliness. As an emerging renewable fuel, ethanol is a fuel with good development prospects due to its good cleanliness, wide range of sources and renewable. If ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel for traditional internal combustion engines and diesel engines, it can save some traditional fuels and improve the emission problems of internal combustion engines to a certain extent. This paper introduces the research status of ethanol blended fuels, and the emission characteristics of engines (NOx, HC and CO) under different ethanol ratios and different operating conditions. It can be seen that with the increase of ethanol blending ratio, NOx content will increase, while CO and HC emissions will decrease.

Study on Combustion and Emission Performance of Dual Injection Strategy for Ammonia/Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine

To realize zero carbon emission in internal combustion engines and boost the growth of ammonia fuel, we mixed a few hydrogens into ammonia fuel to boost the atomization and combustion performance in the combustion chamber. We study hydrogen and ammonia mixed and injected directly through two injectors, the intake temperature is 551k, to find the best injection advance angle combination to ensure the overall working performance of the ammonia Dual fuel engine. The investigation shows that when the main/auxiliary fuel injection timing is 704°CA, the knock value is less than 2, the combustion in the cylinder is gentle, and the negative work phenomenon of knock combustion is avoided. The engine power is the highest and the best economy. The emissions of soot, CO, HC, and CH2O are at a very low level, the CO2 content before and after combustion increases to zero, and the NOx emission is slightly higher than the original engine. We will improve engine NOx emission through SCR Technology in the future. The investigation results will boost the development of an ammonia and hydrogen compression ignition engine and boost the internal combustion engine to zero carbon combustion mode.

Investigate the emission characteristic of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

This paper aims to investigate the emission characteristics of biodiesel prepared from the waste cooking oil. The characterization of the performance of the blended fuel in diesel engines results in an improvement and a reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Various amounts of fuel were mixed with leftover cooking oil to create the final product. In order to explore the performance function, combustion range, and emission properties of diesel engines, the setup described here was developed. The combustion properties, including exhaust gas emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, smoke, and O2, have been examined under various load scenarios.

Experimental investigation of the effect of the use of nanoparticle additional biodiesel on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in tractor using a coated engine

This study focuses on reducing the fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission values of the tractor used in the agricultural field. With the additive added to the fuel and the coating of the tractor engine, the fuel consumption values were reduced, and agricultural production costs were tried to be reduced. On the other hand, exhaust emission values were also tried to be reduced and thus a more environmentally friendly production method was aimed to be adopted. For this reason, the cylinders of the tractor engine were coated with Al2O3 + 13%TiO2 metal powders mixed by mass using the plasma spray method. All experiments were repeated by attaching these coated pistons to the engine. The fuel used in the experiments was purchased from a commercial company and the nanoparticle (molybdenum) additive was added to the biodiesel at the rates of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 200 ppm by mass. The fuel mixtures obtained in the coated and uncoated engine, when the engine is in the full throttle position, using the PTO load test unit at 1000 rpm, 1200 rpm, 1400 rpm, 1600 rpm, 1800 rpm, and 2000 rpm. It has been tested by loading at 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 2600 rpm engine speeds. Code for the Official Testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractor Performance standards were adhered to during all engine tests. The results showed that coating the cylinders and adding nanoparticles into biodiesel reduces the fuel consumption value, increases the exhaust gas temperature, decreases HC, CO, and PM emissions, and increases NOx emissions.

