Harmonious System Research Articles

The Principles of Effectiveness, Proportionality and Dissuasiveness in the Enforcement of EU Consumer Law: The Impact of a Triad on the Choice of Civil Remedies and Administrative Sanctions

In the conventional approach, rights were defined by EU law, while remedies were established by national legal orders. The situation has changed. The principle of procedural autonomy has been severely limited by general principles, such as the ones of effectiveness and equivalence. The power of Member States to define procedures, sanctions and remedies is strongly affected by the principles of effectiveness, proportionality and dissuasiveness. This article will examine the principles of effectiveness, proportionality and dissuasiveness as a triad. The concept of triad is used both as an illustration and as an analytical tool. It is an illustration, since it reflects the frequent and contextual reference by EU secondary law to the three principles as distinct prescriptions to be complied with by the Member States. It is an analytical tool, since it enables the interpreter to look at diversities and complementarities within the triad as part of a coherent and harmonious system of rules. The main purpose is to examine the impact of the triad in the judicial dialogue that emerges among national and EU courts addressing consumer law cases. More particularly, the analysis will focus on the configuration, the choice and the functioning of civil remedies in consumer law, analyzing the case law arising in some of the Member States of the EU. In the majority of cases, national legislators fail to provide legislative definitions of effectiveness, proportionality and dissuasiveness and implicitly ‘delegate’ the task of scrutinizing the legislative selection of remedies with the principles to the judiciary. The role of the judge and the strictness of the principles differ depending on whether the enforcement is criminal, administrative or civil. These differences require each enforcer to apply the principles in the context of multiple enforcement mechanisms, taking duly into account the effects that other enforcement mechanisms would produce. In the domain of private enforcement, the analysis below will show that, firstly, the judge plays (and shall play) an important function in setting the procedural conditions for an “informed” remedial choice on the part of the consumer; this function tends to prevail over a more paternalistic role whereby the judge chooses the remedies on behalf of the consumer. Secondly, freedom of contract may still contribute to the definition of effective, proportionate and dissuasive remedies through contractual clauses or separate agreements to the extent that such clauses/agreements protect the consumer and do not reduce his or her power to choose. The illustrations in the text suggest that references to the principles in national judicial applications are not extensive and that their definition is not consolidated. Institutional dialogue will play an important role to ensure that legislative choices are compliant with EU objectives and to fill gaps when legislators or regulators omit to offer proper guidance to national judge.

Принципы организации сингармонических систем в южно-сибирских тюркских языках как индикаторы языковой сложности

Принципы организации сингармонических систем в южно-сибирских тюркских языках как индикаторы языковой сложности

Types and degrees of vowel neutrality

This paper argues that neutrality in a harmony system is a gradient property since it is due to a vowel’s participation in different patterns that are considered to be indicators of neutral behaviour in harmony. We examine three of these patterns of neutrality (transparency, affixal invariance and antiharmony) and show that a scale of neutrality can be defined on the basis of these patterns (their occurrence and variability) and the neutrality of harmony systems can be characterized with reference to this scale. We describe a tentative quantification of neutrality and then develop an explicit measure of neutrality based on relative word type frequency. This explicit measure is applied to the behaviour of neutral vowels in Hungarian front/back harmony where the different neutral vowels represent different degrees of neutrality in all three neutrality patterns.

Emergent knowledge of a universal phonological principle in the L2 acquisition of vowel harmony in Turkish: A ‘four’-fold poverty of the stimulus in L2 acquisition

A significant body of theoretically motivated research has addressed the role of Universal Grammar (UG) in the nonnative acquisition of morphosyntax and properties of the syntax–semantics interface, but very little research has addressed the role of phonological principles of UG in nonnative language acquisition. Turkish has a regular and pervasive system of vowel harmony for which classroom second language (L2) learners receive explicit instruction and abundant input; however, there are also cases of non-canonical vowel harmony in Turkish, for which classroom learners receive no instruction and rather little input. In this study, we show that English–Turkish L2ers come to exhibit sensitivity to the ‘No Crossing Constraint’ of UG (Goldsmith, 1976; Hammond, 1988) when calculating non-canonical vowel harmony in the context of underlyingly pre-specified non-velarized laterals (i.e. ‘light’ [l]), despite the poverty of the stimulus and potentially misleading effects of classroom instruction and standard Turkish orthography. We argue that this supports the view that nonnative phonological development is guided by (at least one principle of) UG.

