Emissions Of Harmful Substances Research Articles

Gas dynamics features of physico-chemical processes in the SRM large-sized charges at open firing

The problem of utilization of solid rocket motors (SRM) with large-sized charges is a relevant objective. This is due to the decommissioning of SRM that failed or were rejected during production and operation, as well as with the implementation of strategic arms reduction treaties. Comparative analysis of SRM with large-sized charge utilization methods showed that the simplest, most productive, and relatively safe technique is open firing. At the same time, the information on the dynamics of harmful substances emission into the environment is needed to conduct quantitative assessment of the concentrations of environmentally hazardous combustion products formed during open firing. The calculation of intraballistic parameters in SRM makes it possible to estimate the consumption parameters of harmful gaseous and condensed combustion products entering the atmosphere. Also, it allows analyze the spatial and temporal course of the concentrations of these substances and optimize ways to reduce environmental hazards. The mathematical model and results of gas dynamics parameters calculation at the open firing of large-sized SRM with the demounted nozzle unit and forward bottom are submitted. The key features of realized flow modes are marked: significant pressure differentials along the length of the SRM in the initial stage of its activity; transonic velocities of intrachannel flow; erosion effects on the initial stages of burning rate.

The flexible boiler operation in a wide range of load changes with considering the strength and environmental restrictions

Thermal steam units cooperating in one power system with wind and photovoltaic farms must have high flexibility, i.e., operate over a wide range of load variations, typically between 40 and 100%. In addition, the start-up and shutdown time of the unit should be short. Thick-walled pressure components that limit the fast start-up of the units are turbines, steam boilers, and pipeline branches due to the occurrence of high thermal stresses in them. This paper determines the allowable heating rates of thick-walled components of a 97.22 kg/s natural circulation steam boiler. The boiler drum is the critical element, with a heating time of about 6000 s from the cold state. Computer simulations of the boiler combustion chamber were also performed at three different loads, i.e., 100, 60 and 40%. The calculations show that the maximum emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the permissible values given in European regulations: CO≤140mg/mn3 and NOx≤100mg/mn3. The maximum content of CO = 136.8 mg/mn3 occurs at 60% boiler load. The maximum content of NOx = 217.3mg/mn3 in the exhaust gas upstream of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system occurs at 40% load, but downstream of the SCR system is reduced below the limit value 100mg/mn3.

A Method for the Identification of Critical Interstop Sections in Terms of Introducing Electric Buses in Public Transport

Among the activities that cities are taking to reduce the emissions of harmful substances emitted by conventional engine-powered vehicles is replacing the fleet with electric vehicles in public transport that can operate in urban areas. Fleet conversion is a process in which one of the decisions that must be made is the choice of lines that should be served in the first place by electric buses. Due to the specificity of the battery charging process, the routes of lines serviced by electric vehicles should run through sections that are as little exposed to disruptions as possible, which can adversely affect the travel time of these sections. The main goal of the article was to develop a method that supports the search for bus lines that are characterized by the highest level of reliability and punctuality and therefore also by the stability of the travel time between stops. The proposed method makes it possible to indicate critical interstop sections that have the greatest impact on the sensitivity of the line to disturbances. It was assumed that the more critical sections of the route, the greater the risk of bus delay, which may be disadvantageous in the case of electric vehicles due to the need to reach the battery charging station in time. The method was implemented on the example of selected lines in the Upper Silesian region (Poland) for data covering four years (2016–2019). The proposed approach allowed for the development of the ranking of lines, corresponding to the order in which the conventional fleet should be changed to electric.