EFFECT OF HIGHER BLENDS OF CASHEW NUT SHELL OIL WITH DIESEL FUEL BY THERMAL BARRIER COATED PISTON IN A DIESEL ENGINE

Swiftly developing industrialization, growing population, environmental threat, energy demands, have directed research towards alternative fuels. This experimental investigation aims to determine the temperature distributions by coating on piston crown to analyze the effect of higher blends (B30 & B40) of Cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) diesel blends and studied the combustion behavior. The thickness of the coating layer on the piston crown of the test engine are 500 ìm. Prior to coating, the surface of the crown area was grinded upto 500 μm so that the compression ratio of the existing engine continue to be the same. Then the mentioned parts were coated with 150 μm NiCrAl as a bond coat and thereafter same parts were coated with 85% of ZrO2 and 15% Magnesium of 350 μm by plasma spray method. In this experimental work, single-cylinder 4- stroke compression ignition engine are used. The influence of coating thickness and distribution of temperature was investigated using the finite element method. Effect of combustion analysis, performance and emissions parameter are evaluated on the coated piston and compared with the uncoated piston. It was observed that BTE improved and CO, HC and smoke emission reduced significantly at maximum load, with increased NOX emissions.

Albizia lebbeck leaf extracted natural antioxidant doped biodiesel–diesel blend in low heat rejection diesel engine

Natural antioxidants are available in various biomass substances which can be used for improving human health and fuel oxidation stability. This research is aimed at using a natural antioxidant powder obtained from Albizia lebbeck leaves powder to improve the oxidation stability of an optimal Jatropha methyl ester (JME)-diesel blend. Initially, Albizia lebbeck leaves are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy for their oxidant behavior. The optimal JME diesel blend (JME20) has a mixture of 20% JME and 80% diesel. The antioxidant at different concentrations, viz., 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm, is doped in JME20, and the blends are designated as AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4, respectively. The test engine is converted to run on the low heat rejection (LHR) mode by coating the piston with a mixture of two different ceramic materials, i.e., yttria-stabilized zirconia and cerium oxide (CeO2), with a thickness of 0.3 mm of the topcoat and 0.15 mm of the bond coat of material NiAl. The emissions, performance, and combustion of the test engine run on antioxidant-doped JME20 fuels in conventional engine operation and LHR mode are evaluated, analyzed, and presented in this paper. Results indicate that, among the four antioxidant-doped JME20 fuels, JME20AL4 gives better performance and lower exhaust emissions. The engine's cylinder pressure and heat release rate are decreased by about 4.7% and 6.4%, respectively, at full load, for JME20 AL4. The delay period and combustion duration of the fuel are improved by about 26.8% and 10.8%, respectively, at maximum load. The NO, HC, and CO emissions are reduced by about 17.3%, 19.3%, and 44.2%, respectively, for JME20 AL4, at maximum load.

Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration

In this study, it was aimed to examine the influences of biodiesel–diesel-higher alcohol (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) blends on the performance, emission and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The tests were performed at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). For the tests, 80% diesel and 20% hemp seed oil biodiesel were blended and called as B20. Biodiesel fuel was produced by transesterification from hemp seed oil in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide for the preparation of B20 binary test fuel and other ternary fuels. Furthermore, nine ternary blend fuels [20% HSOB + 70%, 60% and 50% diesel, respectively + 10%, 20% and 30% higher alcohol (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) respectively] were prepared. The calculations made with the experimental data revealed that the minimum brake specific energy consumption values were 12,48 MJ/kW h, 13,06 MJ/kW h, 13,27 MJ/kW h, 13,35 MJ/kW h, 13,47 MJ/kW h, and 13,59 MJ/kW h, respectively, for diesel fuel at full load, for fuels B20, B20Hx10, B20Hp10, B20Hx20 and B20Pe10, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 28.85%, 27.56%, 27.14%, 26.97%, 26.73% and 26.49%, respectively, for the same fuels at the same load. The increment in higher alcohol concentration in the blend delayed start of combustion and therefore the ignition delay period was prolonged. In the fuel line pressure data, changes were observed depending on the amount, viscosity and density of the fuel. Furthermore, B20Hx10 and B20Hp10 fuels gave the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, average gas temperature and pressure rise rate values after diesel and biodiesel. The addition of biodiesel and higher alcohol to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in NOX, CO and unburned HC and smoke emissions and an increase in CO2. NOX, CO and unburned HC values of higher alcohol blended fuels at full load showed lower results, between 3.04–22.24%, 22.85–56.35% and 5.44–22.83%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of hemp seed oil biodiesel and higher alcohol in the diesel engine will make a significant contribution to the reduction of NOX emissions.

