Hawthorn Extract Research Articles

WILD FRUITS OF AZERBAIJAN AS RAW MATERIALS FOR BIOADDITIVES

In Azerbaijan, the structure of nutrition is characterized by high caloric content, insufficient or unbalanced consumption of macro- and micronutrients, in particular, a deficiency of antioxidant nutrients is observed. One of the options for solving the problem of food quality is the development of a technology for processing domestic fruit raw materials into functional food bioadditives. The article provides an analysis of data on the biochemical composition (vitamin profile and polyphenolic substances) of some types of wild fruits, namely: eastern hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis L.) of the Rosaceae L. family; sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.) of the Elaeagnaceae family; wild rose (Rosa aciculus L.) of the Rosaceae family. The content of most vitamins that were determined in all water extracts is 1.1–1.2% less than the data specified in the handbook. However, the content of vitamin C is 4.5 times higher in hawthorn extract, and vitamin E is 4.88 times higher in wild rose extract. The choice of raw materials is determined by the stability and quantity of the harvest, the generally available price, as well as the availability of literary and own data of the authors that this source of raw materials contains in its composition a natural complex of physiologically active functional ingredients. For the quantitative extraction of the vitamin complex and polyphenolic substances of the wild fruits of sea buckthorn, hawthorn, and rosehip, the modes of hydroacoustic extraction using a rotary-pulsation apparatus were selected. The DPPH method was used to investigate the antioxidant activity of the obtained aqueous extracts, which varied in the series of sea buckthorn-hawthorn-wild rose. The study showed that wild fruits of Azerbaijan can be a source of biologically active substances for food production. The results of this research were implemented in production at the leading enterprise of Azerbaijan. The results confirm the potential of these types of fruits as wild plant raw materials rich in biologically active substances.

Effect of dietary supplementation with Diuripres® on blood pressure, vascular health, and metabolic parameters in individuals with high-normal blood pressure or stage I hypertension: The CONDOR randomized clinical study.

Our aim was to evaluate if a nutritional intervention with a dietary supplement (Diuripres®) containing magnesium, standardized extract of orthosiphon, hawthorn, and hibiscus could positively affect blood pressure (BP), vascular health, and metabolic parameters in 60 individuals with high-normal BP or stage I hypertension. Participants followed a low-fat low-sodium Mediterranean diet for 4 weeks before being randomly allocated to 8-week treatment with two pills each day of either Diuripres® or placebo. Diuripres® significantly decreased systolic BP compared to placebo after 4 weeks (3.1 ± 0.8 mmHg; p < 0.05) and more consistently after 8 weeks (3.4 ± 0.9 mmHg; p < 0.05). At 8-week follow-up, after correction for multiple testing, dietary supplementation with Diuripres® was associated with significant improvements in diastolic BP (-3.1 ± 0.6 mmHg; p < 0.05), aortic BP (-4.3 ± 0.4 mmHg; p < 0.05), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/dL; p < 0.05) in comparison with baseline. The reductions in diastolic BP (--3.8 ± 0.7 mmHg; p < 0.05), aortic BP (-5.2 ± 1.0 mmHg; p < 0.05), and hs-CRP (-0.03 ± 0.01 mg/dL; p < 0.05) were also significant compared to placebo. Therefore, our study shows that dietary supplementation with Diuripres® may be useful in individuals with high-normal BP or stage I hypertension.

Inhibitory and anti-Cancer Effects of Crataegus azarolus Extracts on Gastric Cancer Cell Line (AGS)

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent types of cancer around the world and most of the drugs which are used currently as anti-cancer chemotherapy hold adverse side effects on normal cells and tissues, that calls for a strong need to find new agents to prevent and treat GC. Extracts from certain plants contain compounds with health potentials with minimal side effects; one such plant is the Crataegus azarolus commonly called hawthorn. Extracts of hawthorn have been found to exert negative effects on the viability of many types of cancer via a number of pathways both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we aimed to investigate the possible anti-proliferative effects of methanolic and acetone extracts of C. azarolus leaves on human adenocarcinoma gastric cell line (AGS). Standard phytochemical analysis were used to qualitatively characterize leaf extracts contents. AGS cells were treated for 48 h with different concentrations of both extracts (10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/ml). Our results demonstrated that the methanolic crude extract showed significantly higher anti-proliferative effects than those of acetone, at both 250 and 500 µg/ml concentrations respectively, when estimated by MTT assay at (p&lt; 0.001) with an IC50 values 293.7 µg/ml. On the other hand, acetone extract treatment showed that 500 µg/ml had a high significant effect at (p&lt; 0.001) with an IC50 values 576.6 µg/ml. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that leaf extracts of C. azarolus limited the growth of AGS.

