Moment Of Harvest Research Articles

Caracterização fenólica das uvas 'Alicante' e 'Syrah' cultivadas em safra fora de época

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a evolução da maturação fenólica das videiras 'Alicante' e 'Syrah' (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivadas fora de época. A área experimental foi instalada em uma propriedade pertencente à Vinícola Intervin®, localizada em Maringá-PR. Os vinhedos foram estabelecidos em julho de 2001, e as plantas foram conduzidas no sistema latada (4,0 x 1,5 m), enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 766 'Campinas'. As podas curtas de formação (duas gemas) foram realizadas no fim do mês de agosto de 2007 e 2008, e as podas longas de produção (oito gemas) foram realizadas no fim de fevereiro de 2008 e 2009. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas safras fora de época (2008 e 2009), a partir do início da maturação das uvas até sete dias após a colheita. Foram utilizadas 20 plantas representativas de cada variedade. Para a evolução da maturação fenólica das uvas, foi determinado o teor de antocianinas e o índice de polifenóis totais (IPT) do mosto das bagas. Por ocasião da colheita, foi avaliado o teor de resveratrol do mosto das uvas. Para a 'Alicante', a média do teor de antocianinas foi de 55,4 mg 100g-1, IPT de 474,0 mg 100g-1 e teor de resveratrol de 7,6 µg g-1. Para a 'Syrah', observou-se teor médio de antocianinas de 44,8 mg 100g-1, IPT de 487,7 mg 100g-1 e teor de resveratrol de 6,4 µg g-1. Considera-se que a evolução da maturação fenólica das uvas estudadas neste trabalho (progressiva para antocianinas e oscilatória para IPT) e o teor dos compostos fenólicos no momento da colheita são adequados para que estas sejam utilizadas como matéria-prima na elaboração de vinhos finos.

Rheological parameters determination using Near Infrared technology in whole wheat grain

Rheological properties of dough are important for wheat quality characterisation. This research sought to obtain prediction models for rheological characteristics and to characterise the breadmaking quality of whole wheat using NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) technology, in order to offer a rapid tool to the farmers to know the quality of their product at the harvest moment. Tenacity (P), extensibility (L), deformation energy (W) and ratio P/L of dough were measured using traditional methods. NIR spectra were acquired from these samples. Models to predict the values from these parameters were developed. The SEC achieved for the extensibility, deformation energy and tenacity of dough and the ratio between the two latter parameters were 5.27mm, 9.97×10−4J, 3.98mm and 0.025, respectively. The four models were validated by cross-validation, and by independent validation. The precision obtained in these models was enough for being applied in harvesters or at delivering moment.

Production of corn silage in advanced growth stages and consequence of grain processing - a review

The conserved foods have a big importance to planned systems of animal production. The maize plant is adapted and is grown in diverse environmental conditions of Brazil, being one of the world’s most consumed cereals, having a widerange of utilization, both in the human feed as in the animal feed, combining this characteristics with high productivity of forage per area, that became the principal plant for silage. The moment of harvest of maize crop aimed to silage production is a determinant of the final cost of the process, because silage crops ensiled before the right time, shows low production, less percentage of grain in the mass and highcontent of neutral detergent fiber,on the other hand, the late harvesting of forage provides a higher dry matter accumulation and higher proportion of grains in the mass,suggesting a greater dilution of the money invested. However, with advance of corn cycle, consequently a less proportion of water is found in the plant, this fact can harm other factors in production of good quality silage, as particle size, degree of processing of the grains and the specific mass of the silo. With the production of corn silage in advanced growth stages, a higher deposition of starch in grains is observed, however, found a decline in digestibility, being mechanical processing as an alternative to improve the utilization of this important constituent of corn silage by the animals.

