Hazardous Substances Research Articles

Exploration of the prediction and generation patterns of heterocyclic aromatic amines in roast beef based on Genetic Algorithm combined with Support Vector Regression

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are harmful byproducts in food heating. Therefore, exploring the prediction and generation patterns of HAAs is of great significance. In this study, genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector regression (SVR) are used to establish a prediction model of HAAs based on heating conditions, reveal the influence of heating temperature and time on the precursor and formation of HAAs in roast beef, and study the formation rules of HAAs under different processing conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the effect on HAAs generation increases with the increase of heating temperature and time. The GA-SVR model exhibited near-zero absolute errors and regression correlation coefficients (R) close to 1 when predicting HAAs contents. The GA-SVR model can be applied for real-time monitoring of HAAs in grilled beef, providing technical support for controlling hazardous substances and intelligent processing of heat-processed meat products.

Synthesis and nootropic activity prediction of some 4-(aminomethyl)-1-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one derivatives structurally related with nebracetam

The aim. Search for new biologically active substances with improved nootropic parameters among analogues of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-benzylpyrrolidine-2-one (Nebracetam). Materials and methods. The required reagents were purified using standard techniques. The elemental analysis was performed on a "Hewlett Packard" automatic analyzer M-180 company. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on Varian Gemini 400 MHz spectrometer in DMSO-d6 as a solvent. LC/MS spectra were recorded with a PE SCIEX API 150EX liquid chromatograph equipped. The Autodock 4.2 software package was used for molecular docking. The active centers of the peptides (PDB ID: 5CXV, 6PV7) was used as the biologycal targets. Results and discussion. Basic and alternative methods (1 and 2) of obtaining were used to synthesise target analogues of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-R-benzylpyrrolidine-2-one. As a result of synthetic studies, an optimized method with an alternative method has been proposed. The advantages include reducing the duration and number of synthesis stages and avoiding the use of sodium azide, a highly toxic and hazardous substance. Molecular docking of the synthesized compounds at well-documented acetylcholine receptor sites indicates that all tested molecules will contribute to the manifestation of nootropic activity to varying degrees through cholinergic neurotransmission mechanisms. This is evidenced by the calculated docking values in relation to the muscarinic target. According to the docking results, it was found that depending on the enantiomeric configuration, the molecules formed stable complexes with the target and had characteristic binding modes both in the orthosteric site and in the extracellular vestibule (site of positive allosteric modulation of mAChR). It indicates the prospects of modifying the "nebracetam scaffold" at the phenyl fragment with halogen substituents. Conclusions. An effective method for synthesising analogues of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-R-benzylpyrrolidin-2-ones has been developed. The molecular docking revealed potential mechanisms of nootropic action of the synthesized derivatives as potential agonists and positive allosteric modulators of the muscarinic receptor

Requirements for the content of harmful substances in market products of plastics and rubber. Part V. Vehicles and their equipment

This article continues the review of applicable regulations on the safety of products placed on the European Union (EU) market. Part V regarding the regulations on the control of hazardous substances in vehicles, including their components and equipment made of plastics and rubber, covers EU regulations and national acts adapting Polish law to EU legislation in this area.

Forecast of emergency situations with the spillage of liquid rocket fuel components in the territory for the disposal of chemically hazardous substances

Introduction. Liquid fuel includes two main components – fuel and oxidizer. Common liquid rocket fuels components are highly toxic compounds – heptyl (asymmetric dimethylhydrazine) and amyl (nitrogen tetraoxide). The calculation of emergency scenarios with the spill of liquid rocket fuel components on the terrain is intended for operational forecasting of the scale of pollution, optimization of work in the zone of chemical contamination and the development of a system for providing medical care to the population in case of an extreme situation. Material and methods. The article presents scenarios of emergency situations with the spill of liquid rocket fuel components on the territory of chemically hazardous facilities and during transportation. Results. The calculation of the distribution of approximate concentrations at spills in an open area of nitrogen tetroxide (NT) and asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is investigated. The received scenarios of emergency situations indicate the possibility of distribution of toxic concentrations: at the level of CL50 within 1 km at the UDMH spill from 0.5 to 10 tons, NT – from 0.1 to 5 tons; at the level of 1/10 CL50 – threshold toxodose (concentration) at a distance of 0.5–0.7 km at the UDMH spill 0.5–1.0 t, and NT – up to 1 t. Limitations. When studying emergency scenarios with the spillage of liquid rocket fuel components in the territory, an assessment was made of the distribution of approximate concentrations of components according to the regulatory document on the methodology for predicting the extent of contamination of highly toxic substances in accidents (destruction) at chemically hazardous facilities and transportation. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the population living within a radius of more than 2 km from the accident site may suffer from the spread of liquid rocket fuel components, which depends on the volume of the spill, the type of emergency hazardous chemicals and the wind direction in the chemical damage zone.