Nasal Harmony and Phonotactic Well-Formedness in Tupari

This paper describes, analyzes, and typologically contextualizes the nasal harmony system of Tupari, an understudied Tupian language of Brazil. In this language, voiceless stops obligatorily nasalize when in coda position following a nasal vowel. This process superficially defies typological claims made by Walker (2000; 2003), Piggott (2003), and others about the behavior of voiceless stops in nasal harmony systems. However, I argue that coda nasalization in Tupari should be analyzed as separate from nasal spreading proper: it is driven by an independent phonotactic principle requiring that all syllabic rhymes be uniformly nasal or oral. This principle has an articulatory basis in the fact that all coda stops are unreleased in Tupari, thereby lacking a release phase in terms of Steriade’s (1993) Aperture Theory. Separating nasal harmony and coda nasalization makes testable predictions about these processes’ mutual independence—predictions confirmed by two other Brazilian languages, Aweti (Maweti-Guarani) ...

TRANSFORMASI MUSIK CALEMPONG UNGGAN KE DOMAIN KOMPOSISI IMPRESSIONIS UNGGAN

The music composition "Impressioniss Unggan" through the construction of musical material, issued an "impression" of the result of the merger of the original rhythm and tone of the music Calempong Unggan in modern musical harmony system vertically and horozintal. Then the musical understanding detected and understood due to phsikoakustik analysis or any listener to hear the music thoroughly enters into the depths of music. The aim of the Impressionists was to "explain the music, not to describe the music, not for reflection object but an emotional reaction to the object. Also interpret impressions through search found from reality". Mystery behind the reality of the music that you want, impressionist is the antithesis of a realist. Keywords: transformation , music of Calempong, impressionist Unggan

WESTERN HARMONY IN THE PRACTICE AND EDUCATION OF TURKISH MAKAM MUSIC

In this paper, the interaction between Turkish Makam Music and Western Music who is composed from tampered sounds has been discussed and the interaction has been situated in a historical period. This interaction has been evaluated in three domains which are; education; performance and composition. The education on this two musical language has been done detachedly in Ottoman Empire and in Turkey as well and this fact may interrupt the formation of composers who can compose with both languages. As composition process is an individual process this two musical knowledge has to be given to one same person. At the other hand even the education goes detachedly the performers has used the western harmony with makam at the last 40 years. This has been showed with different examples from the albums of artists such as Zeki Muren, Baris Manco, Sezen Aksu, Inci Cayirli. All this examples has showed that this period starts at 1970’s. The multicultural character of this music has been underlined for showing how this music is able to adapt himself to a different culture. After adapting Arabic, Persian and Byzantine music characteristics to himself, this music can and should embrace western music harmony system at the end of 200 years of intense interaction.

KEARIFAN BUDAYA LOKAL DALAM PENGUTAN TRADISI MALEMANG DI TENGAH MASYARAKAT MODERNISASI DI SUNGAI KERUH MUSI BANYUASIN SUMATERA SELATAN

