Lonicera Caerulea Research Articles

Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System.

Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 μg of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 μg C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.

Comparative analysis of quality and nutritional traits from Lonicera caerulea (Honeyberry) cultivars and other berries grown in Scotland

AbstractLonicera caeruleabrix is a perennial shrub native to North America, Europe and Asia. It produces dark blue berries known as honeyberries or haskap berries which are produced commercially in several territories including Canada, Japan, Russia and Poland. Plants are suited to UK environments, but it is yet to be widely commercially developed in the UK. In the present work, quality and nutritional traits of six honeyberry cultivars grown in Scotland were compared with other commonly grown berry fruits (strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry, blackcurrant) to aid the identification of environmentally stable, high‐quality honeyberry cultivars suitable for UK cultivation. Differences were observed in fruit quality variables (soluble solids, titratable acidity and Brix/acid ratios) between honeyberry cultivars. Three of six cultivars examined exhibited notable variation in soluble solids dependent on harvest year with ‘Aurora’ and ‘Strawberry Sensation’ having consistently high oBrix values. Titratable acidity exhibited cultivar differences and there was limited variation over harvest years. ‘Aurora’ exhibited consistently high oBrix/titratable acidity ratio reflected by high glucose and fructose content. Honeyberry fruit had good nutritional profile relative to other soft fruits with higher polyphenol and anthocyanin content than strawberry, blueberry, blackberry and raspberry, manifested in greater antioxidant capacity. The major anthocyanins in aqueous honeyberry fruit extracts were cyanidin, pelargonidin and peonidin glycosides. These findings indicate that L. caerulea represents a crop suitable for UK cultivation capable of producing high quality fruit with a valuable nutritional profile relative to other soft fruits. Cultivars exhibit significant differences in fruit quality and nutritional profile as well as harvest consistency and growers should consider this when establishing new plantations.

Soil and leaf tissue nutrient status relationships of Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars in Nova Scotia, Canada

• Haskap plant establishment, growth, and productivity vary widely among orchards in Nova Scotia due to growers’ management practices, and environmental and edaphic factors. • Haskap cv. Indigo gem had low leaf tissue P and K, but high Ca compared to the other cultivars. • Haskap cvs indigo gem and Tundra have similar nutrient uptake pattern. • Evidence of an antagonistic association among haskap leaf N, Mg, and K, and a synergistic association between haskap leaf K and Mg. Haskap ( Lonicera caerulea L.) is a rapidly emerging and promising berry crop and gaining popularity in Nova Scotia (NS). The establishment and productivity of haskap varies widely in NS and it is largely dependent on soil-plant interactions. A multi-locational field survey was carried out to evaluate and determine the relationship between soil and leaf nutrient concentrations of haskap cultivars grown in Nova Scotia. Soil samples were collected in mid-May, and leaf samples were collected starting from late June to early July in both years at the stage where 50% of the berries had turned color from green to blue. Among the studied cultivars, 44% were adequate in leaf N, 33% were adequate in leaf P, 45% had adequate leaf K, 52% adequate in Ca, and 74% adequate in leaf Mg. However, 26% had excessive leaf P and Mg content, while 47% was deficient in leaf K. Indigo Gem and Tundra cultivars had similar nutrient uptake response, while correlation analysis revealed significant negative relationships between leaf Mg versus leaf N and K. The relative comparison of Indigo Gem with other haskap cultivars revealed that Aurora had 48% more leaf P content, and Borealis had 39% more leaf Mn content than Indigo Gem. However, in most cases all cultivars were within 40% of the Indigo Gem value, and in many cases within 20%. It could be concluded that Indigo Gem can be used as a reference cultivar when assessing nutritional levels of Tundra and Borealis cultivars.

The impact of ultrasound-assisted thawing on the bioactive components in juices obtained from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.)

Ultrasound (US) assisted thawing of blue honeysuckle berry was utilized in order to reduce the losses of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, iridoids, proanthocyanins) and increase the extraction efficiency during juice processing. It was analysed whether it was more beneficial to apply US (alone or with enzymatic treatment) to the frozen state, until reaching the cryoscopic temperature or thawed state. Both the US and enzymatic treatment significantly increased the extraction efficiency, extract content, acidity and the content of iridoids and chlorogenic acid in juices, especially if the US was applied to 50 °C. It was probably due to a higher extractivity by the greater damage of the tissue and detexturation. Enzymatic treatment due to long heating contributed to a higher degradation of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and proanthocyanidins, which are more heat-sensitive. The results of the study mainly indicated the possibility of including ultrasound-assisted thawing in the fruit processing before pressing the juices. This may replace costly enzymatic treatment.