Integrating AI enhanced remote sensing technologies with IOT networks for precision environmental monitoring and predicative ecosystem management

Detection of hazardous substances in the environment is paramount in safeguarding human health and ecosystems. With the continuous advancement of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in the development of sensors capable of efficiently detecting and analyzing these substances. Environmental monitoring, modeling, and management are very essential for gaining a deeper insight into the fundamental processes and methodologies employed in handling environmental transformations. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate recent progress in the utilization of AI, sensors, and IoT devices for monitoring environmental pollution, while considering the challenges associated with predicting and monitoring these variations due to the dynamic nature of the environment. The integration of these systems is actively revolutionizing environmental monitoring and enhancing our understanding of how to implement a comprehensive approach to the management of natural resources and ecological processes that are crucial for our societal, economic, and cultural well-being. Consequently, we are able to uncover the transformative impact of this collaborative effort on our comprehension of Earth, as it tackles obstacles, conducts in-depth analysis of long-term environmental data monitoring, and lays the foundation for a promising future.

Crosstalk between ROS-inflammatory gene expression axis in the progression of lung disorders.

A significant number of deaths and disabilities worldwide are brought on by inflammatory lung diseases. Many inflammatory lung disorders, including chronic respiratory emphysema, resistant asthma, resistance to steroids, and coronavirus-infected lung infections, have severe variants for which there are no viable treatments; as a result, new treatment alternatives are needed. Here, we emphasize how oxidative imbalance contributes to the emergence of provocative lung problems that are challenging to treat. Endogenic antioxidant systems are not enough to avert free radical-mediated damage due to the induced overproduction of ROS. Pro-inflammatory mediators are then produced due to intracellular signaling events, which can harm the tissue and worsen the inflammatory response. Overproduction of ROS causes oxidative stress, which causes lung damage and various disease conditions. Invasive microorganisms or hazardous substances that are inhaled repeatedly can cause an excessive amount of ROS to be produced. By starting signal transduction pathways, increased ROS generation during inflammation may cause recurrent DNA damage and apoptosis and activate proto-oncogenes. This review provides information about new targets for conducting research in related domains or target factors to prevent, control, or treat such inflammatory oxidative stress-induced inflammatory lung disorders.

Insight into the corrosion resistance of mild steel in an acidic environment in the presence of an organic extract: Experimental and computational approach

Green corrosion inhibitors are crucial in lowering the rate at which metals corrode as well as the negative environmental effects of hazardous substances. Considering this, Curcuma longa (CL) root extract was used as an effective and safe corrosion inhibitor in this study. The inhibitory efficacy was thoroughly investigated using the weight loss (WL), open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) techniques, respectively. The inhibitor was found to be effective at impeding the rate of deterioration of mild steel in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 environments. In a mixed-type mode, the CL reduced the anodic and cathodic reactions. However, in a 0.5 M H2SO4 environment, CL proved to be slightly more effective compared to a 1 M HCl environment. Inhibition efficiency values of 91.8 % (0.5 M H2SO4) and 89.6 % (1 M HCl) were obtained. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm (LAI) was used to validate the results. Some surface probe analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FR-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used to complement the electrochemical results. Quantum chemical computations confirmed some active sites on the molecular structures of a few selected active constituents of the CL extract.

