Hate Incidents Research Articles

Consider recording hate incidents before they escalate to hate crimes

LAS VEGAS — According to data provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, hate crimes have been on the rise over the past few years, rising year‐over‐year, in fact — including on college and university campuses.

Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing.

BackgroundDuring COVID-19, anti-Asian discrimination increased in attention. Hate and unfair treatment are related but do not completely overlap. We expect those who report a hate incident would also report race-based unfair treatment, yet feelings of social desirability or self-blame may lead to under-reporting of unfair treatment.ObjectivesTo describe reporting of an experience of race-based hate but not an experience of race-based unfair treatment among Asians in California and explore the association between this reporting discordance with (1) serious psychological distress, (2) forgoing needed medical care, (3) increased household interpersonal conflict, and (4) feeling unsafe in their neighborhood.MethodsWe used the 2020 California Health Interview Survey's AANHPI COVID Module, conducted weighted descriptive and multivariate analyses, and computed adjusted relative risks (RR). The multivariate models controlled for Asian subgroup, age, gender, immigrant status, education level, poverty, and English proficiency.ResultsAmong Asians who reported race-based hate (6.9% overall), 62.4% reported not experiencing race-based unfair treatment. Compared to Asians not reporting a hate incident, this “discordant” group was more likely to experience serious psychological distress (RR = 6.9), forgo necessary medical care (RR = 2.4), increased household interpersonal conflicts (RR = 2.7), and feel unsafe in their neighborhoods (RR = 3.0). The “concordant” group did not post significant effects for severe psychological distress nor forgoing necessary medical care.DiscussionMost Asians reporting hate did not report race-based unfair treatment, and this group is most affected by the consequences of a hate incident. We indicate future directions for research and policy.

Between Empirical Data and Anti-Blackness: A Critical Perspective on Anti-Asian Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents

Between Empirical Data and Anti-BlacknessA Critical Perspective on Anti-Asian Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents Janelle Wong (bio) and Rossina Zamora Liu (bio) After a US president (with connections to white nationalists), raised the specter of Yellow Peril and white shooters engaged in mass killings of Asian Americans in Atlanta and Indianapolis in the spring of 2021, white violence toward Asian Americans was difficult to ignore. Yet one leading story of anti-Asian violence in the wake of the pandemic is of an Asian American senior, often termed an "elder" in reporting, or young woman brutally beaten by a person who "appears to be Black." This story and others like it have circulated throughout the Asian American community via viral videos. The story has been the subject of calls for attention to "Black-Asian conflict" in the recent past.1 In March 2021, for example, Vox reporters noted that "Many of the attacks that have gained widespread attention have featured Black assailants, and have threatened to inflame tensions between Asian Americans and Black Americans."2 In April of 2021, a story by an NBC local affiliate in Seattle observed that "There have also been widely circulated videos that show Black men attacking Asian Americans."3 Meanwhile, survey and crime data suggest a different trend. Empirical data, for instance, shows that, compared to their share of the population, Asian American elders (over age 65) are underrepresented among victims of Asian American hate crimes and hate incidents. While women are more likely to report a hate incident to the StopAAPIHate reporting site, multiple sources of data show that men are as likely or more likely to experience a hate incident than women. Further, the vast majority of violence against Asian Americans [End Page 387] consists not of physical assaults but of verbal harassment and "shunning." The data also shows that Black offenders make up a minority of offenders. And, comparatively, Black Americans are up to ten times more likely to report being the victim of a hate crime than Asian Americans, and this pattern persists even in places like California, where Asian Americans comprise nearly double the population of Black Americans.4 This is true despite the fact that people of all racial backgrounds indicate that they are reluctant to report hate crimes. The point here is not to minimize the disturbing incidents, crimes, and even killings that have been widely circulated as part of anti-Asian hate media coverage; rather, placing these incidents in a broader context allows them to be better understood and ultimately addressed by well-informed policy. As two Asian American women and non-Black educators of Color, we seek to better understand the disconnection between the empirical data and the many Black-Asian conflict narratives of anti-Asian violence. We note that, despite a wealth of compelling empirical data, the media arc of anti-Asian violence—historically a symptom of white supremacy—quickly turned from the China-focused rhetoric of a white president and the heinous actions of white mass shooters to a focus on Black individuals physically assaulting Asian American elders. What is disturbing about this second narrative, which we describe as the "Black-on-Asian crime" narrative, is that it eclipses systematic racism captured by data, while gaining a widely accepted place in the discourse of Black aggression as a root cause of anti-Asian violence. The Black-on-Asian crime narrative has not only (re)ignited the Black-Asian conflict trope but seems to have also illuminated an undercurrent of anti-Blackness in narratives of Asian American victimization and perceptions of safety. In this paper, we present data regularly ignored in widely circulating Black-on-Asian crime narratives around anti-Asian violence, followed by a theoretically grounded reflection on the gap between empirical data and viral videos that emphasize Asian American vulnerability against the threat of Black violence. To be clear, we acknowledge that the anti-Asian incidents shown on viral videos are not only real and abhorrent but they have understandably elicited anger and fear in our community. What we hope to illustrate is the way in which these incidents have become prominent in discourses around anti-Asian violence, even though...