Сравнительная оценка плодов перспективных сортов жимолости съедобной (Lonicera edulis Turcz.) в условиях центрального региона

Edible honeysuckle (Lonicera edulis Turcz.) is a non-traditional berry crop in Russia, however, due to the high content of biologically active substances and taste, the growing area is expanding every year, the demand for berry products is increasing. To date, 119 varieties of honeysuckle are registered in the state register. For the study were selected promising varieties of honeysuckle - 'Silginka', 'Bakcharsky Giant' and 'Pride of Bakchar'. Plants were grown in 10 L containers for three years. Long-acting fertilizer Osmocote Exact High K, complex mineral fertilizers Aquarin 13, Aquamix were used. According to the results of the research, a significant effect of length, width, weight and sugar content in honeysuckle fruits was established. It has been established that the variety 'Pride of Bakchara' is distinguished by the longest and widest fruits with the highest weight and the lowest sugar content. In turn, the varieties 'Silginka' and 'Bakcharsky Velikan' have medium-sized berries, but with the highest sugar content. Keywords: HONEYSUCKLE, FRUITS, ANTIOXIDANTS, SUGAR, GROWING, FERTILIZERS

Structural Characteristics and the Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of a Polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. Pomace

In this study, a novel polysaccharide, LPP, was obtained from Lonicera caerulea L. pomace by ultrasonic-assisted heating and was purified by Sephadex G-100. The structural characteristics of LPP showed that the molecular weight (Mw) was 8.53 × 104 Da; that it was mainly composed of galacturonic acid, followed by galactose; that it possessed the characteristic functional groups of polysaccharides; and that it had an absence of O-glycosidic bonds and crystalline and triple helix structures. Furthermore, LPP exhibited a favorable thermodynamic stability and antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, demonstrating that LPP can be used as an agent to regulate glycolipid metabolism. Additionally, the relationship between its bio-activities is discussed in this paper. The results revealed that the RP, •OH, and NO2− radicals had synergistic promoting effects, and polysaccharides with a strong antioxidant ability may have excellent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Collectively, these results suggest that LPP has a strong bio-activity, and that Lonicera caerulea L. pomace can be used as a potential polysaccharide source.

Honeysuckle Berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) Inhibits Lipase Activity and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

Honeysuckle berry (HB, Lonicera caerulea L.) is an oriental herbal medicine reported to have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders, such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The fruit part of HB is rich in anthocyanin, a type of polyphenol. Most studies credit the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HB as the mechanisms of its effectiveness. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of HB on lipase using an in vitro assay and the modulatory effect of HB on gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. HB inhibited pancreatic lipase activity with IC50 values of approximately 0.47 mg/mL. The fecal triglyceride (TG) levels were higher from the HFD of the HB-fed mice than they were for the control mice. Moreover, the fecal microbiota from the HFD of the HB-fed mice had relatively lower Firmicutes and higher Bacteroidetes than that from the HFD-only mice. These results suggest that HB modulates gut microbiota composition, which may contribute to body fat reduction. Hence, HB could present a useful agent for treating metabolic diseases through lower TG uptake and the regulation of gut microflora.

Effect of Lonicera edulis polysaccharide on reducing oral dyeing of lonicera edulis juice

Fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size determination, and potential analysis were exploited to elucidate the effect of Lonicera edulis polysaccharide on polyphenol protein. The results revealed that Lonicera edulis polysaccharides mediated the binding of polyphenols and proteins through competition and formation of ternary complexes and were also able to enhance the stability of the polyphenol-protein complex solution system. A certain electrostatic effect was also present in the process simultaneously. As confirmed by the dyeing test, to improve oral dyeing, the optimum conditions of adding polysaccharide, pectin, and casein were as follows: the dosage of the polysaccharide group was 1.2 mg/mL, coloring time was 100 min, pH value was 4.0. Pectin group added 0.8 mg/mL with coloring time 80 min, pH 5.0. The addition of casein was 1.2 mg/mL; the coloring time was 100 min with pH 5.0. The sample juice substantiated a significant improvement in the dyeing of porcine tongue mucosa. Under the optimal conditions, microscopic observation validates that the mucosal color of the porcine tongue epidermis was closer to that of unstained porcine tongue epidermis, which significantly improved astringency and oral staining.

Совершенствование методики клонального микроразмножения перспективных сортов Lonicera caerulea L.