Virulence and Pre-Lethal Reproductive Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae on Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), is a cosmopolitan pest that causes damage by suction of vascular juices and the production of honeydew, as well as for being a quarantine insect. Within control options, entomopathogenic fungi are a good alternative, nevertheless, more research is needed. In this research, the Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) isolate Qu-M984 was evaluated on P. viburni under laboratory conditions. Virulence was evaluated by lethal dose 50 (LD50) and lethal time 50 (LT50), for each of the four life stages of the female. The doses tested were 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1. Also fecundity, egg size, fertility, and longevity of adult females were evaluated at doses of 105 and 106 conidia mL-1, the evaluations were made every 2 d throughout the insect life time. The LD50 and LT50 obtained were variable for each life stage, although without statistical differences among life stages (P > 0.05), ranging from LD50 = 7.3 × 105 to 4.9 × 109 conidia mL-1 and LT50 = 7.74 to 9.97 d at 108 conidia mL-1. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed on longevity at 106 conidia mL-1. Longevity was 29% less compared to the control. This result on longevity at relatively low dose is relevant due to the fact that decrease possibilities to find live quarantine insects at the moment of harvest. Fertility, fecundity and egg size showed no differences (P > 0.05).

Teor de óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta em função do horário de colheita

O alecrim-pimenta é uma importante planta medicinal, nativa do nordeste brasileiro, que, devido ao seu óleo essencial, apresenta grande potencial antifúngico e antibacteriano. Um dos fatores que afetam o teor de metabólitos secundários das plantas é o horário de colheita, assim, o conhecimento desse fator subsidia as decisões agronômicas da espécie, favorecendo o aumento do teor de óleo essencial no momento da colheita. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do horário de colheita na produção de óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.). O experimento foi desenvolvido no Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICA/UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, definidos pelos horários de coleta das folhas (6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 e 18:00) e seis repetições, sendo esse o número de coletas em cada tratamento. As folhas foram obtidas de plantas matrizes do Horto Medicinal do ICA/UFMG. O óleo essencial foi obtido pelo método de hidrodestilação usando o aparelho de Clevenger. A análise de regressão apresentou um efeito cúbico para o teor de óleo essencial, sendo que o maior valor, 5,78% em relação à matéria seca, foi obtido às 9h59min. Portanto, recomenda-se a colheita das folhas de alecrim-pimenta próximo das 10h.

Antioxidant activity of Agaricus brasiliensis basidiocarps on different maturation phases

Different maturation phases of basidiocarp could affect the bioactivity and concentration of some active substances. A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. (A. blazei Murrill) has shown antitumor activity that could be related to the antioxidant activity. However there is no information of the best basidiocarp maturation phase for extracting antioxidant substances in order to determine the moment of harvesting in mushroom cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. brasiliensis strains on different basidiocarp maturation phases. The best condition for extraction of A. brasiliensis antioxidants is with methanol as solvent at 60 °C for 60 min. Strains with closed basidiocarp have higher antioxidant activity than with opened basidiocarp. Antioxidant activity varies in each strain. It was concluded that A. brasiliensis is a natural source of antioxidant compounds. Also there is higher antioxidant activity in closed than opened caps and consequently higher functional activity. It reinforces the synergic action among different A. brasiliensis compounds as a functional food and the importance of further investigation for isolation and characterization of antioxidant substances of A. brasiliensis. It also determines the best harvest period in order to obtain the highest antioxidant activity from basidiocarp.

Morphological characters, yields and active principles in wild and cultivated accessions of the Chilean medicinal plant Buddleja globosa Hope

Buddleja globosa is a medicinal shrub native to Chile. Its leaves have been traditionally used for wound and ulcer healing. Different medicinal properties, such as outstanding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic activities have been shown. Today, all raw materials for pharmaceutical process are coming from wild collection or recently established crops but not from selected plants. Studies of the genetic or environmental variability of the species would permit the optimization of yield and quality factors through the selection of genetic material or suitable production sites and management techniques. To assess which traits are determined genetically some yield related plant and leaf characteristics were studied in three wild populations and the cultivated accessions from the same provenances. The cultivated accessions also included three clones coming from individuals found in rural home gardens. For the cultivation studies individuals were arranged in a randomised block design, and those for the irrigation studies in split plots watered at 20% and 65% field capacity. Plant characteristics such as height and width of the plant, the ratio of both, stem diameter and leaf density differed significantly among natural populations. In leaf characteristics only the presence of stipules showed significant differences. The cultivated progenies or clones may give an idea if these differences among populations are due to environmental or to genetic effects. Compared with other provenances, plants from the coastal provenance Los Ruiles are tallest in both natural populations and cultivated clones and also showed superior leaf yields in spite of their lower leaf density. The hairy leaves may cause allergic reactions at the moment of harvest. This characteristic is not influenced by different irrigation treatments and shows no significant differences between cultivated and wild plants. Because of the significant higher leaf yields per plant in home garden clones we assume that formerly individuals with a higher leaf production were selected for cultivation.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of organic and conventional grapes and wines

The phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from Monastrell variety grapes obtained by organic and conventional agriculture during the last month of ripening and the wines obtained from them were studied. Samples of grapes were collected from the last month of ripening to full maturity in each plot, and winemaking was carried out on the day of the final collection of grape samples, coinciding with the maturity of the grapes. The antioxidant activity a month before harvesting was higher in the organic grapes (5.7 ± 0.03 mM Trolox/g) than in the conventional ones (4.40 ± 0.05 mM Trolox/g), although these differences disappear in the moment of harvesting. Similarly the total amount of phenolic compounds a month before harvesting was higher in the organic grapes (974.2 ± 54.4 mg/kg) than in the conventional grapes (447.7 ± 27.8 mg/kg), although these differences disappear at the moment of harvesting. In wine, phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity were slightly higher in organic wine than in conventional wine, although the differences were not significant.

Modelling the biological variance of the yellow aspect of Granny Smith apple colour

The yellow aspect of colour is usually not considered for produce with a green-to-red or a green-to-yellow transition upon ripening. The magnitude of change is simply too small and, additionally, masked by a large variation. The colour of 'Granny Smith' apples, harvested from three orchards at two stages of maturity, was measured individually using the CIE L*a*b* system during storage in a regular atmosphere at three temperatures: 1, 4 and 10 degrees C. A model was developed based on a simplified mechanism, consisting of two consecutive reactions, to describe the development of the apple colour expressed as b* and L* values during storage. Monitoring individual apples made it possible to include and describe the biological variance of colour in batches of apples and to extract information on chilling injury, as a process active at 1 degrees C. All variations could be attributed to a single source related to the amount of yellowing compounds at the moment of harvest, indicating differences in state of maturity between individual apples. The obtained explained part (R(2) (adj)), using nonlinear mixed effects regression analysis was well over 90% for all data combined over more than 3000 observations. Orchard location had a slight effect on the mean initial colour value, indicating differences in development stage, most probably due to differences in assessing the harvest date. The magnitude of the variation in these colour values was, however, the same for all three orchards. The behaviour of the green colour aspect (a* value) has been reported separately, as this represents the major change in perceived colour. The changes in b* and L* values are rather small, while the biological variation between the individual fruit is at least of the same magnitude. The model presented here is, as far as known, the first model on b* and L* values for green-coloured products. Analysing b* and L* data using this model provides additional information with respect to the stage of maturity at harvest in a batch or for an orchard of Granny Smith apples. All the variation in the yellow colour aspects could be attributed exclusively to the initial level of yellow compounds.

An Improved Harvest andin VitroExpansion Protocol for Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Compared to bone marrow (BM) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human origin or from other species, the in vitro expansion and purification of murine MSCs (mMSCs) is much more difficult because of the low MSC yield and the unwanted growth of non-MSCs in the in vitro expansion cultures. We describe a modified protocol to isolate and expand murine BM derived MSCs based on the combination of mechanical crushing and collagenase digestion at the moment of harvest, followed by an immunodepletion step using microbeads coated with CD11b, CD45 and CD34 antibodies. The number of isolated mMSCs as estimated by colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay showed that this modified isolation method could yield 70.0% more primary colonies. After immunodepletion, a homogenous mMSC population could already be obtained after two passages. Immunodepleted mMSCs (ID-mMSCs) are uniformly positive for stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1), CD90, CD105 and CD73 cell surface markers, but negative for the hematopoietic surface markers CD14, CD34 and CD45. Moreover the immunodepleted cell population exhibits more differentiation potential into adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. Our data illustrate the development of an efficient and reliable expansion protocol increasing the yield and purity of mMSCs and reducing the overall expansion time.

