Hat Yai Research Articles

Making capacity building critical: Power and justice in building urban climate resilience in Indonesia and Thailand

A growing number of programmes and initiatives around the world are attempting to strengthen the capacities of civil society and local governments to build urban climate resilience. However, these often treat issues of power and justice in relatively unproblematic ways, without considering whether their activities will entrench existing relationships or whether they have the potential to achieve more transformative change. This paper examines the capacity strengthening initiatives undertaken in two cities within the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) – Bandar Lampung (Indonesia) and Hat Yai (Thailand) – to assess how ideas of power and justice have been incorporated. It examines the ways in which these activities are perceived to generate particular benefits, but also explores how the process and content were defined, and the ways in which different stakeholders participated in them. By doing so, it assesses both the procedural elements of capacity building (who is involved, how they are selected) and the distributional elements (how the outcomes of capacity building programmes affect different groups). These elements of justice can be both implicit and explicit, but need to be engaged with more critically if the processes and outcomes are to contribute to more transformative patterns of urban resilience.

Risky behaviors and helmet use among young adolescent motorcyclists in Southern Thailand

ABSTRACTBackground: In Thailand, road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for youth ages 15–19 years, with 80% of the injuries and deaths from motorcycle accidents. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of child and young adolescent motorcyclists in Hat Yai municipality and their risk behaviors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2011 and March 2012 in which 2,471 students, ages 8 to 18 years, were recruited from 9 primary and secondary schools in Hat Yai municipality. The questionnaire included questions on being a motorcycle rider or passenger, risky behaviors, and helmet use while riding. Results: Of the total, 1,573 (63.7%) were riders and 898 (36.3%) were pillion passengers. The majority of the riders younger than 15 years rode their motorcycle mainly only in narrow streets for a short trip. Only 30% of the riders wore a helmet every time they rode a motorcycle. About 10% of the participants riding or a passenger on a motorcycle had consumed alcohol at least once before riding their motorcycle. Multiple logistic regression analysis found that motorcycle injuries were significantly associated with speeds greater than 60 km/h, not wearing a helmet while riding, and alcohol consumption before riding (odds ratios 1.63, 1.59, and 3.09, respectively). Conclusion: Nearly two thirds of young adolescents in Hat Yai municipality were motorcycle riders. These young adolescents were at risk of traffic injuries because more than 50% of them had ridden at high speed or not worn a helmet while riding, and some of them had consumed alcohol before riding.

Lessons from self-assessments within urban climate resilience programs

Purpose – This paper aims to review and develop lessons learned from the United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction Local Government Self Assessment Tool (LGSAT) experience in four cities. The capacity to understand, learn from and respond to or reorganize in the face of change is at the core of urban resilience to disasters, climate change and major shocks. Self assessments, like the LGSAT, can be used to engage city stakeholders in critically assessing and understanding their capacity according to a set of standards of resilience. Design/methodology/approach – City stakeholders in four cities, Hat Yai and Udon Thani, Thailand and Hue and Lao Cai, Vietnam, completed the LGSAT in an open multi-stakeholder process as part of urban climate resilience programs. Findings – Completing the LGSAT provided important and valuable information about institutional capacity that is important for disaster risk reduction and climate change efforts. Multi-stakeholder processes allowed for greater and more sustained dialogue among groups that may not have a chance to interact regularly and helped build trust and relationships that contribute to climate resilience and disaster risk reduction efforts. Originality/value – Further, the inclusion of multiple viewpoints allowed for more nuanced and novel consideration of issues and in multiple cities led to new projects that focused on building institutional and agent capacity. The LGSAT process relied on facilitation that was able to guide discussion, ensure safe spaces for dialogue and address stakeholder questions. Finally, while the tool was applied to questions of climate change in this process, there is still room to improve the tool to more adequately and directly address issues of climate change risk.

Shear wave velocity mapping of Hat Yai district, southern Thailand: implication for seismic site classification

Soil characteristics play an important role in the degree of ground shaking due to local site amplification during an earthquake. The objectives of this work are to study shear wave velocity (Vs) distribution in the near surface, and to develop a seismic site classification map for soil effect characterization and seismic hazard assessment in Hat Yai district, southern Thailand. The Vs determination based on the multichannel analysis of surface waves technique, has been carried out and analyzed at 70 measuring sites throughout the district. On the basis of the weighted-average Vs in the upper 30 m depth (Vs30), a seismic site classification map, based on the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) standard has been developed. It is found that the NEHRP site class in Hat Yai can be classified into four groups in accordance with the value of Vs30 within the range of about 150 to 1160 m s−1. Most parts of the study area are typically classified as site class C and D. Site class C is mostly found within the colluvial and terrace deposits in the western and eastern part of the area, whereas site class D is concentrated in the alluvial sediment of the middle and northern flood plain areas. A small portion of site class B is observed in the western mountain ranges, where there is a thin overburden on the firm rock. There is a remarkably low Vs30 value at only one site, located near the main stream in the northern part of the study area. The results imply that the soil characteristics in the central and northern Hat Yai district pose a medium to high amplification rate with respect to the other regions. Although Vs data alone are insufficient to verify the potential of the amplification of ground shaking, this study provides an initial attempt to understand seismic hazards in the study area.