Modulation of GPC-4 and GPLD1 serum levels by improving glycemic indices in type 2 diabetes: Resistance training and hawthorn extract intervention

AimsThis study was designed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) and hawthorn extract (Ha) on Glypican-4 (GPC-4) and Insulin-regulated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPLD1) serum levels in T2DM and to examine the relationship of these variables with glycemic indexes. Method40 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups: Healthy Control (H-C), Diabetes Control (D-C), Diabetes Resistance training (D-RT), Diabetes Hawthorn (D-Ha), and Diabetes Resistance training Hawthorn (D-RT-Ha). T2DM was induced with a 4-week high-fat diet (HFD) and one dose of STZ intraperitoneal injection (35 mg/kg). 1-week after the injection, RT (with a range of 50%–100%1RM/3 day/week) and gavage of Ha extract (100 mg/kg/day) was performed for 12 weeks. ResultsThe glycemic indices improvement (reducing blood glucose and increasing serum insulin level) caused by RT and/or Ha increased GPC-4 and decreased GPLD1 in the T2DM rats, but these positive changes were more effective in the combination of RT + Ha. A strong correlation was also observed between GPC-4 and GPLD1 with blood glucose and insulin. ConclusionThe increase in serum GPC-4 levels was probably due to the direct effect of RT + Ha, and the improvement of glycemic indexes after RT and Ha. The double effect of RT + Ha can be a regulatory mechanism for GPC-4 and its related factors in controlling T2DM complications.

Understanding the Potential Role of Nanotechnology in Liver Fibrosis: A Paradigm in Therapeutics.

The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in the physiological operation of the human body. The liver controls the body's detoxification processes as well as the storage and breakdown of red blood cells, plasma protein and hormone production, and red blood cell destruction; therefore, it is vulnerable to their harmful effects, making it more prone to illness. The most frequent complications of chronic liver conditions include cirrhosis, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, hepatitis, and illnesses brought on by alcohol and drugs. Hepatic fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells to cause persistent liver damage through the accumulation of cytosolic matrix proteins. The purpose of this review is to educate a concise discussion of the epidemiology of chronic liver disease, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of liver fibrosis, the symptoms of liver fibrosis progression and regression, the clinical evaluation of liver fibrosis and the research into nanotechnology-based synthetic and herbal treatments for the liver fibrosis is summarized in this article. The herbal remedies summarized in this review article include epigallocathechin-3-gallate, silymarin, oxymatrine, curcumin, tetrandrine, glycyrrhetinic acid, salvianolic acid, plumbagin, Scutellaria baicalnsis Georgi, astragalosides, hawthorn extract, and andrographolides.

The Probiotic Lactobacillus sakei Subsp. Sakei and Hawthorn Extract Supplements Improved Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Immunity, and Resistance to the Pesticide Acetamiprid in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

This study evaluated the impacts of the probiotic, Lactobacillus sakei (L. sakei), and the extract of hawthorn, Crataegus elbursensis, on growth and immunity of the common carp exposed to acetamiprid. Fish (mean ± SE: 11.48 ± 0.1 g) feeding was done with formulated diets (T 1 (control): no supplementation, T 2: 1 × 106 CFU/g LS (Lactobacillus sakei), T3: 1 × 108 CFU/g LS, T 4: 0.5% hawthorn extract (HWE), and T 5: 1% HWE) for 60 days and then exposed to acetamiprid for 14 days. The growth performance improved in the fish fed LS at dietary level of 1 × 108 CFU/g, even after exposure to acetamiprid (P < 0.05). Intestinal Lactobacillus sakei (CFU/g) load increased (P < 0.05), following supplementation with the probiotic-enriched diet. The LS-treated fish had increases in the activity of digestive enzymes (P < 0.05). Both LS and HWE stimulated antioxidant enzymes and immune system components in serum and mucus (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protease, total Ig, and lysozyme) (P < 0.05). However, the changes were different depending on the kind of the supplement. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in HWE-treated fish after acetamiprid exposure (P < 0.05). Both LS and HWE reduced the liver metabolic enzymes (LDH, ALP, AST, ALT, and LDH) in serum both before and after exposure to the pesticide (P < 0.05). However, each enzyme exhibited a different change trend depending on the type of the supplement. HWE showed a stress-ameliorating effect, as glucose and cortisol levels declined in the HWE-treated fish (P < 0.05). This study indicated the immunomodulatory impacts of LS (1 × 108 CFU/g) and HWE (at dietary levels of 0.5-1%). The probiotic showed more performance compared to HWE. However, the HWE mitigated oxidative stress more efficiently than the probiotic.