Competição de plantas daninhas com a cultura do café em duas épocas de infestação

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a interferência de plantas daninhas instaladas aos 60 e aos 180 dias após o transplantio de plantas de café em vasos contendo 25 dm³ de substrato. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial (2 x 4 x 2), com duas espécies de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria plantaginea), cultivadas por 90 dias, em quatro densidades (zero, dois, quatro e seis plantas por vaso), juntamente com mudas de café de diferentes idades: 60 e 180 dias após transplantio. Na colheita do experimento foram avaliados o incremento na altura, na área foliar e no diâmetro do coleto do café, a matéria seca de plantas daninhas e do café e a densidade radicular do café. Estimaram-se, ainda, a razão de massa foliar, a razão de massa caulinar, a razão de massa radicular, a razão de área foliar e a razão sistema radicular/parte aérea das plantas de café. As plantas daninhas proporcionaram interferência negativa nas características avaliadas. Verificou-se menor incremento em altura, área foliar e matéria seca total das plantas de café com o aumento da densidade das plantas daninhas. O efeito da interferência das plantas daninhas foi maior quando a interferência se instalou aos 60 dias após o transplantio. Nesse caso, houve menor acúmulo das variáveis de crescimento, porém as duas gramíneas comportaram-se de forma similar, não diferindo para a maioria das variáveis. As plantas de café foram mais sensíveis à competição com B. plantaginea em relação a B. decumbens quando a competição se instalou aos 180 dias após o transplantio. O aumento da densidade de plantas daninhas promoveu maior alocação de fotoassimilados para a parte aérea em detrimento do sistema radicular do café.

Horário de colheita e tempo de secagem da alfavaca-cravo

Avaliou-se o tempo adequado de secagem e o horário ideal de colheita da alfavaca-cravo (Ocimum gratissimum L.) em Pentecoste (CE), observando sua influência nas características do óleo essencial e os principais componentes durante o processo. No primeiro experimento foram testados cinco tempos de secagem (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as variáveis umidade, teor de óleo essencial e seus principais constituintes. Para o segundo experimento utilizaram-se cinco horários de colheita (7:00, 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 e 15:00 h), com quatro repetições, sendo cada bloco considerado como um dia. Foram analisados a umidade, massa fresca, massa seca, teor de óleo essencial e seus principais constituintes. Os resultados do primeiro experimento sugerem que a alfavaca-cravo não deve ser submetida ao processo de secagem, devendo ser processada rapidamente para evitar perdas do princípio ativo de interesse, o eugenol. Os diferentes horários de colheita testados não influenciaram no teor de óleo essencial, nem de seus principais constituintes (eugenol e 1,8 cineol).

EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO E COEFICIENTE DE CULTURA DA ALFACE PARA A REGIÃO SUDOESTE DO PARANÁ

A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e o coeficiente de cultura (Kc) da alface foram determinados em duas épocas do ano (inverno e outono) usando lisímetros de percolação. Durante o inverno e o outono a ETc média observada foi, respectivamente, 162 mm e 181 mm. O Kc determinado em ambas as épocas do ano atingiu o máximo valor no momento da colheita. No inverno e no outono o valor máximo de Kc foi de aproximadamente 1,40. Este valor é maior do que aqueles recomendados pela FAO (1,00). Pela regressão linear foi verificado que os valores de Kc determinados estão fortemente relacionados com o ciclo de desenvolvimento das plantas.

Influência de diferentes níveis de desfolha na produção e qualidade dos frutos da bananeira 'Prata-Anã'

A desfolha da bananeira, de forma técnica, é uma prática agrícola que deve ser realizada periodicamente, objetivando eliminar aquelas cuja atividade fotossintética não atenda às exigências fisiológicas da planta, trazendo, entre outras vantagens, facilitar o controle de doenças. No caso das manchas das sigatokas, a eliminação de folhas atacadas é uma importante ferramenta auxiliar de seu controle, por reduzir a fonte de inóculo secundário, contudo deve ser feita com critério para não provocar danos mais graves que os causados pela própria doença. Sabe-se que as bananeiras do subgrupo Cavendish necessitam de, no mínimo, 11 e 8 folhas inteiras no momento da floração e da colheita, respectivamente, para produzir os fotoassimilados necessários para o adequado desenvolvimento do cacho, porém para bananeiras 'Prata-Anã' desconhece-se esse valor. Para evitar equívocos no manejo da 'Prata-Anã', avaliou-se por cinco ciclos produtivos consecutivos, o efeito de diferentes níveis de desfolha sobre a produção, definindo melhor relação nível de desfolha/ produção. Os tratamentos consistiram na manutenção de 4; 6; 8; 10; 12 e 14 folhas por planta, além da testemunha (onde se retiraram apenas as folhas secas e quebradas). A massa dos cachos foi maior nas plantas mantidas com um mínimo de 12 folhas, assim como a maioria das características relacionadas à produção. Um adequado número de pencas e de frutos, assim como a maioria das características das pencas, ocorreu quando pelo menos 10 folhas permaneceram por planta. As desfolhas mais acentuadas, deixando-se apenas 4; 6; 8 ou 10 folhas por planta, ao diminuir folhas velhas infestadas com doenças, principalmente sigatoka, permitiram maior preservação das folhas remanescentes nas plantas. Quando não se fez desfolha ou se deixou 12 ou 14 folhas por planta, verificou-se maior desfolha natural (redução no número de folhas sem que essas tenham sido retiradas), principalmente no quarto e quinto ciclos. Concluiu-se que desfolha mais acentuada reduziu o potencial produtivo de cachos pela perda de área fotossintética. Assim, a melhor alternativa testada foi a manutenção de 10 a 12 folhas por planta, para se obterem adequado número de frutos e desenvolvimento dos mesmos, a fim de conciliar produção e fitossanidade do bananal.