Environmental assessment of alkali-activated materials based on agro-industrial waste as alkaline activators through leaching tests

Global circular economy drives the development of sustainable alkali activated materials (AAM) for use as construction material from industrial by-products and wastes. The assessment of the potentially hazardous substances release of these new material combinations into the soil and groundwater over time is essential. In this study, the aim is the environmental assessment of three AAMs based on blast furnace slag (BFS), activated with almond shell biomass ash (ABA) as potassium source and three solid sources of silica from the agricultural industry, rice husk ash (RHA), spent diatomaceous earth (SDE) and bamboo leaf ash (BLA), using European horizontal leaching tests proposed for construction materials, for monolithic form, Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT) and for granular form, Up-flow Percolation Test and the Compliance leaching test, by simulating different scenarios of their entire life cycle. The leaching results of the AAM showed the effectiveness of the inertization of all the recycled materials studied, which exceeded some inert materials limits, by means of the activation process. Despite the absence of significant differences in the leaching mechanisms of the oxyanions As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se and V between the three AAMs developed, they presented different long-term leaching behavior depending on their form, monolithic, or granular, and therefore in their different life cycle stages. Therefore, it is concluded that although the incorporation of agro-industrial waste as alternative activators in BFS based AAM according to the Dutch Soil Quality Decree (for unrestricted use of monolithic and granular materials) is an environmentally acceptable option, the design of waste derived AAMs should be assessed by means of a combination of leaching tests that cover their expected life cycle.

Experimental and Analytical Study on Non-Damaged Reinforcement Method for Pipe Rack Steel Structures

Pipe racks are steel structures that support various pipes transporting materials in industrial complexes. The pipes on pipe racks may transport hazardous substances, which imposes limitations on their structural reinforcement. Therefore, this study aimed to propose methods for reinforcing the joints of pipe rack structures through non-welding and non-drilling techniques. The joints of pipe rack structures were connected by end plates. Initially, this study evaluated the capacity of existing end plates in a real-world experiment and conducted cyclic loading tests with two additional reinforcement methods to validate their performance. Finally, finite element analysis was conducted to explore additional variables that were not covered in the experiments, and the optimal reinforcement method that demonstrated the best performance was proposed.

Recent improvements in the novel approach to the fast detection of surface contaminations

Here, we present the idea behind a novel measurement system and the recent improvements in detecting surface contaminations using a tunable, very fast three-core quantum cascade laser (QCL) system. It is developed as a potential replacement for the old established double-wheel sampling system currently used to detect surface threats caused by hazardous, non-volatile chemical substances. The novel system design is based on an optical measurement principle, allowing standoff detection and identification, thus rendering ground contact unnecessary. One of the leading military requirements for a CBRN reconnaissance vehicle is a high marching speed; hence, this new system is designed to have an ultra-short acquisition time and an adequate spectral bandwidth for measurements in the mid-infrared (MIR). This innovative approach may replace the more cumbersome indirect detection techniques. We discuss the main advantages and evaluate possible application scenarios that we expect from this setup. Active IR backscatter spectroscopy generally permits the contactless identification of hazardous chemical substances on surfaces. Here, the design was optimized around an approximate measuring distance of decimeters. Using a monoaxial setup, the autofocus is less demanding than alternative approaches and even allows for rapid measurements of rough surfaces. We built the improved measurement system based on novel QCL modules that integrate micro-opto-electro-mechanical grating scanners (MOEMS) in an external cavity. These elaborate laser modules provide almost one kilohertz (kHz) spectral scan speeds and typically cover a spectral range of 200–300 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, such modules achieve measurement times of as short as one millisecond per spectrum. The full spectral coverage of the system is realized by coupling several of such modules.

Enhanced pollutant degradation via green-synthesized core-shell mesoporous Si@Fe magnetic nanoparticles immobilized with metagenomic laccase