The effect of 8-weeks of High-intensity Interval Training and Hawthorn Extract on PGC-1α and TFAM Proteins Levels in the Soleus Muscle of Aged Rats (Original Article)

The effect of 8-weeks of High-intensity Interval Training and Hawthorn Extract on PGC-1α and TFAM Proteins Levels in the Soleus Muscle of Aged Rats (Original Article)

Technology of obtaining and chemical profiles of dry extracts from leaves of prospective species of the hawthorn genus

The aim of the work was to develop a technology for obtaining dry extracts from leaves of non-pharmacopoeia species of hawthorn and establishing their chemical profiles. Materials and methods. Leaves of Crataegus mollis Sarg., Crataegus submollis Sarg. and Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg., used to obtain the dry extracts, were harvested in the Botanical Garden of the National University named after M. N. Karazina in August 2021. To determine the chemical profiles of the obtained dry extracts, the spectrophotometric method and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were used. Results. A technological scheme for obtaining dry extracts of hawthorn leaves has been developed. The content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in dry extracts of the leaves of C. mollis Sarg., C. submollis Sarg. and C. arnoldiana Sarg. was determined. The content of free amino acids in extracts ranges from 0.70 % to 0.99 %. The content of flavonoids ranged from 7.25 %±0.04 to 8.43 %±0.01, of hydroxycinnamic acids - from 2.35 %±0.02 to 2.85 %±0.03. Rutin, kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid were identified in all extracts by the HPLC method. In dry leaf extracts of C. arnoldiana Sarg. and C. mollis identified p-coumaric acid; C. arnoldiana Sarg. – quercetin; C. arnoldiana Sarg. and C. submollis Sarg. – ferulic acid; C. submollis Sarg. and C. mollis Sarg. – quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Conclusions. Dry leaf extracts of C. mollis Sarg., C. submollis Sarg. and C. arnoldiana Sarg. were obtained. For the first time, the content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in the extracts was determined by HPLC. It was established that the chemical profile of the obtained extracts is formed by rutin, chlorogenic acid and kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, which can be used in further standardization of these substances. In addition, a comparative study of the amino acid composition of the obtained extracts was carried out for the first time

Combined Effects of Parsnip Fermented Juice and Hawthorn Extract Regarding Pork Mince Stability: Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Aspects

Parsnip fermented juice (PFJ) and hawthorn extract (HE) were identified as natural nitrite and antioxidant sources for pork mince. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying levels of HE added to a constant concentration of PFJ on lipids stability, heme pigment conversion degree, residual nitrite content, and spoilage bacteria growth, during refrigeration, compared with the combined effect of synthetic nitrite and sodium ascorbate (SA). Pork mince was formulated in six different ways with sterile distilled water (NC), 100 ppm synthetic nitrite and 50 ppm SA (PC), PFJ in the concentration of 100 ppm NO2− (T1), constant level of PFJ (100 ppm NO2−), and increased level of HE, 50, 25 and 10 ppm GAE (T2, T3 and T4). During the experiment, pH increased for all the treatments, but the addition of PFJ alone or in combination with HE, it was maintained below the NC pH value. The lowest TBARS values and the highest PUFA concentrations were found in the T3, T4, and PC treatments. Of all the samples, the lowest residual nitrite values were found for T2. The highest NO-heme values were found for T2 and PC. After 9 days of storage, TVC results were higher than 5.69 logs CFU/g for all treatments. Overall, the obtained results showed that the combination of HE and PFJ could be a promising natural preservative for minced meat that could replace synthetic preservatives.