This research aim at explaining to the Malemang tradition is one of the local cultural heritage of the archipelago very unique living today is Malemang tradition is a traditional community unique in the Sungai Keruh district Musi Banyuasin South Sumatra, this tradition is characterized by burning lemang morning by every population in the Kertayu village. This tradition originated from local communities for resisting disaster when the Dutch colonial era outbreaks of a disease so the tradition of resisting disaster dimension mystic is done with a series of indigenous tradition that connects the tradition Malemang, thanksgiving after the harvest the tomb of Puyang Burung Jauh and the concept of salvation, as well as religious and cultural acculturation locally very strong value system of solidarity, social cohesion, harmony, peace, and social empathy which became part of the social system culture, norms, and religion. But the times entered into a cultural struggle modernization occurred between local culture and traditions of modernization that tends to undermine the foundations of the social and cultural systems has been the pattern of action and community tradition over the years. In this study using the methodology of qualitative descriptive with approach of sociology of cultural assisted to the theory of functionalism strukturalime and social change as analysis the dynamics of the struggle between the cultural wisdom, Malemang traditions particularly in strengthening the existence in society modernization. This study resulted in that the cultural influence of modernization is very rational, capitalism, hedonism, consumerism and the stream of Western culture to Indonesia have an impact on the destruction of the foundations of the system of culture, norms, tradition so that changes in behavior patterns of society from the value of local knowledge as a social system culture that gives directions foothold in the act. Additionally began abandoning the old culture that are considered irrelevant to the modernity of the times, to address the issue of indigenous peoples should have as a cultural mechanisms to strengthen local wisdom.

Modeling the gradient evolution and decay of harmony systems

The diachronic trajectories of vowel harmony systems have been understudied but offer significant insight into both the possible domains of vowel harmony as well as the interaction between phonetic coarticulation and phonological harmony. This paper proposes a novel analysis of decaying labial harmony in Kazakh, unifying phonetics and phonology in one formalism (Flemming 2001) that incorporates both abstract morpho-phonological and temporal phonetic factors to drive the gradient harmony pattern in contemporary Kazakh. These factors are defined and implemented in a regression-like model that accurately predicts the degree of coarticulation on non-initial vowels. The structure of the model is then discussed in diachronic terms, outlining the development and decline of harmony, as predicted by the model. Significantly, these predictions are supported by typologically attested domains of harmony among the world’s languages. The model developed herein is thus able to accurately predict the fine-grained degree of coarticulation in Kazakh, as well as suggest a plausible pathway for the evolution and decay of harmony patterns more broadly.The diachronic trajectories of vowel harmony systems have been understudied, but offer significant insight into both the possible domains of vowel harmony as well as the interaction between phonetic coarticulation and phonological harmony. This paper proposes a novel analysis of decaying labial harmony in Kazakh, unifying phonetics and phonology in one formalism (Flemming 2001) that incorporates both abstract morpho-phonological and temporal phonetic factors to drive the gradient harmony pattern in contemporary Kazakh. These factors are defined and implemented in a regression-like model that accurately predicts the degree of coarticulation on non-initial vowels. The structure of the model is then discussed in diachronic terms, outlining the development and decline of harmony, as predicted by the model. Significantly, these predictions are supported by typologically attested domains of harmony among the world’s languages. The model developed herein is thus able to accurately predict the fine-grained degree of coarticulation in Kazakh, as well as suggest a plausible pathway for the evolution and decay of harmony patterns more broadly.

Asymmetric Generalisation of Harmony Triggers

In vowel harmony systems, certain classes of segments may be preferred as triggers; in particular, Kaun (1995) notes that rounding harmony is preferentially triggered by non-high vowels. There is a plausible phonetic explanation for this: non-high vowels manifest F2 contrasts less prominently (Linker, 1982; Terbeek, 1977) and therefore benefit more from the boost in perceptual salience that harmony affords. In this paper, I present the results of an artificial grammar experiment suggesting, following Wilson (2006), that learners are systematically biased towards phonetically natural generalisations. Learners trained on a harmony system triggered by high vowels extended the generalisation to mid vowels, but learners trained on mid vowels varied in the breadth of their generalisation. I also show that a Maximum Entropy learner can successfully mimic the behaviour of human subjects if biases are included for both generality and phonetic naturalness.