With rapid industrial expansion, environmental pollution from emerging contaminants has increased, posing severe ecosystem threats. Laccases offer an eco-friendly solution for degrading hazardous substances, but their use as free-form biocatalysts face challenges. This study immobilized laccase (PersiLac1) on green-synthesized Si@Fe nanoparticles (MSFM NPs) to remove pollutants like Malachite Green-containing wastewater and degrade plastic films. Characterization techniques (FTIR, VSM, XRD, SEM, EDS, BET) confirmed the properties and structure of MSFM NPs, revealing a surface area of 31.297 m2.g−1 and a pore diameter of 12.267 nm. The immobilized PersiLac1 showed enhanced activity across various temperatures and pH levels, retaining over 82 % activity after 15 cycles at 80°C with minimal leaching. It demonstrated higher stability, half-life, and decimal reduction time than free laccase. Under 1 M NaCl, its activity was 1.8 times higher than the non-immobilized enzyme. The immobilized laccase removed 98.11 % of Malachite Green-containing wastewater and retained 82.92 % activity over twenty cycles of dye removal. Additionally, FTIR and SEM confirmed superior plastic degradation under saline conditions. These findings suggest that immobilizing PersiLac1 on magnetic nanoparticles enhances its function and potential for contaminant removal. Future research should focus on scalable, cost-effective laccase immobilization methods for large-scale environmental applications.

Heavy Metal-Based Toxic Oxo-Pollutants Sequestration by Advanced Functional Porous Materials for Safe Drinking Water.

ConspectusWater scarcity as a consequence of either environmental or economic actions is the most compelling global concern of the 21st century, as ∼2 billion people (26% of the total population) struggle to access safe drinking water and ∼3.6 billion (46% of the total population) lack access to clean water sanitation. In this context, groundwater pollution by toxic heavy metals and/or their oxo-pollutants, such as CrO42-, Cr2O72-, AsO43-, SeO32-, SeO42-, TcO4-, UO22+, etc., have been becoming rapidly growing global concerns. The severe toxicity upon bioaccumulation of these oxo-anions has prompted the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) to mark these persistent and hazardous substances as priority pollutants. Additionally, the heavy-metal-based pollutants are difficult to transform into eco-friendly substances, thus presenting serious challenges toward human health and environmental preservation. To this end, the emergence of advanced functional porous materials (AFPMs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic polyhedrons (MOPs), porous organic polymers (POPs), etc., have presented extraordinary opportunities in material research and water treatment applications. The liberty in designing and structural tunability of AFPMs, facilitated by utilization of structure-encoded molecular building blocks, enables precise control over target-specificity and structure-property correlations. Bridging the gap between strategic material design and on-demand real-world application can facilitate the development of next-generation sorbents/ion-exchangers for efficient water treatment.In this Account, we summarize the recent advancements from our group toward the development of cutting-edge multifunctional ionic-porous sorbents, offering viable solutions toward providing clean and safe drinking water. Our vision allows us to comprehend this challenge through two strategic factors: efficient oxo-anion capture via ion-exchange and specific host-guest interactions via installation of modular functional groups. To provide an overview, we first highlight the different structural variants and coexistance of various toxic oxo-anions depending on the pH of the medium and their adverse effects. Next, we highlight the promising potential of water stable cationic MOFs toward selective remediation of toxic Cr(VI), Mn(VII), Tc(VI), Se(IV), Se(VI), U (VI), As(III), and As(V)-based toxic oxo-pollutants from water. In the subsequent sections, we summarize the target-specific design strategies and oxo-anion remediation performances of ionic porous organic polymers and hybrid functional porous materials. The key role of target-specific designability and/or structural fine-tuning of AFPMs toward preferential sorption of oxo-pollutants is systematically demonstrate. Particularly, the role of ion-exchange (anion-exchange) processes toward targeted oxo-pollutant capture by ionic AFPMs has been discussed in details. In several examples, the AFPMs were successful in reducing the toxic oxo-anion concentration levels lower than the permitted values for drinking water by the World Health Organizing Committee (WHO), showcasing their real-world applicability potency.Our contemporaneous endeavors in exploring ionic AFPMs for selective toxic oxo-anion sequestration may serve as a blueprint to researchers for future development of the next generation sorbent materials for energy-economically feasible water treatment methods.