Recent Studies on Alternative Fuel of Dimethyl Ether

With the development of industrialization, a large number of non-renewable fuels (such as coal and crude oil) are consumed, and the harmful substances produced in the combustion process of a large number of fossil fuels have caused serious pollution to the atmosphere, and the harmful gases produced by combustion have caused disastrous damage to the ecological balance. Therefore, finding clean energy and exploring alternative fuels are very important in today's society. This paper mainly reviews the studies on the alternative fuels of dimethyl ether (DME). Firstly, the types of alternative fuels currently researched by society and their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and the preparation of dimethyl ether and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in detail. In addition, the physicochemical properties, combustion and emission characteristics of dimethyl ether and diesel are compared and analyzed. The conclusion is that the injection delay angle of dimethyl ether is larger than that of diesel, the ignition delay period is shorter than that of diesel, and the maximum explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and combustion noise of dimethyl ether are lower than that of diesel. The diffusion combustion speed of DME is faster than that of diesel, and the combustion duration is shorter than that of diesel. At the same time, as an alternative energy, dimethyl ether engine has a significant reduction in NOx emission, a very low level of HC and CO emission, and zero soot emission. In conclusion, the DME engine has good performance and emission characteristics.

Comparative study of performance and emission characteristics for different blended diesel fuel

In this present work, experimental study is performed in a naturally aspirated four stroke 1-cylinder DI-CI engine. Attribute of the engine particularly performance and emission are analysed considering ethanol and butanol blended diesel as well as pure diesel as fuel feeds. Then comparative study of performance and emission, at a fixed compression ratio (CR = 18), is studied at varying loading conditions. It is noted that, experimental results inhibit good agreement with the studies reported in the literature. It is examined that, blending of 12%v/v of butanol-diesel offers 10% more brake thermal efficiency than blending of 12% v/v of ethanol with diesel at 82% loading. NOx, HC and CO emission for 12% v/v of ethanol–diesel blend is 52%,53% and 14% lesser than 12%v/v of butanol-diesel blend at 82% loading. Additionally, it isimparted that, although higher series alcohol addition to the diesel yields in better performance characteristics of the engine but at the same time leads to poor emission characteristics.

Effect of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on Engine Emission and Performance Characteristics in an Internal Combustion Engine

Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel; it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NOx emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.

Experimental Analysis of Gaseous Emission in 2-Stroke Single Cylinder Engine Using Ethanol Gasoline Blends

The emission of Unburnt Hydrocarbon (UHC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from internal combustion engine have been seen to cause negative environmental impact and a major source of greenhouse effect. This paper provides a better understanding and strategies for use of biofuel ethanol as a blend with gasoline to reduce emissions in 2-stroke engine small power generaor. An experimental study on a single cylinder domestic portable power generating set of fixed speed has been used with gasoline ethanol blends in ratio of 100% gasoline (E0), 50% gasoline ethanol blends (E50) and 100% ethanol (E100) under varying engine loads. The results showed that the CO and HC emission decreases as a result of the leaning effect caused by the ethanol addition. The CO2 emission was also observed to increase because of the improved combustion as a result of leaning effect of ethanol addition, in particular the E100. The NOx emission for E100 shows the most interesting result of decreasing from idle load to zero at the maximum load.