Reduction of emissions due to the Miller cycle in a diesel engine

The air supply systems using the Miller cycle on a diesel engine are investigated in order to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances. Keywords: diesel, turbocharging, pressure, air supply system, Miller cycle. mab5-5@yandex.ru, p.rumyancev@icd-tmh.ru

Evaluating Competitiveness in the Supply Chain Management of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

This research investigated Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand, Slovakia, and Poland and compared the SCM practices among the three countries. The sole purpose was to first determine the various factors that influence SCM operations and SCM practices in each of the countries and then find out whether there is a difference among the three countries in terms of SCM operations and practices. The study was conducted using primary data collected from SME management personnel from the three countries. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data using a 5-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed using multi-group Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the study indicated that supply chain management practices and operations adopted by the small and medium enterprises in Thailand, Slovakia, and Poland were invariant. The environmental sustainability elements in SCM and the social aspects of sustainability in SCM have positively influenced SCM practices in all countries. The study recommended that SMEs in the countries should consider adopting the factors that support SCM, operationalizing the SCM through enhancing the capabilities of the end-user, and vitally taking into consideration the environmental sustainability elements in SCM, such as environmentally-friendly production processes, taking action towards waste management, and adopting production processes that inhibit the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by encouraging the implementation of policies that foster the use of renewable energy sources in production.

Carbon emission reduction calculation for the green transformation of traditional hotel design

The green transformation design of traditional hotels aims to reduce the consumption of materials and energy and reduce the emission of harmful substances. Carbon emission, usually used to measure energy consumption, is a representative indicator to evaluate the effect of the green transformation process. This paper adopts the emission factor method to measure the carbon emission reduction in the process of hotels’ green transformation from the whole life cycle of hotels, and the results show that: 1) From the perspective of the hotel life cycle, the construction process is the stage with the most carbon emissions. 2) From the perspective of a single hotel, high-star hotels have larger emissions than low-star hotels; 3) As the number of three and four-star hotels far exceeds the five-star hotels, overall, four-star hotels ranked first in total emission reduction. 4) From the perspective of provinces, the hotel industry emission reduction potential of different provinces varies greatly, among which Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces are at the top of the list. The future carbon reduction potential of the Chinese hotel industry is very considerable. The content of this paper enriches the research in the field of carbon emission measurement and also provides a reference for the management agency to designate the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals of the hotel industry.

Challenges of the polish coal mining industry on its way to innovative and sustainable development

This paper refers to the current energy situation in the European Union (EU) countries with a particular focus on energy produced from renewable energy sources and coal – sources that provide opportunities for balancing the energy of the region. The strengths and weaknesses of coal mining in Poland were also identified, along with its opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis). Innovative and sustainable development based on the Triple Helix Model (THM), as well as the Open innovation (OI) concept and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles were identified as opportunities for its sustainable development. The combination of these solutions should enable sustainable development of the industry, preserving its economic and social importance and reducing its negative impact on the environment. The use of new clean technologies in the operation and combustion of coal should reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment. Intensive and government-supported cooperation between the scientific and research community and industry should significantly facilitate these processes. Another aspect important for the changes to be introduced is the social factor, for which the current situation represents an opportunity to preserve jobs in the mining industry, but also a challenge for its sustainable development. These seemingly mutually exclusive elements should form the basis of a new opening for Polish and European mining as an innovative industry based on knowledge and preserving the basic principles of ESG. The paper also outlines the most significant challenges facing the Polish mining industry on its way to innovative development. The article provides a new and relevant to the current reality perspective on the Polish mining industry in the context of the entire EU, for which the current geopolitical situation forces the necessity of setting a new direction of development. The geopolitical changes that have recently taken place in the global economy such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and the armed conflict within Ukraine have caused very great turbulence in the energy market. Enthusiasm and uncritical adoption of green concepts in the EU has caused, along with the reduction of gas and coal imports from Russia, turbulence in the energy market. This situation has created a great opportunity for the development of the mining industry in Poland, which has not yet managed, following the example of other EU countries, to extinguish the industry. In order to take advantage of this opportunity and obtain a permanent place in the energy mix in the EU, it is necessary to rapidly develop the mining industry in a sustainable manner based on innovative solutions.