The work is devoted to the optimization of clonal micropropagation method of the Lonicera caerulea L. cultivars. The influence of various components of the nutrient medium at all stages of cultivation in vitro has been established. The highest multiplication factor in varieties Diana and Yugana was noted with the addition of glucose at a concentration of 40 g/l and the addition of sucrose at a concentration of 20 g/l. When studying the effect of auxin type on the root formation of honeysuckle varieties, the highest percentage of rooting in Yugana varieties was observed on a nutrient medium with indolylbutyric acid (99 %), and in Gzhelka variety with indoleacetic acid (96 %). It was found that 200 mg/l of iron chelate (Fe(III)-EDDHA) in the composition of the nutrient medium had a positive effect on the percentage of root formation of the variety Diana 81 %. For the Yugana variety (rooting rate 76 %), it is better to use a nutrient medium with the addition of iron chelate Fe(III)-EDTA at a concentration of 73,4 mg/l.

Genetic Structure of Native Blue Honeysuckle Populations in the Western and Eastern Eurasian Ranges.

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a promising berry crop producing edible early-ripening berries with a valuable chemical composition. We evaluated the genetic diversity of native L. caerulea populations from the western (Baltic states) and eastern (the Russian Far East and Japan) edges of the Eurasian range using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF) markers. The genetic relationships of populations and genotypes were analyzed using principal coordinate and cluster analyses (neighbor joining and Bayesian clustering). Sampling was carried out in two disjunct areas of this circumpolar species and the analyses showed clustering of individuals and populations according to geographic origin. The analysis of genetic structure based on ISSR markers showed that the studied populations of L. caerulea were highly differentiated. However, sequence analysis of two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions revealed no phylogeographic structure among the populations. We also found that the eastern populations of blue honeysuckle had significantly greater genetic diversity parameters than the populations from the Baltic region. This finding correlates with the endangered status of blue honeysuckle in the Baltic states.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation of blue honeysuckle: Phenolic profile and protectivity on ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is well-known fruit that belongs to the berries family, and is widely cultivated in China, Russia, and Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion followed by gut microbiota fermentation on the phenolic profile of blue honeysuckle as well as the protective effect of digested-blue honeysuckle against ethyl carbamate (EC)-induced oxidative damage. Results of phenolic profile showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was identified as the predominant anthocyanin in blue honeysuckle and was significantly decreased after in vitro digestion. The generation of some metabolites (gallic acid, ferulic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) could be attributed to the degradation of chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins. Cellular studies indicated that digested-blue honeysuckle (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) exhibited significant protection against EC-induced cytotoxicity. Digested-blue honeysuckle at a concentration 1.0 mg/mL exhibited significant (p < 0.05) protective effect against EC-induced cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells via inhibiting ROS and superoxide anion accumulation, attenuating GSH depletion, and inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential collapse compared to EC-treated group. Blue honeysuckle could be a promising resource for ameliorating EC-induced cellular oxidative damage, which could be an ingredient for functional foods. However, further in vivo studies are recommended to prove the functionality of blue honeysuckle.

The anticancer effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside combined with 5-fluorouracil on lung large-cell carcinoma in nude mice

The haskap (Lonicera caerulea L., Caprifoliaceae) berry has been widely used in traditional medicine in Kuril Islands, Russia, Japan, and China. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is the most abundant anthocyanin in haskap berries, and C3G induces antiproliferative pharmacological activity in various cancer cells. However, no study has investigated its anti-lung large-cell carcinoma (LCC) pharmacological role. Therefore, this study determined whether C3G alone or C3G combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibits human lung LCC. We determined the tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis in the H661 lung LCC lines xenografted into BALB/c nude mice. The mice were administered saline (control), 5-FU, C3G, or both C3G and 5-FU. Relative to the control mice, those treated with C3G alone or both C3G and 5-FU exhibited impaired tumor growth; increased tumor apoptosis; decreased inflammatory cytokine levels (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and IL-6); decreased inflammation-related factors, including cyclooxygenase-2 protein and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mRNA; increased inhibition of NF-κB kinase α mRNA; and downregulated metastasis-related factors, such as transforming growth factor-β, CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, C3G alone or combined with 5-FU affected the expression of the tumor microenvironment-related factors Ki67, CD45, PDL1, and CD73. Compared with the mice treated with 5-FU or C3G alone, those treated with both C3G and 5-FU exhibited significantly impaired tumor growth, decreased tumor sizes, and increased tumor inhibition. This in vivo study demonstrated that C3G alone or combined with 5-FU may impair the growth of lung LCC and inhibit tumorigenesis. The findings indicate that C3G alone or C3G combined with 5-FU may be beneficial for treating human lung LCC.