Climate Change Scenarios Analysis in Coastal Region of Thailand

Wang, Y.; He, B.; Herath, S.; Basnayake, S. and Huang, W., 2014. Climate change scenarios analysis in coastal region of Thailand.The impact of climate change is estimated to be particularly severe in many developing countries, including the coastal zones prone to flooding and drought. As a coastal region, Thailand has been affected by climate change significantly in terms of temperature and rainfall distribution change. In this study, a downscaling study was carried out to identify some climate-related planning parameters for the representative cities in Thailand using the regional climate model. Results indicated that in the study area around the Hat Yai the near future atmosphere temperature will increase about 1 °C to 1.5 °C compared to the present condition. The minimum annual temperature will increase about 0.8 degree from 23 °C to 23.8 °C. It is ranging between 20.8 °C–25 °C. The maximum annual temperature in Hat Yai will increase about 1 degree from 32.6 °C to 33.6 °C. The mean annual temperature will increase about 1 degree from 27.8 °C to 28.8 °C. The temperature will increase largely in summer and rainy season in the future. The near future rainfall is projected to increase in most of seasons, especially during the rainy season which will bring more risk for flood disaster. Furthermore, rainfall pattern and distribution will be also changed in the near future in Songkhla, with more rain to be expected in rainy season.

The normal choroidal thickness in southern Thailand.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy southern Thailand volunteers and age, axial length, and refractive error.Subjects and methodsThis was a prospective cross-sectional case series. A total of 210 eyes of 105 healthy volunteers (86 women, age 23–83 years) in southern Thailand were examined with enhanced depth-imaging optical coherence tomography. Subjects with systemic diseases that may affect the choroidal vascular blood vessels, such as diabetes, impaired renal function, and hypertension, were excluded. Refractive error and axial length were measured by autorefractometry and an IOLMaster, respectively. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border in the subfoveal area.ResultsThe mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 279.4±75.49 μm, and the mean age was 46.4±16.45 years. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was negatively correlated with age (r2=0.33, P<0.0001) and axial length (r2=0.02, P<0.02). Multivariable regression analysis showed subfoveal choroidal thickness was positively and negatively correlated with a spherical equivalent refractive error and axial length, respectively, when adjusted for age.ConclusionAge is the most important factor in choroidal thickness rather than axial length and refractive error. Subfoval choroidal thickness was decreased 2.67 μm every year and 14.59 μm with 1 mm increase in axial length.

Isolation and characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolates from seafood in Hat Yai City, Songkhla, Thailand.

Seafood has been identified as an important source of Vibrio cholerae in Thailand, especially in the Southern coastal region. In this study, we isolated and characterized V. cholerae from seafood obtained from several markets in Hat Yai city, Southern Thailand. A total of 100 V. cholerae isolates were obtained from 55 of 125 seafood samples. The dominant serotype was non-O1/non-O139. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to detect the presence of pathogenesis-related genes. The stn/sto and hlyA El Tor virulence genes were detected in 20% and 96% of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates were positive for the ctxA, tcpA, zot, and ace genes. Only 6% of the isolates carried the T3SS gene (vcsV2); however, the majority of the isolates (96%) carried the T6SS gene (vasH). Representative isolates (n=35) that exhibited various virulence gene patterns were randomly selected and analyzed for their hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and genotype. Hemolytic activity using sheep red blood cells was detected in only one of the hlyA-negative isolates. Apart from ampicillin, all isolates were pansusceptible to five test antibiotics. Biofilm production was observed in most of the isolates, and there was no difference in the presence of a biofilm between the smooth and rugose isolates. Using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR method, clonal relationships were observed among the isolates that exhibited identical virulence gene patterns.

Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: a current status in Songklanagarind hospital, southern Thailand.