Analysis of The Influences of Biodiesel On Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine

Biodiesel remains an alternative fuel of interest for use in diesel engines. A common characteristic of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel, is a lowered heating value (or energy content of the fuel). This review paper discusses the characteristics of biodiesel that has a great influenceon the performance and emission of diesel engine. A lower heating value of the fuel, assuming all other parameters are equal would result in decreased engine torque. Since engine torque is often user-demanded, the lower heating value of the fuel generally translates into increased brake specific fuel consumption.The biodiesel from edible oils isnon-toxic, biodegradable and renewable alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engines. There is some indication that the use of biodiesel fuel can degrade diesel engine oil performance to such an extent that shortening of oil drain intervals is required. Oil, which is fuel-diluted with biodiesel, which is also known to contain unsaturated hydrocarbon bonds would be expected to be more prone to oxidation. Besides, the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engines with no or fewer modification. Plus, it favors to reduce carbon deposit and wear of the key engine parts. Therefore, the blends of biodiesel, with small content in place of petroleum diesel, can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy. However, many further researches on optimization and modification of engine, low temperature performances of engine, new instrumentation, methodology for measurements and etc., should be performed when petroleum diesel is substituted completely by biodiesel. In this study, reports about biodiesel engine performances and emissions, published by highly rated journals in scientific indexes were cited preferentially since the year 2000. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power, economy, durability, emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions and the corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail.

Determination of the injector type and location for a direct injected Wankel engine

Direct injection on the Wankel engines has been practiced since the 1970’s. By applying direct injection in the Wankel engine, the specific fuel consumption and HC emissions, which are seen as disadvantages for this engine, might be reduced and the mixture formation is improved. In order to obtain a better mixture formation, the fuel injector must be located in a proper place and a correct direction. In addition, the most suitable injector for the engine structure should be selected. In this study, direct injection was applied for the RENESIS 13B Wankel engine and injector selection for the engine and the location of the injector on the housing were examined. In addition, the diameter of orifice and flow rate characteristics of the injector were investigated. According to the results, two types of injectors were selected. These injectors were called as low speed and high speed. An injector with a narrow nozzle angle (<30°) was used to deliver the fuel to the leading of the chamber, and the fuel injected after the intake ports closed. The orifice diameters of low-speed and high- speed injectors were measured 0.33 and 0.45 mm, respectively. In addition, both injectors have low speed rates when injection duration was below 2 ms. This flow rate was increased by providing high voltage.

Effects of Injection Timing and Antioxidant on NOx Reduction of CI Engine Fueled with Algae Biodiesel Blend Using Machine Learning Techniques

Fossil fuels are depended upon often in the transport sector. The use of diesel engines in all areas produce pollutants, such as NOx and CO, which cause serious environmental pollution and hazards, such as global climate change and breathing difficulties. Conventional fuel usage should be reduced, and there should be a shift toward alternative fuels. For compression ignition (CI) engines, microalgae biodiesel has been promoted as a clean, sustainable fuel. This is because it possesses desired traits, such as a quick rate of development, high productivity, and the capacity to turn CO2 into fuel. When algal biodiesel is used, pollutants, such as CO, UBHC, and smoke, are typically reduced, whereas NOx emissions are typically increased. The adoption of an exhaust gas recirculation technology and the advancement or delay of injection timing can effectively reduce NOx formation. Incorporating antioxidant chemicals such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) into fuel also minimizes NOx formation. In this study, the use of microalgae biodiesel as a substitute fuel for CI engines was investigated by altering the injection timing and adding each antioxidant in two doses. According to ASTM standard test procedures for biodiesel, the fuel qualities of various blends of algal biodiesel with antioxidants were tested and compared with the diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted using CI engines, and parameters were examined, such UBHC, CO, NOx, and smoke opacity. In comparison to diesel fuel, B20 + 30% BHA (21 bTDC) blends produced 49% lower oxides of nitrogen. The smoke, HC, and CO emissions of fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) were reduced by 33.33%, 32.37%, and 11.21%, respectively, compared with those of diesel fuel. The fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) showed the highest brake thermal efficiency of 14.52% at peak load condition. A multi-output regression deep long short-term memory (MDLSTM) model was designed to predict the performance and emissions of CI engines operating with varied fuel mixtures. The average RMSE and R2 values for the proposed MDLSTM were 0.38 and 0.9579, respectively.