Preparation and Evaluation of Capsules containing Standardized Extract of Wild Hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus)

Wild Hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus) is a popular medicinal plant, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, and has been associated with many beneficial properties including anticancer, cardioprotective, and antidepressant effects. This study aimed to prepare a standardized aqueous-alcoholic extract of the deried ariel parts of C. azarolus using two different extraction methods ((Magnetic mixer (MA), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (Us)), determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the obtained extracts, and compare it with the international product, and prepare capsules containing this extract to investigate the effect of different types and concentrations of disintegrating agents on the release profile of this capsules. The findings showed that the yield obtained by both extraction methods is almost the same (MA: 19.9 %, US: 18.4 %) we obtained the flavonoids of the following components (MA extract: powder of the externally marketed drug: prepared dry drug powder) used at a concentration (10 : 350: 352) mg on (36.95: 4.56: 2.299) as a percentage of flavonoids Four different formulations were filled in the hard gelatin capsules using 120 mg of the prepared extract as an active ingredient. The effect of three types of superdisintigrant (croscarmellose Sodiuom ccNa, Microcrystallin cellouse 101, Sodiuom Strach Glycolate SSG) on the dissolution rate of the active ingredient was then investigated. The study showed that the formulation without superdisintigrant released its content faster than others, but all formulations release their content after 45 min. A comparison dissolution test was performed between the Capsules containing the best formulation and the capsules containing a powder of the local Crataegus plant as well as international marketed capsules containing the powder of the Crataegus plant. The study showed that the capsules filled wih the extract released it’s content better than the other after 45 min.

Advances in the study of the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn (Crataegus anamesa Sarg.) extracts in cardiovascular diseases.

Hawthorn belongs to the rose family and is a type of functional food. It contains various chemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acid compounds. This study aimed to review the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn and its extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hawthorn has a wide range of biological functions. Evidence suggests that the active components of HE reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, regulate lipid levels to prevent lipid accumulation, and inhibit free cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and foam cell formation. Additionally, hawthorn extract (HE) can protect vascular endothelial function, regulate endothelial dysfunction, and promote vascular endothelial relaxation. It has also been reported that the effective components of hawthorn can prevent age-related endothelial dysfunction, increase cellular calcium levels, cause antiplatelet aggregation, and promote antithrombosis. In clinical trials, HE has been proved to reduce the adverse effects of CVDs on blood lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart rate, and exercise tolerance. Previous studies have pointed to the benefits of hawthorn and its extracts in treating atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. Therefore, as both medicine and food, hawthorn can be used as a new drug source for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Host cell cAMP-Epac-Rap1b pathway inhibition by hawthorn extract as a potential target against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Although the two drugs currently available for the treatment of Chagas disease, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, have proven to be effective in the acute phase of the disease, the 60-90-day treatment leads to high toxicity and unwanted side effects, presenting, in addition, a low efficacy in the chronic phase of the disease. For this reason, new therapies that are more effective are needed. In this regard, we have recently shown that the inhibition of the Epac-Rap1b pathway suppressed the cAMP-mediated host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Interestingly, it has been described that vitexin, a natural flavone that protects against ischemia-reperfusion damage, acts by inhibiting the expression of Epac and Rap1 proteins. Vitexin can be found in plants of the genus Crataegus spp., traditionally known as hawthorn, which are of great interest considering their highly documented use as cardio-protectors. Pre-treating cells with an extract of Crataegus oxyacantha produced levels of T. cruzi invasion comparable to the ones observed for the commercially available Epac1-specific inhibitor, ESI-09. In addition, extract-treated cells exhibited a decrease in the activation of Rap1b, suggesting that the effects of the extract would be mediated by the inhibition of the cAMP-Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway. Using HPLC-HRMS2, we could confirm the presence of vitexin, and other flavones that could act as inhibitors of Epac/Rap1b, in the extracts of C. oxyacantha. Most significantly, when cells were treated with the extract of C. oxyacantha in conjunction with Nifurtimox, an increased modulation of invasion was observed.

Polyphenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) Fruit Extracts from Serbia

Plant-based food represents an excellent source of different nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, vitamins, etc., with proven health benefits for humans. The content of selected phytochemicals, polyphenolic profile, and biological activity (antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity) of fruit extracts of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), and common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.), the neglected Rosaceae species originated from Serbia were studied. Targeted UHPLC/(−)HESI–MS/MS quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds revealed pinocembrin only in medlar fruit extract, and it is the first report of this flavanone in medlar fruits. Total phenolic content did not differ between extracts, whereas significant differences were observed for the contents of total flavonoids, total phenolic acids, and total gallotannins. Monomeric anthocyanins and total anthocyanins were significantly higher in blackthorn compared to medlar and hawthorn fruit extracts (p &lt; 0.05). DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activities for examined fruits were modest compared to other natural antioxidants and BHT. The most potent inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase expressed medlar and blackthorn extracts with IC50 values of 129.46 and 199.84 μg/mL, respectively, which was higher compared to the standard drug acarbose.