Site and fruit maturity influence on the quality of European plum in organic production

Information available on the role of site and fruit maturity in the quality of European plums in organic production has not been studied to date. European plum cv. ‘Green Gage’ grown in organic production was harvested in order to study the effect of site and fruit maturity on fruit quality. At harvest, significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and TSS between harvest dates, whereas significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and fruit Ca content between sites. Differences remained during storage. Fruit weight loss during storage was affected by site. Fruit with high Ca content showed higher firmness both at harvest and during storage. Harvest moment should not be chosen according to date, since differences between sites at the same date have been found. Firmness and colour parameters a* and h° would be useful to distinguish maturity at harvest between different sites and harvest dates. Linear regression between h° and firmness at harvest would allow the use of the h° colour parameter as a non-destructive measurement to distinguish maturity. Organic orchards should keep a minimum level of Ca in order to assure a slower fruit softening during storage.

Optimization of human d-amino acid oxidase expression in Escherichia coli

Human d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO) is a flavoprotein that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. So far, the biochemical characterization of this enzyme has been hampered by the difficulty of expressing it in a common heterologous host such as Escherichia coli. Increasing amounts of recombinant hDAAO are indeed required for the investigation of its structure–function relationships and for the screening of new inhibitors to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia. A recombinant hDAAO has been over-expressed in BL21(DE3)Star E. coli cells. By alternating screenings of medium components at flask level and investigating physiological parameters in 2 L controlled batch fermentations, an improved, robust and scalable microbial process was set up giving almost a 40- and 4-fold improvement in volumetric productivity and specific activity, respectively. Under these conditions ∼770 U/L culture hDAAO with a specific activity of ∼0.4 U/mg protein and a specific productivity of 24.9 U/g biomass were produced. Optimization of medium ingredients, of the time and the amount of inducer’s addition, pH control at the moment of induction and harvest, low mechanical shear stress regime during recombinant protein production, represent the factors concurring to achieve the reported expression level. Notably, this expression level is higher than any previously described production of hDAAOs. A yield of 100 mg of pure hDAAO/L culture thus became available in comparison to the 1–10 mg/L previously reported.

Study of the Evolution of Nitrogen Compounds during Grape Ripening. Application to Differentiate Grape Varieties and Cultivated Systems

The aim of this work was to study the evolution of amino acids and ammonium during grape ripening and to evaluate its application to differentiate grape varieties and cultivated systems (organic and nonorganic). For this purpose, Monastrell, Syrah, Merlot, and Petit Verdot grapes produced using conventional agriculture and Monastrell grape cultivated using organic agriculture, collected during two consecutive harvests at different stages of ripening, were studied. These years of harvest were very different climatic years; even so, the grape varieties presented similar qualitative compositions. Therefore, the percentage of amino acids at harvest moment allowed differentiation of grapes according to variety and cultivated system, regardless of the year. The nitrogen composition could allow estimation of the fermentative aroma potential of grapes. Thus, Syrah was the grape with the greatest aroma potential at harvest. Monastrell nonorganic grape had a concentration of nitrogen compounds superior to that of Monastrell organic grape. In Monastrell, Syrah, and Merlot, traditional varieties in the area, the highest concentration of nitrogen compounds coincided with the highest degrees Baume/total acidity ratio and color index during 2007. Consequently, technological and phenolic maturity of these grape varieties coincided with the maximum composition of nitrogen compounds. However, in 2008, this did not happen because grape ripening was irregular as a consequence of different climatological conditions.