BackgroundToxoplasmosis, being one of the TORCH’s infections in pregnant women, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. This parasitic infection in pregnancy congenitally causes severe outcomes to their fetus and newborn. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and stages of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and its associated risks exposures.MethodsThe study was conducted within the pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) at Songklanagarind hospital, Hat Yai, Songkhla province, Thailand. The sera of a total of 760 consecutive pregnant women were screened using standard commercial ELISA kits for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. IgG avidity in the seropositive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were also assessed. The pregnant women’s socio-demographic, obstetrics and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsFrom the total 760 pregnant women, 190 (25%, 95% CI = 22.05-28.20) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Of these, 167 (22.0%, 95% CI = 19.0-25.0) were positive for only anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody and 23 (3.0%, 95% CI = 2.0-4.0) were positive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. All these samples were high avidity, indicated the infection occured prior to four to five months. By applying statistical univariate analysis, age group, occupation and sources of drinking water showed a significant association with Toxoplasma seropositivity (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further indicated that the significant factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity are age ≥26 (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.11-2.44), working as laborer (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.13-2.18) and drinking unclean (piped/tap/rain) water (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.08-2.84).ConclusionThe pregnant women in the active age group, working as laborers and exposure to unclean drinking water from various sources were at higher risk of Toxoplasma infection. Therefore, health education and the awareness of risk exposures regarding this parasitic disease are required to minimize the effects of this parasitic infection in pregnant women as well as in the general population.

Evaluation of Accessibility to Evacuation Centers in Asian Developing City

As the rapid growth of urbanization, risk of flooding in Asian developing cities has been increasing. Though local agencies have integrated their efforts to develop flood preparedness strategies, deploy early warning systems, and plan for evacuations, the cities are particularly vulnerable. This paper aims at evaluating accessibility to evacuation centers in Asian developing city. Hat Yai city (Thailand) was selected as a case study. In this paper, the accessibility was evaluated by travel time between evacuees houses and evacuation centers. The accessibility time to the public evacuation centers were determined. The sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between evacuation demand and total travel time in the network. Finally, traffic conditions on evacuation routes were evaluated.

Climate-related Changes in Tropical-fruit Flowering Phases in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand

Changes in the timing of plant phenological phases in response to anomalous climate variability and the ongoing anthropogenic climate change have recently been studied in southern Thailand. In this study, we showed the evidence of climate-related changes in flowering phases of 2 tropical-fruit species: mangosteen (<em>Garcinia mangostana</em> L.) and longkong (<em>Lansium domesticum</em> Corr.) during 2003-2012. The flowering dates of these tropical fruits recorded at Hat Yai district, Songkhla province and daily climate data were used to assess phenophase response to variations in rainfall and evaporation. With the observed changes in local climate conditions which are defining factors for phenological development of tropical fruits particularly in southern Thailand, the flowering dates of both tropical fruits during 2003-2012 have significantly delayed comparing with the regular pattern in the past. Paradoxically, below-than-normal rainfall was also found in the El Niño years, while La Niña years were found in opposite. In summary, rainfall variations in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province are associated with ENSO. It was evident that the flowering period of tropical fruits tended to shift to the second-half of the year instead of the first- half of the year as usual. The results revealed that, during 33 years (1980-2012), annual rainfall totals, the annual number of rainy days, relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures from the Thai Meteorological Department significantly increased by 29.5 mm/year, 0.83 day/year, 0.116 %/year, 0.033 and 0.035°C/year, respectively. These findings suggest that anthropogenically warm climate and its associated inter-annual variations in local weather patterns may to the great extent influence on tropical-fruit phenology and their responses to recent climate change seem to be complex and nonlinear. Therefore, further study is needed to shed more light on such causal-effect linkages and plausible underlying mechanisms.

Incidence of Bacterial Disease and Yield of Broccoli as Influenced by Different Rain Protectors and Varieties during the Rainy Season in Southern Thailand

This study is mainly focused on evaluating the effects of different rain protectors and broccoli varieties to find out whether rain protector and variety is suitable or not for broccoli production during rainy season. Broccoli was experimented at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, southern Thailand. Study revealed that broccoli growing under plastic sheet and green shade net had lower incidence of soft rot disease (1.62 and 3.75%, respectively) than those grown in open field (13.33%) while their growing under plastic sheet (1.50%) had lower incidence of black rot disease than those grown under green shade net and open field (18.75 and 32.88%, respectively). All broccoli varieties were found to be statistically different in their response towards soft rot and black rot diseases. However, the Top Green had the highest diseases incidence (8.33 and 21.08%, respectively) while the Yok Kheo had the lowest diseases incidence (4.62 and 0.00%, respectively). The highest total yield was obtained from the Yok Kheo when those grown under plastic sheet (13.48 t/ha) while the Top Green had lowest yield when those grown in open field (3.94 t/ha). Therefore, the most suitable method for broccoli production during rainy season in southern Thailand was to grow under plastic sheet and green shade net by using the three varieties of broccoli.