Surveying Hate and Its Effects During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.

Objectives. To summarize data collection on anti-Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (AANHPI) experiences during COVID-19 and measure the associations of anti-AANHPI hate incidents with mental health, health access, and public safety among AANHPI adults. Methods. We cataloged COVID-19 surveys conducted in 2020 and 2021 on anti-AANHPI experiences. We then analyzed the 2020 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) AANHPI COVID-19 module by constructing a variable of experiencing or witnessing a hate incident and estimating its associations with serious psychological distress, forgone care, and perceived neighborhood safety. Results. Estimates of being a victim of a hate incident ranged from 6% to 30%. In the CHIS, 28% of respondents experienced or witnessed a hate incident. Experiencing or witnessing a hate incident was significantly associated with serious psychological distress (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.33), forgoing care (AOR = 2.27), and not feeling safe in one's neighborhood (AOR = 2.70). Conclusions. Evidence from a multitude of data sources corroborates the toll of hate incidents suffered by AANHPIs. Findings regarding the negative effects of anti-AANHPI hate on mental health, health access, and public safety compel public and private investment to end victimization of AANHPI communities. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(10):1446-1453. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306977).

A Critical Discourse Analysis of NBC News Entitles' Anti-Asian Hate Incident Reports Nearly Doubled in March, New Data Says'

This research aimed to critically discover the author's ideology in the text entitled "Anti-Asian hate incident reports nearly doubled in March, new data says." In the analysis, the researchers used a qualitative method along with Fairclough's CDA model. As a result, it implied that Americans looked down on Asian-Americans, Americans took their stress out due to Covid-19 on Asian-Americans, Asian woman were the biggest victim in Asian hate, some Asian-Americans living in the U.S. had low economic levels, and the media had a big role in the development of Asian hate cases. This research result can help more people understand and reduce racism, at least by understanding that human status is the same regardless of race, gender, economy, or religion.

Tracing Chinese international students' psychological and academic adjustments in uncertain times: An exploratory case study in the United Kingdom.

The worldwide spread of COVID-19 has exerted tremendous influences on the wellbeing of international students and the sustainable development of higher education. The current study adopts an 8-month exploratory case study to trace eight Chinese international students’ psychological and academic adjustments in the United Kingdom amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging from the qualitative data constitutive of semi-structured interviews, self-reflection writings, memoing, together with stimulated-recall interviews, findings have demonstrated the three main types of obstruction for such students’ adjustments in the foreign land including COVID-specific challenges (i.e., the threat of infect, reduced access to university facilities and resources); COVID-enhanced challenges (i.e., anxiety exacerbated by parents and social media use, anti-Asian racism and hate incidents); and language barriers and cultural differences as long-standing issues. Students’ previous lockdown experience, individual resilience, development of monocultural friendship patterns, and institutional provision and support are all factors that have contributed to their ability to overcome or at least mitigate the psychological and academic difficulties. The study offers insight into the impacts of COVID-19 on international students, providing implications that could contribute to the sustainable adjustments of international students in times of disruptive events and inform future responses to global health crises from individual and higher education perspectives.