Study of the correlation between the content of polyphenols in different combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity of a multicomponent herbal medicine with antiallergic effect

Combinations of medicinal plants ensure the collective work of several active components, which can lead to an additive or synergistic effect. We have chosen the bur-marigold-calendula-hawthorn combination to obtain an antiallergic herbal medicine, in which the bur-marigold is the main plant, calendula is a helper plant that helps in the fight against accompanying symptoms, and hawthorn harmonizes the action of the first 2 plants.&#x0D; The aim of the work – the study of possible synergistic interactions in a multicomponent herbal antiallergic preparation by calculating the correlation between the content of polyphenols in various combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity.&#x0D; Both individual extracts of a bur-marigold herb, calendula flowers and hawthorn leaves and flowers and a combined target extract with the ratio of herbal drugs (6:3:1) were obtained. Two and three component ompositions were obtained by mixing extracts in appropriate ratios. The content of polyphenols was determined by SPhU 2.0, 2.8.14. The antioxidant activity was determined by the neocuproin method. The Pearson Correlation was used to calculate the relationship between the content of polyphenols in extracts and their antioxidant activity.&#x0D; The maximum amount of polyphenols was found in the hawthorn extract (7.2%), in the bur-marigolg extract – 5.5%, and in the calendula extract – 3.4%. When adding calendula extract to the bur-marigold extract, the antioxidant activity was expected to decrease, thus an additive effect is observed; for the combination of bur-marigold /hawthorn 1:0.5, an increase in antioxidant activity (110.6%) was observed compared to the expected value, which may be synergism; for the combination of calendula/hawthorn, an increase in activity was observed. For 3-component combinations, it was found that only the combination of bur-marigold/calendula/hawthorn 1:0.5:0.5 showed greater activity (112%) than the target extract, all others combinations showed activity within the limits of possible variations (± 10%) of the components. When calculating the correlation between the content of polyphenols in the combinations and their activity using the Pearson coefficient, a strong positive correlation was found.&#x0D; The correlation between the content of polyphenols in various combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity of a multicomponent herbal antiallergic preparation was studied. In 2-component combinations an additive effect was found when determining antioxidant activity, and an assumption was made about the ability of a synergism only for a combination of bur-marigold/hawthorn 1:0.5. All analyzed 3-component compositions showed antioxidant activity within the limits of possible variations (± 10%) of the components. A strong positive correlation was found between the content of polyphenols in the combinations and their activity.

Oxidative stress is inhibited by plant-based supplements: A quantitative lipidomic analysis of antioxidant activity and lipid compositional change

Dietary supplements containing plant extracts are often marketed as having antioxidant properties. Using complex lipid mixtures derived from cellular tissue, we perform a targeted lipidomic assessment of the antioxidant activity of five plant extract supplements. Formulations derived from grape seed, milk thistle, pine bark, turmeric and hawthorn extract were evaluated. Overall, we find evidence to suggest that all supplements suppressed in vitro lipid oxidation to some degree. Suppression of oxidation was most effective in the dominant lipid classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which contain significant numbers of polyunsaturated lipids. Under the conditions of study, grape seed extract supplement was the most effective antioxidant showing statistically significant suppression of lipid oxidation in 11 of the 15 lipid classes quantified. Lipid compositional changes and metrics such as the PC: PE ratio and the double bond index were determined to provide an insight into the effect of oxidative stress and antioxidants on collective membrane properties. Finally, the likely stress that in vivo lipid oxidation could cause to cells, and the mitigating effects of supplements in this context, is also discussed.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Carvedilol and Hawthorn Extract in Management of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of carvedilol and hawthorn extract in managing dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) to limit the treatment cost and improve the quality of pet life. Total 165 dogs were subjected to detailed clinical and physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Out of 165 dogs, 61(36.96%) were diagnosed as DCM, out of which 30 were allocated randomly to three treatment groups comprising ten dogs in each group. Group-I dogs were treated with pimobendan, digoxin, enalapril and furosemide. In Group-II and III, pimobendan was replaced with carvedilol and hawthorn extract, respectively. Dogs with ventricular arrhythmias (Ventricular Premature Complexes, Ventricular fibrillation) were excluded from the treatment groups as digoxin is contraindicated in ventricular arrhythmias. A noticeable improvement in clinical signs, thoracic radiographic findings, left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular contractility indices was observed in the three treatment groups after 28 days of treatment when compared to the pre-treatment values. The drug's therapeutic efficacy was evaluated based on comparative assessment of post treatment left ventricular contractility indices (fractional shortening and ejection fraction). Group I had longer survival time with mean of 375 ± 14.25 days followed by Group III (264.67 ± 41.22 days) and Group II (214.57 ± 31.32 days) dogs.