Antibacterial activity of a polyphenol-rich haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) extract and tannic acid against Cronobacter spp.

The antibacterial properties of methanolic haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berry extracts and tannic acid were examined against Cronobacter spp. with a view to determine their potential for the control of this human pathogen in powdered infant formula. The total phenolic content (TPC) and composition of methanolic extracts from three different cultivars were determined. Fruit from cultivar Indigo Gem had the highest TPC (3.67 ± 0.28 g/100 g dw) and was found to contain polyphenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols, as well as citric, malic, quinic and oxalic acids. Haskap extracts and tannic acid showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all Cronobacter species tested. Supplementation of powdered infant formula reduced the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii during heating at 55 °C and inactivated the species in reconstituted product during storage. The D-values were reduced from 16.47 ± 0.47 min to 0.94 ± 0.04, 2.03 ± 0.06, and 0.54 ± 0.02 min for haskap extract, tannic acid, and haskap extract + tannic acid, respectively. Haskap berry extracts and tannic acid could improve the safety of powdered infant formula.

The Importance of Flavonoids and Phytochemicals of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activities

Abstract: In this mini-review article, we have mentioned the key roles of some of the most important herbal plants medicine containing flavonoids and phytochemicals with antiviral activities. All relevant information was searched by using the terms, influenza, phytochemicals, SARS, SARSCov- 2, flavonoids, and traditional medicinal plants uses, from reliable databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The most important medicinal herbs which contain flavonoids with antiviral activities are Limonium densiflorum, Oroxylum indicum, Tribulus terrestris L., Paulownia tomentosa Steud., Allophylus africanus, Houttuynia cordata, Moslea Herba, Mosla scabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, Berries, Genus Psoralea, Sophora tonkinensis, Trollius chinensis, Tilia cordata, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Seabuckthorn), Paulownia tomentosa steud, and C. swietenia. Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism. The most important medicinal plants, which contain phytochemicals with antiviral activities are Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), Forsythia suspense, Ligustrum lucidum, Radix Paeoniae Alba (Bai Shao), Banlangen (Radix Isatidis), Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, Phellinus baumii, Mesona chinensis, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Isatis indigotica, Pelargonium sidoides, Entada Africana Guill., Pomegranate (Punica granatum), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Lychee fruit extract, Lycoris radiate, Cistus incanus, Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (Chinese quince), Geranium sanguineum L., and Tea polyphenols. Natural products from traditional herbal medicines, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicines, have been found to exert antiviral impacts against influenza and human coronaviruses. The natural plant-derived compounds that have been used for treating various diseases are flavonoids and phytochemicals.

Development of pea protein-based films and coatings with haskap leaf extracts

Haskap (Lonicera caerulea) leaves are an agricultural residue from haskap farms, where haskap berries are cultivated commercially. The leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that could be beneficial for food packaging and preservation. In this study, pea protein-based films and coatings were studied as renewable packaging options for grape tomatoes and Cavendish bananas. The effect of haskap leaf extracts in the films and coatings on weight loss of the tomatoes and bananas was investigated. The bioactive leaf extracts were obtained from prior extraction experiments using either aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) or aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF). The leaf extracts contained bioactive compounds, ethanol, water, and residual salt. The tomatoes and bananas were monitored for changes in weight, °Brix, and pH values over the storage time. Pea protein isolate films containing sodium phosphate/ethanol ATPE extract had the best result for tomatoes with a smaller weight loss (1.81%) compared to those stored with pea protein films containing no extract (1.92%) and without films (2.51%). However, the pea protein concentrate coatings, both with and without extracts, had no significant effect on weight loss for the bananas.

A sub-freshness monitoring chitosan/starch-based colorimetric film for improving color recognition accuracy via controlling the pH value of the film-forming solution

The demand for intelligent packaging in food sub-freshness monitoring is increasing. Herein, a pH and NH3 responsing colorimetric film (PS-CH-LCA) was fabricated based on potato starch (PS), chitosan (CH) and Lonicera caerulea L. anthocyanins (LCA) via controlling the pH value of the film-forming solution, and was applied to the real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness. The PS-CH-LCA pH 2.5 film exhibited the highest tensile strength (6.43 MPa), the lowest water solubility (33.11%) and the most sensitive color responsiveness. Morphological and structural results revealed that CH was attached to the surface of PS via hydrogen bond, and anthocyanins were well immobilized in the film-forming matrix. The sensitive color change and its high correlation with spoilage indices demonstrated the PS-CH-LCA pH 2.5 film well indicated fresh, sub-fresh, spoiled level of shrimp. The results solved the limitation of chitosan-based packaging films in undistinguishable colorimetric endpoints, providing a new strategy for indicating the sub-freshness of food packaging.