6 A/Moral Divide: Questions for an Asian American Studies Research Paradigm

6 A/Moral DivideQuestions for an Asian American Studies Research Paradigm Russell Jeung1 (bio) Customer began screaming at me for no reason while in line and correctly distanced at six feet. I am mostly Chinese and my family has been in San Luis Obispo since the 1860's. I am 4th generation in San Luis Obispo, but guess I will never be an American. (71-year-old person, San Luis Obispo, CA) As I was leaving the restaurant, a white male stormed up to me and verbally harassed and terrorized me—screaming "Return to China you f***ing Asian!" and other hateful, racial slurs … threatening me physically. A clear case of racial hatred towards me. I gave a verbal account to an officer who arrived later. I have not heard back from anyone. (67-year-old person, Alamo, CA) These elders' accounts, reported to Stop AAPI Hate's reporting center, are just two of the 10,000 incidents and counting that we have received since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Not only do they exemplify the vitriolic hate that Asian Americans have experienced, but they also highlight the perpetual foreigner status we embody and the marginalization we experience from public institutions and mainstream society. Addressing these root sources of anti-Asian racism has become the aim of the Asian American Research Initiative (AARI) of [End Page 211] San Francisco State University, one of the co-founding partners of Stop AAPI Hate (SAH). SAH, as a coalition, has been instrumental to the broader movement to stop anti-Asian violence. We are grateful to be rooted as a trusted community institution, so that SAH was able to gather many more reports from the Asian American community than a government agency could have. With knowledge of our history, we have been able to demonstrate how the COVID-19 surge in anti-Asian racism is an extension of the historic and institutional Yellow/Dusky Peril racism that Asian Americans have faced since the nineteenth century. Our data demonstrated the widespread nature of the hate incidents, thus legitimizing the issue as one for policy-makers and journalists to address. And furthering the strength of our advocacy, we provided evidence-based research for each of our policy recommendations. Yet AARI's membership within the SAH coalition also raises difficult questions about whether AARI can take an objective, neutral stance toward the issue of anti-Asian hate. Indeed, AARI has a political and vested stake in documenting and analyzing this issue. For example, reporting high numbers of racism keeps the issue on the agenda of policy-makers and in the media. However, AARI can be accused of over-alarming the community in its reporting of numbers in order to gain attention and support. Further, AARI now receives funding from the State of California. AARI can have a conflict of interest if it is involved in evaluating the policies and programs that SAH supports, such as researching the effects of ethnic studies on race relations. These questions relate to the institutional field of Asian American studies (AAS) as well, and raise for me the broader debate about the research paradigm of AAS. This paradigm includes assumptions about the 1) positionality; 2) questions; 3) aims; and 4) language for our research. At SF State, our students learn about an ethnic studies paradigm that radically differs from one directed towards objective analysis and theoretically oriented discourse. As required by our curriculum, they have to decide where they stand in relationship to the academy and to the broader community.2 These two sites make competing demands of Asian American scholars, who find themselves often caught in a bind such as I find myself with AARI and SAH. Academia addresses lacunae in the field in order to build theories in conversation with other researchers. The end goal is publication, which disseminates one's work and confers legitimacy. The community, on the other hand, continues to face social issues such as anti-Asian hate and is in dire need of organizing tactics and policy solutions. Research for the community ultimately aims to effect social change. Each side of the divide poses separate questions, employs its own jargon, and places specific demands...

The Model Minority Myth, Data Aggregation, and the Role of Medical Schools in Combating Anti-Asian Sentiment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an alarming increase in hate incidents directed toward Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), including verbal harassment and physical assault, spurring the nationwide #StopAsianHate movement. This rise in anti-Asian sentiment is occurring at a critical time of racial reckoning across the United States, galvanized by the Black Lives Matter movement, and of medical student calls for the implementation of antiracist medical curricula. AAPIs are stereotyped by the model minority myth, which posits that AAPIs are educated, hardworking, and therefore able to achieve high levels of success. This myth acts as a racial wedge between minorities and perpetuates harm that is pervasive throughout the field of medicine. Critically, the frequent aggregation of all AAPI subgroups as one monolithic community obfuscates socioeconomic and cultural differences across the AAPI diaspora while reinforcing the model minority myth. Here, the authors illustrate how the model minority myth and data aggregation have negatively affected the recruitment and advancement of diverse AAPI medical students, physicians, and faculty. Additionally, the authors discuss how data aggregation obscures health disparities across the AAPI diaspora and how the model minority myth influences the illness experiences of AAPI patients. Importantly, the authors outline specific actionable policies and reforms that medical schools can implement to combat anti-Asian sentiment and support the AAPI community.