Some inventory-related asymetries in the patterning of tongue root harmony systems

Earlier studies (e.g., Casali 2003, 2008) have presented evidence of significant differences in assimilatory tendencies in vowel systems that have an [ATR] contrast in high vowels (“/2IU/ systems”) and those that have an [ATR] contrast only in non-high vowels (“/1IU/ systems”). Whereas assimilatory dominance of [+ATR] vowels is highly characteristic of the former, [-ATR] dominance is more typical of the latter. This paper investigates some further differences in the characteristic patterning of the two systems. I present evidence that /2IU/ and /1IU/ systems show essentially opposite markedness relations in respect to their non-low vowels, as diagnosed by distributional restrictions and positional neutralization. In /2IU/ systems it is quite common for [-ATR] vowels [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ], [ɔ] to be more widely distributed than their [+ATR] counterparts [i], [u], [e], [o], suggesting that the former are unmarked. In contrast, /1IU/ systems characteristically treat [-ATR] [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ], [ɔ] as marked relative to their [+ATR] counterparts. Low vowels do not show the same kind of striking reversal of markedness tendencies in the two systems that non-low vowels do. I argue, nevertheless, that some system-related differences can be observed in the patterning of low vowels as well.

Monotonicity and the limits of disharmony

The attested front/back harmony systems are monotonic in the sense thatthe harmony function that assigns the values front and back to suffixes ingiven harmonic stem contexts is subject to a constraint that only permitscontiguous patterns of values on a universally fixed scale of harmoniccontexts (ranging from the prototypical back harmony context [...B]_ tothe prototypical front one [...F]_ ). We argue that monotonicity alsoconstrains variation (harmony patterns involving the harmonic valuefront/back) and show that in Hungarian the harmonic properties of a stem(front, back, variable front/back) are inherited by the forms derived fromthe stem by inflection or derivation. This paradigm uniformity effect(Harmonic Uniformity) results in subpatterns of front/back harmony whichalso conform to monotonicity. We demonstrate this using frequency datafrom a corpus study.

Regulation and control of young football players’ training loads

Currently, according to the conception of children and youth football development in Kazakhstan, there has been a harmonious system formed to train young football players. The trainings are implemented by football departments of children and youth sport schools and specialized children and youth sport schools of Olympic Reserve. Recently, specialized football classes are getting widely expanded as a compulsory part of general education in many countries. However, there have not been designed sufficient methodical recommendations for teachers and coaches about the organization of training processes and rationalizing work load in specialized football classes up to now, in order junior football players to progress in specialized classes, it is necessary to draw the daily regulations properly and to define the content of physical training curriculum for different age groups. However, there are considerably scarce data available on this issue. Moreover, fluctuation of physiological functions in physical activities performed by young football players in learning conditions in specialized classes have not been sufficiently studied yet. The purpose of this study is to determine the pulse rate of physical exercises and technical trainings fulfilled by young football players in learning conditions in specialized classes. The research study involved 25 young footballers of age 15-16 from specialized classes of secondary schools in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Those young football players’ cardiovascular system reaction was defined via radio telemetry device Sports Tester that recorded average heart rate (HR), its minimum and maximum values, the sum of heartbeat during training and game, and its allocation within different physical activities. Aerobic capacities were determined using indirect method when doing physical load for 5 minutes on a veloergometer Kettler with power of 150W. The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was estimated by the Astrand (1960) test. In accordance with the age of subjects, the results were correlated with the coefficient (r=1,1). The data was analyzed using methods of mathematic statistics. The results of the research study showed that determining the pulse rate of cardiovascular system activities performed by young football players measured via radio telemetry device which helped to observe the reaction of athletes’ organism to different physical loads during whole physical training classes. It is significant to mention that higher reaction of cardiovascular system in physical activities are noted in carrying out repeated game exercises within technical trainings at a quarter of the pitch without the goal areas with 2 x 2 players, also 6 x 6 players. Among physical activities of young football players, the most intensive work of cardiovascular system requires launch acceleration for 2 minutes, running jumps and outdoor games. The conducted analysis using radio telemetry registered players’ heart rate (HR), defined the pulse rate of separated parts of training and competitive activities. Received data allows coaches to classify training loads in intensity zones which help them correlate training curriculum of young football players. Thus, present research data as well as other authors’ works fills the gap in the area where physical loads of young football players’ functional systems are of studies matter.