The effect of thick hawthorn extracts on kidney

Aim to study the effect of the hawthorn shoots on kidney excretory function.&#x0D; Material and methods. We used the shoots of Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus monogina Jacq. and Crataegus submollis Sarg. harvested during the flowering period in the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Samara University in 2021. The raw material of each type, separately, was used in fractional maceration with 70% ethyl alcohol for creation liquid extracts, then, after extractant removal, the thick extracts were obtained. The thick extracts were processed with differential spectrophotometry method to calculate the total of flavonoids in terms of hyperoside. The diuretic effect of hawthorn thick extracts was evaluated during a chronic experiment on white mongrel rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg.&#x0D; Results. It was found that thick extracts of the shoots of Crataegus sanguinea Pall. and Crataegus submollis Sarg. effect on diuresis and creatinin excretion, while the thick extract of Crataegus monogina Jacq. did not affect the excretory function of the kidneys.&#x0D; Conclusion. The shoots of Crataegus sanguinea Pall. and Crataegus submollis Sarg., harvested in the flowering period, can serve as a raw material for drugs for enhancing the excretory function of the kidneys. Crataegus submollis Sarg. can serve as a medicinal plant, along with other types of hawthorn.

LC-MS-based lipidomic analysis of liver tissue sample from spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with extract hawthorn fruits.

At present, many experiments provide support for the cardiovascular protective effect of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) flower, leaf and fruit extracts. The aim of this study was to investigate the intervention mechanism of hawthorn fruit extract on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and its effect on their lipid metabolic pattern. After SHR was intervened by hawthorn extract (1.08 g/kg/d) for 6 weeks, the blood pressure and liver histopathology of rats were evaluated. An UHPLC-Q Extractive metabolomics approach was used to collect information on rat liver lipid metabolites, combined with multivariate data analysis to identify significantly different substances and potential biomarkers through mass spectrometry and database searches. Histomorphology of the liver was partially restored in the hawthorn-treated group. Hawthorn extract interferes with sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycerolipids metabolism, improving partially disturbed metabolic pathways. This study showed that hawthorn could partially restore liver histomorphology and has anti-hypertensive effect by regulating lipid metabolism.

Chemical Composition of Lipophilic Fractions of Raw Material Crataegus Rivularis Nutt

Aims: study of the composition of lyophilic substances in the raw materials of Crataegus rivularis Nutt.&#x0D; Study Design: experimental laboratory studies of dry plant materials.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Bashkir State Medical University, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Volga Research Medical University and Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences from August 2021 to May 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: Using gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector, lipophilic fractions of the fruits, shoots, flowers, leaves and fruits of riverine hawthorn, harvested in 2021 in the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute, were studied.&#x0D; Results: In general, the shoots and leaves of Crataegus rivularis accumulate compounds of the class of steroids, phytosterols, terpenoids, saponins and phenolic compounds, which suggests that the raw material may have additional pharmacological properties, such as hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained show the good prospects for further studies of the composition of hawthorn extracts to expand the possibilities of phytotherapy.

Molecular Mechanisms of Hawthorn Extracts in Multiple Organs Disorders in Underlying of Diabetes: A Review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most important metabolic disorders associated with chronic hyperglycemia and occurs when the body cannot manage insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance are the major pathophysiological factors of types 1 and 2 of DM, respectively. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to multiple organs dysfunctions, including nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, gastropathy, and micro- and macrovascular disorders. The basis of the metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein in diabetes is insufficient action of insulin on various target tissues. Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive chemical compounds with therapeutic effects. The beneficial effects of leaves, fruits, and flowers extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly called hawthorn, belonging to the Rosaceae family, are widely used as hawthorn-derived medicines. Data in this review have been collected from the scientific articles published in databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scientific Information Database from 2000 to 2021. Based on this review, hawthorn extracts appear both therapeutic and protective effects against diabetic-related complications in various organs through molecular mechanisms, such as decreasing triglyceride, cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein and increasing the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, decreasing malondialdehyde level, and attenuating tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and sirtuin 1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and increasing the phosphorylation of glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor substrate 1, AKT and phosphoinositide 3-kinases, and attenuating blood sugar and regulation of insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and improvement of histopathological changes in pancreatic beta cells. Collectively, hawthorn can be considered as one new target for the research and development of innovative drugs for the prevention or treatment of DM and related problems.