PROTOCOL: Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents.

The overallaim of the review is to map the definitions and measurement tools used to capture the whole spectrum of hate motivated behaviors, including hate crime, hate speech and hate incidents. This will benefit the field of hate studies by providing a baseline that can inform the building of cumulative knowledge and comparative research. The first review objective is to map definitions of hate crime, hate incidents, hate speech, and surrogate terms. Specific research questions underpinning this objective are: (a) How are hate crimes, hate speech and hate incidents defined in the academic, legal, policy, and programming literature?; (b) What are the concepts, parameters and criteria that qualify a behavior as being hate crime, hate incident or hate speech?; and (c) What are the most common concepts, parameters and criteria found across definitions? What are the differences between definitions and the elements they contain? The second review objective is to map the tools used to measure the prevalence of hate crime, hate incidents, hate speech, and surrogate terms. Specific research questions underpinning this objective are: (a) How are definitions operationalised to measure hate crimes, hate speech, and hate incidents?; and (b) How valid and reliable are these measures?

Asian American Mental Health: Looking Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic

Asian American Mental Health: Looking Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic

Re-Conceptualising Repeat Reports of Hate Crime/Incidents as Hate Relationships Based on Coercive Control and Space for Action

Developing from existing research in the field of hate studies, this article outlines a new approach to understanding repeated experiences of hate by perpetrators who live in close proximity as neighbours to those victimised. Building on previous work, a conceptual argument is made drawing parallels between what we call ‘hate relationships’ and coercive control in domestically abusive relationships. Empirical data from a hate crime advocacy service in the North East of England evidences these parallels through consideration of the home as central to the hate experienced and the cumulative impact of a pattern of hate-motivated behaviours. As with coercive control, our analysis shows that the apparent inaction of help providers exacerbates hate relationships and their impacts. We argue that the current reliance on a criminal justice system, incident-based, approach to understanding and responding to repeat reporting of hate incidents is inadequate. Rather, an approach identifying hate relationships and intervening early in a hate relationship might better preempt escalation and provide possibilities for those victimised to remain in their own homes.

Analysis of Hate Crimes in Transgender Communities

Research shows that the LGBTQ population is disproportionately affected by hate crimes and those against transgender individuals are especially violent. Given the considerable underreporting of these crimes, better insight into the victimization experiences and reasons for underreporting is necessary to improve the safety of the transgender community and secure necessary services for these victims. The current study takes a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach by creating and utilizing an Advisory Board made up of service providers in the transgender community in Los Angeles, to assist in the development of a survey instrument and focus group questions and provide venues for the focus groups. The study examines results from a short survey and five focus groups with transgender individuals on their experiences of hate crimes and reporting activities. Results indicate nearly all participants experienced some type of hate incident or crime based on their gender identity and/or expression. Almost half of the respondents did not report these crimes to the police because they did not think police would do anything, were afraid of being arrested, or were afraid of being victimized by the police. Narrative accounts describe mostly, though not entirely, negative encounters with the police and how participants take preventative measures to reduce their potential for hate-based victimization. Based on our findings several recommendations have been made to help improve relations between transgender communities and law enforcement with the goal of creating a safer environment for transgender individuals and increasing the reporting of hate crimes.

The Nature of Anti-Asian American Xenophobia during the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Preliminary Exploration into Envy as a Key Motivator of Hate.