Novel Thermal Insulation Materials for Buildings

Using thermal insulation materials to reduce energy loss in buildings is a key action. For reducing the building’s energy use, firstly, the internal unheated spaces (attics, cellars) should be insulated, followed by the insulation of the external walls, and changing the doors and windows. Finally, the building can be completed with the renovation/maintenance of its service systems. Newly designed and constructed buildings are subject to increasingly strict regulations, which highlight the minimization and elimination of wasteful energy use and the resulting emissions of harmful substances. Therefore, the use of thermal insulation is the first step in making buildings more energy efficient. In this editorial, seven articles covering thermal insulation possibilities and topics are highlighted. This paper reflected on the use of thermal insulations both for internal and external applications. This editorial also promotes the use of super insulation materials such as aerogels and vacuum insulation panels; furthermore, the possible applications of bio-based insulations are also endorsed. In this paper, the sound insulation capabilities of some materials are also emphasized, and they will be presented from the point of view of cost.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE PASSENGER CAR SERIES HYBRID POWER PLAN

The use of hybrid power plants in road transport can significantly improve driving dynamics and driving comfort, reduce its operating fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. Due to the large number of used cars with internal combustion engines (ICE) in Ukraine, it is of interest to convert them into a hybrid power drive. However, the analysis of the literature revealed extremely limited information about the work in this direction. The paper proposes a method for selecting the parameters of elements of a series hybrid power drive based on a used Chevrolet Lacetti car. The technique is based on the use of mathematical models of the working process of the internal combustion engine, the dynamics of the acceleration of the car, the determination of the parameters of the series hybrid power plant in the modes of the European NEDC test cycle. Using the developed mathematical models, the rated power of the traction electric motor is 86 kW, the nominal and maximum rotational speed of its shaft, respectively, are 1860 and 7000 min-1. It is shown that the car will accelerate to 100 km/h in 11.4 seconds, which fully satisfies the conditions of comfortable driving in urban conditions. As part of a hybrid power plant, the internal combustion engine operates in one mode. The paper substantiates the choice of the operating mode of the internal combustion engine, where it has the best fuel efficiency. At the same time, its power is 34 kW, and the crankshaft speed is 2200 min-1. Accordingly, the power of the current generator will be 30 kW at a shaft speed of 2200 min-1. The paper analyzes the influence of the battery capacity, the presence of braking energy recuperation, the operating range of battery capacity change on the average operating fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. It is shown that an increase in the battery capacity, the presence of recuperation, and the expansion of the operating range of changes in the battery capacity lead to an improvement in the operational fuel efficiency of an internal combustion engine. Based on the results of computational studies, the maximum battery capacity of 1.3 kWh was selected; the operating range of capacity change was 0.8 kWh. The use of elements with such parameters will ensure the average operating fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine is 6.5 l/100 km, and with the recovery of braking energy - 6 l/100 km.

ACCOUNTING FOR THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EXHAUST GASES TOXICITY DIESEL ENGINES

Over the past decades, research into combustion processes in internal combustion engines, additional processing of exhaust gases has led to a reduction in harmful emissions (nitrogen oxide NOx, unburned hydrocarbons СnНm, carbon monoxide CO and particulate matter). However, personal concern among scientists and the international community is caused by the increase in CO2 carbon dioxide emissions into the environment during the operation of power plants, which contributes to the increase of the "greenhouse effect". In order to determine effective technical solutions for improving diesel engines with the aim of reducing fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases, the Department of Internal Combustion Engines of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" proposed a dimensionless complex criterion of fuel economy and exhaust gas toxicity, which provides information on the economic and environmental perfection of diesel engines. However, this criterion does not take into account the environmental impact of CO2 emissions. The work considers the conditions for taking into account the harmful effects of CO2 using the method of comprehensive assessment of fuel consumption and exhaust gas toxicity. The mass emission of CO2 for each mode of diesel operation is determined if the elemental composition of the fuel, its molecular weight, heat of combustion and consumption, composition and consumption of air, as well as environmental parameters are known. In order to provide an objective assessment of the effect of CO2 emitted from HG diesels on humans and the environment, it is necessary to introduce appropriate corrections that characterize its relative aggressiveness indicator. First of all, this is a correction that takes into account the effect of CO2 on various recipients, in addition to humans, and a correction that takes into account the possibility of accumulation of the substance in the components of the environment and in food chains, as well as its entry into the human body by non-inhalation. An objective scientific approach is necessary for the justification and implementation of the introduction of such amendments, which takes into account all the components of determining the negative impact of CO2 on humans and the environment: the greenhouse effect, climate change both in terms of direct impact and in the long-term perspective.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Binary and Trinary Power Cycles Fueled with Methane–Hydrogen Blends