Music Generation from Statistical Models of Harmony

This article investigates the problem of sampling from statistical models of music, motivated by the fact that music generated by random walk is generally atypical in style and of vastly inferior quality compared with pieces in the corpus. Specifically, we employ a multiple viewpoint system of four-part harmony, in conjunction with a small set of general rules of harmony, to evaluate an improved iterative random walk technique which efficiently finds low cross-entropy (high probability) solutions. By first using standard iterative random walk, we show that a range of very high cross-entropy harmonizations is generated. Furthermore, we demonstrate a relationship between cross-entropy and the number of rule violations; that is, there are fewer violations at lower cross-entropy. Motivated by this result, the application of an improved sampling technique was used to produce solutions of very low cross-entropy, confirming that the correlation between cross-entropy and rule violations extends into the low cross-entropy region. Various diversity measures, such as the number of non-diatonic notes per 100 melody notes, also exhibit trends with respect to cross-entropy. These findings are likely to influence future research involving the generation of samples from statistical models, in the realm of music and beyond.

Production and perception of the advanced tongue root vowel system in Ethiopian Komo

Komo [xom] is an endangered and under-documented language spoken along the Ethio-Sudanese border. This paper presents the results of the first phonetic investigation of the Komo vowel system and reports on a related perception experiment carried out in the field. Our first aim is to provide an acoustic description of the Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) feature in Komo, which is contrastive in the high vowels and allophonic in the non-high vowels. To this end, we present acoustic measurements of 2, 688 vowel tokens produced by 16 speakers. Our second aim is to examine the influence of Komo's typologically unique vowel harmony system on listeners' perception of the [ATR] feature. Komo ATR harmony displays two competing processes triggered by the high vowels (Otero, 2015): [ + ATR] spreads leftward to non-high vowels (e.g., /CaCi/ → [CəCi]), while [-ATR] spreads rightward to high vowels (e.g., /CɪCi/ → [CɪCɪ]). Sixteen Komo listeners and 16 native English-speaking controls performed an AX task with disyllabic (pseudo)words featuring context vowels and [±ATR] vowel continua. Patterns in the results suggest that (a) Komo listeners (but not controls) were influenced by the [ATR] value of the context, and (b) targets of [ + ATR] harmony were processed differently from targets of [-ATR] harmony.

THE HOLSTEIN CATTLE BREEDING PARTICULARITIES IN RUSSIAN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES’ CONDITIONS

IT- information technologies play a crucial role in the animals breeding value of different breeding, production, morphological, physiological and other livestock groups determining on operation farms. All of these groups are genetic (30 % – in countries with highly developed dairy cattle breeding, 5–25 % in herds of Russia) and technological reserves of milk production. Particularly its exploitation allows to create financial flows that determine the milk production success and farm’s future prospects. The main objective of selection is economics, so livestock owner supports those milk production areas on his farm that give optimum profits. There are at the milk production a lot of such areas: feeding, keeping, excess or lack of staff, etc., Our research, based on experimental data (n=25000) and the literature review had showed that the main of them is the genotype of the animal, so as the low-productive cattle overfeeding doesn’t contribute more additional milk to obtain. The genotype influence is determined by technological, social, financial and other factors that allows to create a harmonious system of their interrelation (r=0,01–0,9). Our researches had allowed to find a model that combines seemingly incompatible factors, and in the individual breeding programs form for the qualitative and quantitative genetics successful application regularities with the dominance of the latter, on small and medium-sized milk production enterprises it to apply.

Anesthesia for interventional cardiology procedures.