Background. The current Coronavirus pandemic has been linked to a dramatic increase in anti-Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) hate incidents in the United States. At the time of writing, there does not appear to be any published empirical research examining the mechanisms underlying Asiaphobia during the current pandemic. Based on the stereotype content model, we investigated the idea that ambivalent attitudes toward AAPIs, marked primarily with envy, may be contributing to anti-AAPI xenophobia. Methods. Study 1 (N = 140) explored, through a survey, the link between envious stereotypes toward AAPIs and Asiaphobia. Study 2 (N = 167), utilizing autobiographical recall tasks, experimentally induced the affect of envy in order to establish causality between feelings of envy toward AAPIs and Asiaphobia. Results. In Study 1, envious stereotypes toward AAPIs were found to be predictive of Asiaphobia and, in Study 2, the inducement of envy led to heightened levels of Asiaphobia. Conclusions. The current research provides support for the proposition that, consistent with the stereotype content model, stereotypes and attitudes toward AAPIs marked with ambivalent and envious views, consisting of a mix of perceived competence and lack of “human warmth,” may be fueling Asiaphobia. Implications for potential applications and future research are discussed.

A Conceptual Framework to Map Responses to Hate Crime, Hate Incidents and Hate Speech: The Case of Australia

Responses to hate crimes, hate incidents and hate speech are characterised by an exceptional fragmentation in terminology and lack of coordination among governmental and non-governmental organisations. This article proposes a new conceptual framework to map the diversity of responses to hate crime, hate incidents and hate speech, with the aim of assessing gaps and needs in this important policy area. Using Australia as a case study, we create and analyse a database of 222 organisations running activities focusing on tackling hate against different target groups. The results highlight an uneven distribution of efforts across different geographical areas, types of activities and target groups. The majority of anti-hate efforts, especially by government organisations, focus on awareness raising and education rather than victim support and data collection. Racial and religious hate are the main foci of anti-hate efforts, compared to other forms of hate, such as anti-LGBTIQ+ and disablist hate.

Making Hate Visible: Online Hate Incident Reporting Tools

Given the recent number of hate-related incidents that have come to public attention, there is a significant need to collect and track these incidents in order to capture and share trends with the wider public. Outside of official hate crime data (such as annual government reports), incidents fueled by hate (but that are not crimes) often go undocumented. To address this gap, the Alberta Hate Crimes Committee – a Canadian coalition of law enforcement, government, and non-governmental organizations – developed the StopHateAB.ca website. The purpose of the StopHateAb.ca website is to fill this gap by creating a space to capture hate incidents to document and make accessible information related to hate incidents. This article will describe the development of the online hate incident reporting tool StopHateAB.ca. Through a discussion of the strengths and challenges of creating an online hate incident reporting platform, this paper will highlight the importance of innovative responses to counter hate and bias by making hate visible. As this article highlights, making hate visible forces communities to engage in joint conversations about hate and bias to support strategies that foster a public social environment of justice, equity, and human rights.

Reckoning with Asian America and the New Culture War on Affirmative Action*

The latest battle over affirmative action in university admissions may soon reach the U.S. Supreme Court, and a ruling in the plaintiff’s favor will end affirmative action in higher education across the nation. Asian Americans have taken center stage in this new culture war, fueled by the reigning narrative that they are victims of the policy who are unjustly penalized because of their race in spite of their competence. Opponents of affirmative action have effectively wielded competence—and more specificallyhyper‐competence—to mark moral deservingness as they push to retreat from race in the name of merit. The onset of Covid‐19, however, has laid bare this impossibility for Asian Americans as the surge of hate incidents has affected one in eight Asian American adults in 2020, underscoring that presumed competence is no shield from xenophobia, and moral deservingness is no protection from anti‐Asian hate. This project highlights how U.S. immigration law, science, and medicine do more than reflect social constructions of race, merit, and moral deservingness; they also produce and reproduce them. I close by arguing that reckoning with Asian America enables us to dismantle the tropes that propel the latest culture war on affirmative action, equips us to rewrite narratives about merit and moral deservingness, and invites us to re‐imagine the linked fate and linked futures of Asian Americans and other minoritized groups.