Beliefs in Auspicious Materials of Shop Entrepreneurs in Maung Hat Yai, Thailand

Beliefs in Auspicious Materials of Shop Entrepreneurs in Maung Hat Yai, Thailand

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Its Specific Bacteriophages as an Indicator in Cockles (Anadara granosa) for the Risk of V. parahaemolyticus Infection in Southern Thailand

Correlation between the numbers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific bacteriophages in cockles was investigated from June 2009 to May 2010 in Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. Cockles obtained monthly from a local market were sampled to determine the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus and bacteriophages that could form plaques on ten strains of pandemic and nonpandemic V. parahaemolyticus. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical samples from Hat Yai hospital over the same period were investigated. All 139 cockles sampled were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. However, only 76 of them were positive for bacteriophages. During the testing period, the number of bacteriophages was not significantly correlated with the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus-infected patients, but the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the cockle samples were closely related to the number of infected patients. The bacteriophages isolated from V. parahaemolyticus also infected Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio mimicus, suggesting that the broad host range of phages may be a factor of providing the possibility of their participation in the processes of genetic exchange between V. parahaemolyticus and closely related Vibrio spp. In conclusion, this study indicated that the number of V. parahaemolyticus in cockles may be a useful tool for predicting the relative risk of infection by V. parahaemolyticus in this area of Thailand.

Efficacy of new filter suction to decrease the rate of occlusion and total suction time in a simulated total hip replacement operation

BackgroundDuring orthopedic operations, such as total hip replacement or total knee replacement, there is a lot of bone debris from bone cutting and reaming that commonly causes surgical suction devices to occlude many times, which can prolong the operative time and increase the amount of bleeding for the patient.Materials and methodsWe developed a surgical filter suction system that we call the VY suction tube. The suction tube assembly consists of a tube filter within a housing assembly. The filter pore size was designed to prevent tissue or bone debris from passing through the filter, though it allows fluid to pass through. A simulated total hip replacement operation was performed to test the efficacy of this new suction device when compared with two other types of tube suction devices.ResultsThe VY suction tube showed that the mean duration to remove all fluid from a simulated field was significantly shorter than the Pool suction tube (P=0.0009) and Frazier suction tube (P=0.0012). The study also showed that the VY suction tube has a lower rate of occlusion when compared with the Pool suction tube (P≤0.0001) and Frazier suction tube (P≤0.0001).ConclusionOur new suction tube design shows good efficacy when removing fluid and debris from a simulated operative field. However, further studies in real clinical settings are needed.

Flood Evacuation Behavior Analysis in Urban Areas

Flooding is a reoccurring natural disaster in Thailand and profoundly affects people’s livelihood and economy. Understanding evacuation behavior is very important for flood preparedness planning. This paper aims to investigate the behaviors of urban inhabitants in traveling and evacuating before, during, and after the flooding. The questionnaire survey was conducted to interview the affected inhabitants in Hat Yai municipality as a case study. Applying logistic regression technique, the interview data are then used to develop two flood evacuation models, including evacuation decision model and evacuation mode choice model. The results reveal that gender, the number of adults and disabled persons are three significant factors influencing the decision making and the majority of evacuees prefer using private vehicles during the evacuation. The authors believe that the results would be helpful for local agencies in flood preparedness planning, and the concept of this study can be more rigorously applied to other areas.

Individual and Collective Impacts and Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism

This study investigates individual and collective impacts of tourism on the residents of Hat Yai City Municipality as well as their perceptions of tourism development in their residential area through a survey conducted among a sample of residents living in 47 communities within Hat Yai City Municipality. Individual impacts are the impacts that satisfy individual needs, while collective impacts are the impacts that meet communal needs. The results of data analysis reveal that residents who benefit from tourism (individually or collectively) perceive tourism more positively than those who do not benefit from it. Although the study finds that residents are a little more concerned about how they, as individuals rather than as a collective group of community, are affected by tourism, it is unable to conclude which one of these impact categories is more influential in forming residents’ attitudes.