Fingerprinting, structure, and genetic relationships among selected accessions of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) from European collections

Due to its value and economic importance, the genome of Lonicera caerulea L. has been widely studied in various fields of science. In this study the genetic structure and relationships between 24 accessions of L. caerulea of different origins were assessed. A total of 692, 814, and 258 loci were amplified using 43 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), 40 ISSR (intersimple sequence repeat), and 20 R-ISSR (RAPD+ISSR) primers, respectively. Among the amplified loci, 66–78% were polymorphic and 12–20% were private. Selected R-ISSR sequences were detected in Lonicera japonica transcripts. Cluster and STRUCTURE analyses performed for each of the techniques revealed the existing differences and unknown similarities between the genotypes. The r-factor values calculated in the Mantel test indicated highly significant positive correlations between the Nei distance matrices, similar to the FST values (FST_RAPD = 0.223, FST_ISSR = 0.279, FST_R-ISSR = 0.363) determined in the analysis of molecular variance. It was found that 78%, 72%, and 64% of the genetic variations were related to the differences observed within the populations, which suggest that the variations are mainly reflected in the differences among the genotypes. The principal coordinate analysis showed greater differences between the mean distances of the Lonicera genotype pair and the actual distances of the same pairs on the Nei matrix compared to multidimensional scaling. These differences were 45%, 56%, and 42% higher for RAPD, ISSR and R-ISSR, respectively.

Особенности депонирования некоторых сортов Lonicera caerulea L. в культуре in vitro

The results of the investigations of the retardant effects on in vitro deposition of L. caerulea cultivars under slow growth conditions are presented in the article. The objects of the research were honeysuckle cultivars Galochka, Kamchadalka, Yulia, and Moskovskaya 23. The effect of the genotype and retardant type on the explant viability has been established. It was observed that Moskovskaya 23 was characterized by the highest viability of microshoots during deposition. Optimal duration of deposition, type and concentration of retardant for in vitro storage of the honeysuckle cultivars at a temperature of +10 ° C has been determined. Keywords: LONICERA CAERULEA L., IN VITRO, DEPOSITION, RETARDANT

Evaluation of Immunotropic Activity of Iridoid-Anthocyanin Extract of Honeysuckle Berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) in the Course of Experimental Trichinellosis in Mice.

Our experiment determined the immunotropic activity of a natural, iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC). The extract was administered to mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals (from day 3 prior to the infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi) with T. spiralis. At 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, samples of blood, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were collected, and isolated lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The splenocyte proliferation was estimated with MTT testing, and the intensity of intestinal and muscle infection was also studied. LC stimulated the local immune system by inducing lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen 7 dpi and altered the percentage and absolute count of B (CD19+) and T (CD3+, CD8+) cells 7, 14, and 21 dpi in the peripheral blood. LC extract affected the dynamics of expulsion of adult Trichinella from the intestines and prolonged the intestinal phase of the infection but did not change the number of larvae in the muscles. These results suggest that Lonicera caerulea L. fruit extract modulates murine cellular immune response during intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection but shows no antiparasitic activity.

Lonicera caerulea Berry Polyphenols Extract Alleviates Exercise Fatigue in Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Skeletal Muscle Cell Apoptosis, and by Increasing Cell Proliferation.

Exercise fatigue can exert deleterious effects on the body. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms by which Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenols extract (LCBP) improved the treadmill endurance of mice. Comparison was performed between the effects at 25°C and low temperatures (-5°C). Energy storage, product metabolism, and other biochemical indices were determined using vitamin C (VC) as a positive control. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to detect the interaction between different proteins. Dietary supplementation with LCBP significantly prolonged the exhaustion time during treadmill exercise by 20.4% (25 °C) and 27.4% (-5 °C). LCBP significantly regulated the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory proteins, Bcl-2 /Bax apoptosis proteins, and the PKCα -NOx2 / Nox4 pathway proteins, and activated the expression of AMPK-PGC1α -NRF1-TFAM proteins in skeletal muscle mitochondria. The gene and protein expression of miRNA-133a/IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR in skeletal muscle cells was also activated. Molecular docking confirmed that the main components of LCBP such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid, have strong binding affinity toward AMPKα. LCBP alleviates exercise fatigue in mice by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells, enhances mitochondrial biosynthesis and cell proliferation, reduces fatigue, and enhances performance. These effects are also significant in a low-temperature environment (Graphical ). Consequently, these results provide novel insights into the anti- fatigue roles of LCBP in exercise fatigue.