When and How Does Anti-Semitism Occur? the Different Trigger Mechanisms Associated with Different Types of Criminal and Non-Criminal Hate Incidents

ABSTRACT We used data from an Australian community register to build a database containing 673 incidents, including both criminal and non-criminal anti-Semitic acts that occurred between October 2013 and September 2017. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses to explore the differences in the types of incidents associated with different trigger events. Using time series methods, we found a significant increase in criminal (but not in non-criminal) incidents during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. During Jewish religious festivals, we found a significant decrease in criminal incidents, and a significant increase in non-criminal incidents. After the establishment of the neo-nazi group Antipodean Resistance, we found a significant increase in both criminal and non-criminal incidents. Using bivariate analysis, we found that particular trigger events were associated with qualitatively different types of anti-Semitic incidents (e.g. verbal abuse, property vandalism, violence against people). We propose that these differences reflect the diversity of ideological groups with which different offenders identify.

Hate in Word and Deed: The Temporal Association Between Online and Offline Islamophobia

The aim of the present study is to explore whether there is a temporal association between anti-Islamic online and offline hate, and if so in which direction. We used data on hateful Twitter content, and hate incidents and hate crimes/offences recorded by the Metropolitan Police Service in the United Kingdom to analyse this association, using time-series analysis. This study is unique in its use of newly developed technology to undertake big data analysis with recent, disaggregated online and offline hate data. Our study examined the ‘everyday’ incidents of (online and offline) hate that affect communities throughout the United Kingdom and we found that anti-Islamic hate speech followed rather than preceded Islamophobic hate offline. Our findings likely point to what we have referred to as compound retaliation, which suggests that media and social media dissemination about offline acts of hate compound already tense intergroup hostilities, providing further permission for those to express hatred online. Such a situation represents the compounding of hate and hostility through offline and online networks that are likely to be reinforcing.

Immunizing Against Hate: Overcoming Asian American and Pacific Islander Racism.

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 — : severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 It has been more than a year since Immediate Past President of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Sally Goza, MD, FAAP, warned against the threat severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) posed to children and families, including the harm coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–fueled racism and xenophobia could cause the Asian American community. Sadly, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread, racism and violent attacks on Asian Americans spread along with it. Since March 2020, increases in racist rhetoric have coincided with increases in racist abuse, bullying, and attacks. According to Human Rights Watch,1 an organization that investigates abuses happening throughout the world, reports of discrimination and violence against Asians and people of Asian descent have surged both in the United States and worldwide. A new study of police department statistics2 from 16 of America’s largest cities reveals that hate crimes against Asian Americans rose nearly 150% in 2020, despite overall hate crimes dropping by 7%. Stop AAPI Hate,3 a national coalition that tracks incidents of violence and harassment against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States, reported nearly 3800 instances of discrimination against Asians between March 19, 2020, and February 28, 2021. Although these reports may represent only a fraction of the hate incidents that occur, it is an indication of how vulnerable Asian Americans have become to racial attacks and discrimination. Widespread media coverage of violence committed against elderly Asian Americans in cities across the country is stirring up fear and a sense of … Address correspondence to Lee Savio Beers, MD, FAAP. E-mail: president{at}aap.org

Emotional consequences of hate incidents: experiences of a South African cohort

The consequences of hate incidents are far greater than transgressions without an underlying bias motive. The powerful emotional and psychological effect observed in victims of hate rests in the perpetrator attacking the identity or an unchangeable characteristic of a victim. Within South Africa, these effects are compounded by the country’s legacy of discrimination and oppression; thus, the potential consequences of hate victimisation within this context extend beyond the emotional. This justifies differential retributive and restorative measures following such incidents; however, legislative and policy frameworks to respond to hate victimisation are only in the beginning stages. The scarcity of empirical research on hate incidents and their consequences in South Africa renders this investigation the first of its kind. The researchers aimed to determine the demographic and situational variables that put individuals at a higher risk for experiencing emotional consequences as a result of hate victimisation. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling were used to analyse data ( n = 409, Mean Age = 31.5). Results indicate a higher vulnerability of emotional consequences if a victim is exposed to economic consequences, if the offender is known to the victim, and if the victim identifies as Black African. Sex and type of incident (hate crimes, hate speech, and intentional unfair discrimination) showed no significant relationship with emotional consequences. The results enable greater insight into victim experiences of emotional consequences and motivate prioritising psychosocial health care, targeted interventions, and relevant legislative and policy frameworks for victims and communities affected by hate incidents.