Anesthesia management for interventional procedures in cardiology becomes increasingly demanding due to growing number and complexity of these procedures. Anesthesiologists are assuming an important role in the multidisciplinary planning of management. A comprehensive understanding of each procedure is essential to ensure a reasonable plan for the anesthesia, monitoring, venous access and additional equipment required. A skilful anesthetic management is critical in maintaining stable hemodynamic and rapidly managing any complications that may occur during the procedure. Cardiac anesthesiologists in University Hospital Center Zagreb provide anesthesia for: percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects and PDA, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, thoracic endovascular aortic/aneurysm repair, implantation of pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators, electrophysiological studies and the Harmony System for the treatment of heart failure patients. 1,2 Anesthetic management ranged from sedation to full general anesthesia with invasive monitoring and other modalities such as transesophageal echocardiography. As interventional procedures may be lengthy, and the potential exists for hemodynamic instability and significant blood loss, general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation is commonly performed. In our hospital, in spite of the use of transesophageal echocardiography, device closure of an atrial septal defect in children is accomplished with deep sedation and spontaneous ventilation. Therefore, a vigilant monitoring by anesthetic staff is necessary during the procedure. The importance of skilful anesthetic technician is of huge value for safe management in such as challenging environment. In conclusion, it is clearly evident that the well-prepared and experienced anesthesiologist, responsible for maintaining a high level of anesthetic care, has to be an integral part of the multidisciplinary team to obtain optimal outcome of interventional cardiology procedures.

Challenges and opportunities to improve the concept of the balanced development of business organizations

Currently, the concept of “development”, having passed a difficult way of evolution, is widely spread in scientific circles, government administration, numerous international organizations and political associations. The identification, study and justification of the key properties of the organizational development process, in our opinion, is fundamental and constitutes one of the priorities of scientific research in Economics and management. In accordance with the results obtained during the performed studies, the most important attributes of organizational development should include the property balance, which can be ensured stable operation of the organization. In General, the balance characterizes the harmony and balance system for all its constituents. Methodological basis of the balance as the object of research is the dialectical nature of dichotomous manifestations in the evolving system, which in turn implies the existence of fundamental contradictions. In this article, the most important and common in management theory binary options and also provides examples of dichotomous contradictions that require a balanced approach in the priority areas of activity of the industrial enterprise. With the use of examples and based on the opinion of renowned experts proved that the requirements to balance the processes and elements of the organization as a socio-economic system allows to more adequately reflect the real situation, to compare alternatives and make the appropriate management decisions, to justify and to shape the priorities of the business activities, to minimize risks and contradictions in the formation and implementation of strategic and tactical goals.

Current methods of price formation for new-demand rice distribution and relevant issues

This study uses transaction cost theory to analyze the market of rice whole crop silage (RWCS) and obtained the following two results. First, the institutional environment of RWCS market has an effect on transaction costs. The negative influence of RWCS is higher than that of rice for forage. This tendency corresponds to the manner in which livestock farmers get feed. Second, the RWCS market in the city of Katori shows the validity of an intermediate organization for efficient production utilization system. The intermediate organization in the city of Katori mainly serves to reduce transaction costs, which cannot be easily achieved individually. An intermediate organization can process complicated product information similarly and simplify the deal process. The city of Katori and Chiba-ken takes on the roles of providing policy explanations, offering technical information, matching suppliers with buyers, etc. Support from the reliable intermediate organization of the city of Katori and Chiba-ken enabled farmers in the city of Katori to invest in a Total Mixed Rations center and use paddy fields effectively. The price of RWCS in this area is insensitive to the price of both rice and imported feed. One factor behind this unresponsive pricing is the intermediate organization, which works as a system through which rice and livestock farmers obtain long-term benefits. The harmonious RWCS market system in the city of Katori rests on solidarity among rice farmers, livestock farmers, and the local government which strategically deals with the institutional environment.

‘Never twice the same colour’: standardizing, calibrating and harmonizing NTSC colour television in the early 1950s

RCA and NBC spent the early part of the 1950s not only working to perfect colour television technology but also trying simultaneously to contain and expand colour use through the introduction of colour management techniques. These techniques included: employing a system of on-set colour harmony, relying on theories of functional colour, developing systems of calibration at the points of both production and reception, and implementing widespread colour training by colour experts and consultants. In this essay I argue that these discourses and strategies of management and standardization had developed in relationship to both the FCC/NTSC standardization experience and the larger postwar colour explosion in design and commercialism. They also reflected not only the promising possibilities of electronic colour, but also the industrial and cultural anxieties that existed around its potential for excess, disruption and triviality.