Numerical and experimental investigation on the effect of using blended gasoline-ethanol fuel on the performance and the emissions of the bi-fuel Iranian national engine

The purpose of this study is to provide a numerical and experimental analysis of the effects of using ethanol (as a renewable fuel) and gasoline blends on engine performance and emissions in an EF7 engine. Four alternative ethanol-gasoline blends in the EF7 engine were examined for this purpose. An experimental result revealed that E10 produces the most torque compared with other various blended fuels, which was the same as the numerical analysis. Numerical results in GT-Power software revealed that the BP of gasoline was slightly less than that of blended ethanol-gasoline fuels. E15 had the highest rate of production power and the lowest CO and HC emissions among the blended fuels. E10 had a 3.79 % lower SFC than gasoline. The volume efficiency of gasoline was 6.32 %, 1.85 %, and 3.05 % higher than that of E5, E10, and E15, respectively. At 3000 RPM and full load, when E15 emissions were compared to gasoline emissions, CO and HC emissions were reduced by 23.46 % and 44.04 %, respectively, whereas CO2 and NOX emissions increased by 16.03 % and 29.93 %, respectively. Based on the results, E10 and E15 are being offered as alternatives to gasoline as fuels that work just as well as pure gasoline but produce less pollution.

Experimental evaluation of cottonseed oil-camphor binary blends on diesel engine performance, combustion, exhaust and cyclic variance parameters

This article studies the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine powered by blends of high viscous cottonseed oil and low viscous camphor oil. Three different blends are prepared with cottonseed oil and camphor oil on a volume basis (C30CSO70, C50CSO50 and C70CSO30). The experiments are carried out on a naturally aspirated, four-stroke, single-cylinder computerized CI engine. The experimental results convey that, at full load conditions, among the tested biofuels samples, the thermal efficiency of C70CSO30 surges to 3.4% and 7.8% more than C50CSO50 and C30CSO70. The CO, HC and smoke emissions of C70CSO30 were abated by 4.4% & 9.3%, 13% & 17%, and 24% & 29%, abated than C50CSO50 and C30CSO70. The NOx emissions of C70CSO30 were inflated by 10.435 and 19.49% compared to C50CSO50 and C30CSO70. Further, an increase in the volume of camphor oil in the blended fuel enhances the CI engine combustion and results in a boost in the in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature, net heat release rate, and cyclic variations.

Effects of split injection strategy on combustion stability and GHG emissions characteristics of natural gas/diesel RCCI engine under high load

Natural gas/diesel RCCI mode is considered as a high-efficiency clean low-temperature combustion strategy with great application prospects. In order to solve the problem that RCCI engines are prone to knock combustion under high load, the effects of diesel start of main-injection (SOImain), start of pilot-injection (SOIpilot) and pilot-injection quantity (PIQ) on in-cylinder combustion and pollutant emissions of RCCI engine were systematically investigated. Results show that the advance of SOImain effectively reduces CO, HC, soot and CH4 emissions of RCCI engine, but increases knock tendency and NOx emissions. Split injection strategy makes combustion exothermic of RCCI mode present two-stage heat release phenomenon. When SOIpilot is advanced from −15°CA ATDC to −27°CA ATDC, the IMEP and combustion pressure peak increase, the knock tendency significantly decreases, and CO, HC, soot and CH4 emissions are reduced by 55.6%, 43.1%, 28.8% and 39.1% respectively. With the increase of PIQ, the in-cylinder combustion of RCCI engine gradually changes from single-stage to two-stage heat release, the ignition delay is shortened, and the knock tendency is enhanced. Compared with single injection strategy, split injection strategy can simultaneously reduce HC, CO and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as maximum pressure oscillation amplitude and pressure rise rate in RCCI mode.