Effects of ripening on microstructure and texture of “Ameixa d’Elvas” candied plums

Abstract The plums used to produce a traditional candied product, “Ameixa d’Elvas”, were obtained from two orchards, Vila Vicosa (VV) and Cano (CA). These orchards were selected because the fruits were behaving differently: (1) The day of harvesting for candying, established by the total soluble solids and titratable acidity, was one week earlier in VV; (2) VV yielded candied plums with good texture properties whereas CA gave poor processed fruits. In order to understand the origin of these differences, fruits from both orchards were harvested on the day established as the harvesting day for VV (day 1) and for CA (day 8). Comparable texture properties were obtained in firmness, rigidity and deformation work between the VV fresh plums harvested on day 1 and the CA plums harvested on day 8 but these were lower in CA when the flesh was analysed separately, in accordance with the activities of pectin methyl esterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase (Cel). The increase of the intercellular area of parenchyma cells and the decrease in cell area caused by boiling, which resulted in a pronounced loss of textural properties, were partially recovered after the immersion of the fruits in sucrose syrup. The CA plums harvested on day 8 had a more pronounced degradation with boiling and lower recovery of cell shape, size and textural characteristics than had those of VV harvested on day 1. Upon candying, similar properties were observed for the fruits harvested on the same day: good candied products were observed for VV and CA fruits harvested on day 1 and poor candied products were observed for VV and CA fruits harvested on day 8. This work shows that the characteristics of the flesh of the fresh fruits are key parameters in defining the textural properties of the candied plum. The establishment of the harvesting moment for candying should take into account the changes that occur in the flesh of the plums during ripening.

Anthocyanins and tannins in four grape varieties (<em>Vitis vinifera</em> L.). Evolution of their content and extractability

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The knowledge of parameters as the quantity of anthocyanins and tannins present during grape maturation, their evolution during the ripening period and extractability data could improve the management of red wine fermentation and help predict the color of wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Grapes from Vitis vinifera var. Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Merlot and Monastrell were harvested in 2002, 2003 and 2004 from a commercial vineyards and their physicochemical characteristics together with the anthocyanin and tannin evolution during ripening were followed. The results showed that differences were found in the evolution of these compounds due to variety and year.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Some of the studied parameters seemed to be clearly related to variety (berry weight and extractability index) and others seemed to be clearly affected by soil and edaphoclimatic conditions. The high extractability index in Monastrell reflects the difficulty involved in extracting their anthocyanins. The short maturation period observed for Merlot grapes and the high seed tannin index could lead to excessively astringent wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This study demonstrate that the ripening period of some varieties (Merlot) in very warm conditions is too short, promoting the rapid accumulation of sugar in the pulp and an incomplete seed maturation that may lead to excessively astringent wines. Other varieties, e.g. Monastrell, show longer maturation period that usually permits pulp and seed maturity to be reached at the moment of harvest. The extractability index seems to be closely related to the grape variety and this is also an important fact to take into account when planning a vinification process.</p>

HOW TO CHOOSE CRITERIA TO HARVEST APPLES. THE DYNAMICS OF MATURITY

The storage behaviour of apples is simulated with a model based on the changes in green ground colour of three apple cultivars (`Elstar?, `Topaz? and `Pinova?) during ripening on the tree in the same orchard in three consecutive seasons, and also the effects of at-harvest maturity criteria. Taking the variation over the seasons into account (mainly found in the potential greenness), using a fixed fraction of ground colour at the moment of harvest as a harvest criterion was found to exhibit a better performance than using a harvest criterion of a fixed colour. The second part of the paper deals with theoretical relations between the product properties at the moment of harvest. These relations constitute the calibration curve per season for harvest indices like the Streif index. Variations in properties due to different seasonal conditions can affect the range of colour, as indicated in previous examples, and the synchronisation in the biological shift factor for different properties (here colour and firmness). The first effect (colour range) generates a change in slope between the two variables (colour and firmness), the second one a parallel shift. These findings can be used to improve the general performance of harvest indices over the seasons and orchards.