The development of hydrogen energetics is a possible way to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the production of electricity. Its implementation requires the introduction of energy facilities capable of operating on environmentally safe fuel. At the same time, from a technological point of view, it is easier to implement a gradual shift to the use of hydrogen in power plants by burning methane–hydrogen blends. This paper presents the results of thermodynamic studies of the influence of the chemical composition of the methane–hydrogen blend on the performance of binary and trinary power units. It is shown that an increase in the hydrogen volume fraction in the fuel blend from 0 to 80% leads to a decrease in the Wobbe index by 16% and an increase in the power plant auxiliaries by almost 3.5 times. The use of a trinary CCGT unit with a single-circuit WHB and working fluid water condensation makes it possible to increase the net efficiency by 0.74% compared to a binary CCGT with a double-circuit WHB and a condensate gas heater.

Legal regulation of decarbonization and protection of atmospheric air in order to solve the global environmental problem of climate change

The article deals with the following issues: decarbonization; experiment on emissions quotas for pollutants conducted in some cities of the Russian Federation and the experiment planned to be conducted in some subjects of the Russian Federation; limitation of greenhouse gas emissions; atmospheric air protection; atmospheric air quality standards as well as standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical impacts on it. In addition, the significance of such natural resource as forest, which is the main natural absorber of greenhouse gases in terrestrial ecosystems, and carbon polygons — one of the ways to study and control the global environmental problem of climate change on the planet — is shown.

Transport system optimization in remote, hard-to-reach and sparsely populated regions, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection and national interests of the Russian Federation

Subject. The article deals with improving the structure of transportation, considering local climatic conditions. Objectives. The focus is on investigation of the optimal structure of integrated transport system of remote, hard-to-reach and underpopulated regions of the Russian Federation by the criterion of minimum total greenhouse gas emissions, given the limitations of minimum transport standards of transportation quality. Methods. We apply methods of statistical, systems analysis, and economic and mathematical modeling. Results. The paper shows that in sparsely populated regions of Russia, the organization of local air traffic gives lower total carbon dioxide emissions, as contrasted with the organization of road transportation, and specifically under significant increase in the mobility of the population. The findings are valid both in terms of reducing the total greenhouse gas emissions, and in terms of reducing other emissions of harmful substances and anthropogenic impact accompanying the construction and operation of extensive ground transport infrastructure. Conclusions. Due to the preference of air transport over ground transport, the reduction of air carriage unit cost, rather than specific emissions of harmful substances, becomes a priority for environmental protection in underpopulated regions. This conclusion is reinforced due to particular vulnerability of unique ecosystems of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, where transport connectivity is the most immediate concern.

Modern methods of testing vehicles for environmental safety

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The problem of reducing emissions of harmful substances (HS) by road transport plays a paramount role in solving the environmental problem in the advanced countries of the world.The purpose of the work was to develop a route according to the RDE test methodology (tests for emissions in real operating conditions) to determine the fuel consumption and emissions values of worked out harmful substances in exhaust gases of vehicles, close to real operating modes.Methodology and research methods. The analytical method of research was applied.Results. Information was provided on current regulatory documents, requirements and test methods, together with the trends in the development of new test methods for assessing the environmental and fuel-economic characteristics of vehicles. Comparative parameters/modes of various laboratory tests driving cycles were presented, together with test route requirements and speed limits in real road conditions. The expediency of introducing and applying new test methods to obtain real data on fuel consumption was noted.Practical significance. The direct full-scale route testing on the ground with the application of the PEMS gas analysis complex confirmed the possibility of using the RDE test methodology technique on the territory of the Russian Federation virtually all year round.