Effectiveness and safety of intravenous iloprost for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

The aims of this study were to determine the effectiveness (oxygenation), safety (hemodynamic status) and short term outcomes of intravenous iloprost (IVI) administration as a rescue therapy in severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Retrospective medical records review. Tertiary neonatal intensive care unit at Songklanagarind Hospital, Songkhla Province, Hat Yai, Thailand. Newborns who received IVI as an adjunctive therapy for treatment of severe PPHN, as defined by an oxygen index (OI) of >20 and without response to conventional therapies. The change of OI and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference before and after commencement of IVI. 33 neonates with severe PPHN at a median gestation of 39 weeks and a baseline OI of 40 (range, 21-101) received IVI. The median OI and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference had a statistically significant decrease after 2 hours of treatment and continued to decline thereafter (P<0.05). All infants received one or more inotropic medications and volume expanders to provide blood pressure support with no statistically significant difference of blood pressure and heart rate before and after IVI treatment. The mortality rate was 15.2%, all of them had initially severe hypoxemia with a median OI of 53.6. Triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are better than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Chinese Han children and adolescents.

Late Permian and Early to Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Hat Yai area, southern peninsular Thailand: Implications for the tectonic setting of the eastern margin of the Sibumasu Continental Block and closure timing of the Paleo-Tethys

Abstract The fine clastic and siliceous sedimentary successions distributed in the Hat Yai area, southeastern peninsular Thailand were examined using radiolarian biostratigraphy, lithology, and stratigraphy. The studied succession was essentially divided into two kinds of fine-grained sedimentary rock units: the lower shale unit and the upper chert unit. The lower shale unit and the upper chert unit yielded late Middle to early Late Permian and Early to Middle Triassic radiolarians, respectively. We clarified that the sedimentary rocks distributed in the study area are not entirely Carboniferous, but contain some sediments from the Permian and Triassic. This age determination suggests that the clastic–chert succession distributed in the study area should be distinguished from the Carboniferous Yaha Formation and correlated with the Permian to Triassic Semanggol Formation. Lithological change with increasing siliceous composition was observed in the uppermost part of the lower shale unit, and the geological age based on the radiolarians indicates a nearly conformable stratigraphic relationship for the lower shale unit and the upper chert unit. The stratigraphy and lithology of the Permian to Triassic succession in the study area, together with geological correlation around southernmost Thailand and northern Malaysia, suggest that the Triassic chert should be interpreted as continental slope sediments overlying Permian clastic and/or calcareous facies, rather than typical pelagic deep-water sediments formed on an abyssal plain. The depositional environment of the chert in this area was likely restricted to the vicinity of a continental slope. Considering with the wide distribution of Triassic platform carbonates over southeastern peninsular Thailand, the continental margin of the Sibumasu along the Paleo-Tethys was represented by a stable passive margin during the Middle–early Late Triassic time. On the basis of the sedimentary setting and stratigraphy in the Permian and Triassic, it is suggested that the closure of the Paleo-Tethys between the Sibumasu and Indochina continental blocks took place at least after the Middle Triassic in southeastern peninsular Thailand.

Erratum

Oral DiseasesVolume 19, Issue 5 p. 531-531 ErratumFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Changes in oral cytokeratin expression in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of HAART W Nittayananta, W Mitarnun, S Talungchit, H Sriplung, Volume 18Issue 8Oral Diseases pages: 793-801 First Published online: July 2, 2012 First published: 28 May 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12129AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat In the article, Changes in oral cytokeratin expression in HIV-infected subjects with the long-term use of HAART (Nittayananta et al, 2012), the name of the University with which the authors W. Nittayanata, W. Mitarnum and H. Sriplung are affiliated, had been incorrectly spelt. The correct affiliations should be as follows: 1Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand The Publisher sincerely apologises for any inconvenience caused by this error. Reference Nittayananta W, Mitarnun W, Talungchit S, Sriplung H (2012). Changes in oral cytokeratin expression in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of HAART. Oral Dis 18: 793– 801. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume19, Issue5July 2013Pages 531-531 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Simulation modelling of dissolved organic matter removal in a free water surface constructed wetland

A simulation model was developed to explain the reduction of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a free water surface constructed wetland (FWS-CW). Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in the FWS-CW system of the water reclamation plant of Hat Yai municipality in Southern Thailand. The FWS system was divided into different layers of FWS-CW components according to their mechanisms and the kinetic coefficient (k). The DOM, in terms of the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentrations simulated by the calibrated model, exhibited moderate agreement with the full-scale data. The model showed that the leaching of SCOD from the gravel bed is the most significant mechanism affecting the SCOD concentration in the wetland ponds. Although the organic loading rate (OLR) of the SCOD inflow of the FWS-CW was low, a high SCOD concentration in these ponds was still observed under the conditions of a long hydraulic retention time (HRT) and a slow hydraulic loading rate (HLR). Hence, FWS-CW management should focus on the relationship between HLR and HRT, as well as sludge management in the system, to prevent the release of SCOD. When this model was stimulated with the operational data of the FWS-CW under study, it revealed that the HRT should not exceed 2 days to prevent high SCOD discharge into the water reservoir.