Direct recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes inspired by the polymerization of dopamine

The direct recycling process shows excellent flexibility and potential for the regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes. However, conventional direct recycling methods involve high temperatures or potential secondary pollution. Herein, the green restoration of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes is achieved via a polymerization of dopamine (POD)-assisted process in water at room temperature. A unique mechanism is proposed based on DFT calculations: Some intermediates, rather than dopamine or polydopamine, restore the crystal structure of spent LFP. Furthermore, a short annealing treatment could not only increase the structural stability, but also avoid the potential secondary pollution caused by the reductants by converting the Polydopamine (PDA) layer to an N-doped carbon layer and improve the electrochemical performance of the regenerated LFP. A subsequent techno-economic analysis suggests that the present strategy promises great potential in practical application. Environmental implicationSpent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) contain a large number of toxic and hazardous substances, which would affect ecological balance and human activities, so recycling and reuse of spent LIBs play a vital role in environmental protection. The POD-assisted recycling strategy can maximize the recycling value of the LiFePO4 cathode material, and avoid the secondary pollution caused by the reducing agent. Compared with the traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the POD-assisted recycling strategy has less negative impact on the environment, higher economic value, and has a broad application prospect.

E-waste management from electronic repair workshops: Societal implications and environmental consequences

Improper disposal of faulty electronic devices can result in pollution, health hazards, social inequity, and legal issues. This study explores the perceptions and practices of electronic waste management among electronic repair technicians in Ho Municipality, Ghana, with a focus on the significant societal and environmental impacts of e-waste generated in electronic service workshops. A survey using both random and purposive sampling of 150 electronic repairers in Ho Municipality found limited awareness of the negative effects, toxic components, environmental risks, and proper handling and disposal procedures associated with e-waste. Notably, only 31 % of participants were aware of the environmental risks, while 69 % were not. "Experience" emerged as a significant predictor of awareness regarding e-waste health risks. Only 22 % were knowledgeable about the hazardous substances in e-waste, indicating a low level of awareness of its risks and opportunities for reducing them. These findings highlight the need for collaboration among stakeholders to implement sustainable e-waste management practices in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Facile fabrication of Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles/Ag nanowires SERS substrates with bimetallic synergistic effect for ultra-sensitive detection of crystal violet and alkali blue 6B

The bimetallic nanostructure of Au and Ag can integrate two distinct properties into a novel substrate compared to single metal nanostructures. This work presents a rapid and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for detecting illegal food additives and dyes of crystal violet (CV) and alkali blue 6B (AB 6B). Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles/Ag nanowires (Au-Ag ANPs/Ag NWs) were prepared by solid-state ionics method and vacuum thermal evaporation method at 5μA direct current electric field (DCEF), the molar ratio of Au to Ag was 1:18.34. Many 40 nm-140 nm nanoparticles regularly existed on the surface of Ag NWs with the diameters from 80 nm to 150 nm. The fractal dimension of Au-Ag ANPs/Ag NWs is 1.69 due to macroscopic dendritic structures. Compared with single Ag NWs, the prepared Au-Ag ANPs/Ag NWs substrates show superior SERS performance because of higher surface roughness, the SERS active of Ag NWs and bimetallic synergistic effect caused by Au-Ag ANPs, so the limit of detections (LOD) of Au-Ag ANPs/Ag NWs SERS substrates toward detection of CV and AB 6B were as low as 10-16mol/L and 10-9mol/L, respectively. These results indicate that Au-Ag ANPs/Ag NWs substrates can be used for rapid and sensitive detection of CV and AB 6B and have great development potential for detection of illegal food additives and hazardous substances in the fields of environmental monitoring and food safety.

Ultrasensitive detection of contaminants in milk using a novel NMS-Ag modified water-resistant paper substrate

Rapid and precise detection of harmful substances in food products is essential for ensuring public health and safety. This study introduces a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate, composed of a molybdenum disulfide‑silver nanocomposite, applied to flexible, water-resistant filter paper for detecting melamine and bisphenol A (BPA) in milk. Optimized molybdenum disulfide (NMS) nanoflowers (NFs) were synthesized through hydrothermal methods and high-temperature annealing, then modified with silver (Ag) nanoparticles to form the NMS-Ag nanocomposite (NMSA6). This substrate greatly enhances the Raman signal, achieving an enhancement factor of approximately 1.49 × 107 and a detection limit as low as 10−11 M for simultaneous multi-component analysis. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations confirm the enhancement mechanism. The NMSA6 substrate demonstrates remarkably low detection limits for BPA and melamine, facilitating the analysis of various hazardous substances. These findings highlight the substrate's potential for highly sensitive, label-free detection, presenting a viable tool for food safety monitoring.

Perceptions of Exposure and Mask Use in Wildland Firefighters.

Wildland firefighters are exposed to airborne particulates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other hazardous substances. Respiratory protection is indicated, but information is lacking on the tasks and conditions for which mask wearing should be advised. Studies to assess respiratory protection in wildland firefighters were carried out in western Canada in 2021 and 2023. Sampling pumps measured airborne exposures and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) was assayed to indicate PAH absorption. Participants in 2021 reported the time for which they wore the mask during each task. In 2023, the use of masks was reported, and firefighters rated the smoke intensity. In 2021, 72 firefighters were monitored over 164 shifts and, in 2023, 89 firefighters were monitored for 263 shifts. In 2021, mask wearing was highest for those engaged in initial attack and hot spotting. Urinary 1-HP at the end of rotation was highest for those reporting initial attack, working on a prescribed fire and mop-up. In 2023, firefighter ratings of smoke intensity were strongly associated with measured particulate mass and with urinary 1-HP, but masks were not worn more often when there was higher smoke intensity. The data from the literature did not provide a clear indication of high-exposure tasks. Better task/exposure information is needed for firefighters to make informed decisions about mask wearing.

Research on accident early warning of metallurgical enterprises based on grey DEMATEL/ISM and Bayesian network

To clarify the complex relationship between the factors causing safety accidents in metallurgical enterprises and predict the risk of accidents in enterprises, a correlation analysis model of the factors causing safety accidents in metallurgical enterprises based on grey Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory/Interpretative Structural Modeling (DEMATEL/ISM) was established, and a Bayesian network early warning model was constructed on this basis. The relationship and action path of accident-causing factors in metallurgical enterprises were clarified. The factors were hierarchically divided and a multi-layer hierarchical structure model was established to obtain the neighboring cause, transitional cause, and essential cause of the accident. The results showed that the employee violation rate, the hazardous substances reserves, the toxic gas and dust pollution control compliance rate, the pass rate for equipment maintenance, and the qualification rate of special equipment were the neighboring causes of the accident. The perfection of the safety production management system was the essential cause. The Bayesian network early warning model was applied to the Fuxin Jiuxing Titanium work site. The expected risk probability of an accident was 17.9%, which was in a comparatively safe state (State2). The results obtained by the Bayesian model are consistent with those obtained by AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which proved the accuracy of the early warning model. The Bayesian model can give the risk probability value of the accident and the risk probability value of the accident cause factors at the same time, and include the causal relationship and conditional correlation relationship among the indicator variables in the reasoning process, which can provide targeted technical support for the construction of the emergency system of risk classification management and control.

Update: factors influencing heart rate variability-a narrative review.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important non-invasive marker for the assessment of an organism's autonomic physiological regulatory pathways. Lower HRV has been shown to correlate with increased mortality. HRV is influenced by various factors or diseases. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the current state of knowledge on factors influencing HRV and their significance for interpretation. The narrative review only included reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort studies which were published until 2021. HRV confounders were grouped into four categories (non-influenceable physiological factors, diseases, influenceable lifestyle factors and external factors). The review found that HRV was decreased not only in non-influenceable physiological factors (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) but also in connection with various number of acute and chronic diseases (e.g., psychiatric diseases, myocardial infarction, heart failure), influenceable lifestyle factors (e.g., alcohol abuse, overweight, physical activity), and external factors (e.g., heat, noise, shift work, harmful- and hazardous substances). In order to improve the quality of HRV studies and to ensure accurate interpretation, it is recommended that confounders be taken into account in future diagnostic measurements or measurements in the workplace (e.g., as part of health promotion measures) in order to counteract data bias.

MINI REVIEW ON PIROXICAM DERIVATIVES SYNTHESIS IN THE LAST 10 YEARS

Today the focus is on reducing the likelihood of creating a potentially hazardous substance by concentrating on the synthesis of derivatives from approved medications. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) are a popular class of medications used to treat painful arthritis. The medication piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. Piroxicam has been the basis for the synthesis of several derivatives with various biological activity in recent years. This mini review aims to describe the biological activities of these derivatives that have emerged in the previous ten years. KEY WORDS: piroxicam , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation , anti-nociceptive , anti-HIV.