New energy efficiency metrics for the IT industry

Reducing the technogenic impact of human activity on the ecology of the planet is a problem that is increasingly moving from a theoretical category into a practical one. The environmental situation is serious and requires more attention. One of the significant factors of the negative impact of humans on their environment is the emissions of harmful substances that occur during the production of electricity. The technical development of humanity and the widespread introduction of information technologies are characterized by an explosive growth in the number of electronic devices and the amount of data transmitted over information networks. This contributes to an increase in the need for computing resources for storing and processing this data, and as a result, the need for electricity is also increasing. Over the past 15–20 years, computing equipment has increased its computing power many times. The number of servers in operation is currently estimated at many millions of units, and the total energy consumption of the server park is becoming very significant in the structure of energy costs in all developed countries. In this article, we will analyze a way to reduce energy costs in the operation of servers and data centers, the application of which has a high potential for saving energy. We will give an example of a new way to evaluate the efficiency of IT equipment using a new factor – the server idle coefficient (SIC).

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК БИОДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА И ЕГО КОМПОЗИЦИЙ ПРИ ХРАНЕНИИ

Alternative fuels, primarily synthesized from renewable plant materials, are becoming increasingly important. The standards that regulate the characteristics of modern environmentally friendly diesel fuel allow the addition of 6 to 20% of biodiesel fuel synthesized from renewable plant or animal feedstock to petroleum fuel. This additive allows not only to reduce the emission of harmful substances with exhaust gases, but also to increase the cetane number and lubricity of modern fuels with a low content of sulfur and aromatic compounds. The changes in physicochemical characteristics that occur during storage of biodiesel fuel have been studied on the example of biodiesel fuels synthesized from camelina and flax oils. It is shown that the density and viscosity of biodiesel fuel increase during storage in polyethylene and metal tanks, and to a greater extent during storage in a metal tank. It has been established that the viscosity (3.5-5.0 mm2 /s) and density (860-900 kg/m3 ) of biodiesel fuel is stored within the normalized limits for 7 months in a polyethylene tank; and the shelf life is reduced to 4-5 months in metal tank. The reason for the deterioration of fuel quality are oxidation and polymerization processes. Additives belong to a homologous series of sterically hindered phenols containing an azo group have been proposed for stabilization. Studies of the storage process of compositions of petroleum and biodiesel fuels containing from 10 to 70% (vol.) of the latter (B10 - B70) have been carried out. It has been established that stratification of fuel compositions occurs in addition to an increase in density and viscosity during storage. In this case, compositions with a low content of biodiesel fuel are stratified first. 50% and 40% of biodiesel fuel flaked off in compositions B10 and B20, respectively, for 5 months; the process began already after 30 and 60 days of storage. In composition B50, stratification started only after 4 months of storage; only 4% of the biodiesel fuel flaked off by the end of the fifth month. No stratification was observed for composition B70. The stratification may be due to weak intermolecular interactions between petroleum hydrocarbons and biodiesel molecules containing polar ester groups; as well as with the destruction of the colloidal structure of fuels.

DATA SECURITY, MODELING AND VISUALIZATION OF DATA FROM IOT DEVICES

The article describes the IoT infrastructure, the hardware of the IoT system, considers the issue of security of the chosen LoRa data transmission technology. Data was received from sensors for gas, temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, as well as the location of the end device. At the same time, the standardized security features of the selected LoRa technology for transmitting data from sensors to the server were investigated. The article deals with LoRa bi-directional secure communication line, the security function requires devices/end devices to be configured through the LoRa gateway. Security research is devoted to the development of a security mechanism to increase its resilience. The payload was formed with a hash of the last bytes, and the entire payload was encrypted with AES for integrity and confidentiality. A method for assessing and visualizing atmospheric air pollution is given on the example of the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan. The process of numerical modeling of the study of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is based on a mathematical model formed by the system of Navier-Stokes equations, consisting of the continuity equation, as well as the equations of motion and the k-epsilon turbulence model. To test the numerical methods for processing mixing and chemical reactions, a test problem was chosen – a jet in a transverse flow. Three-dimensional numerical simulation has been implemented. The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the acquisition of big data made it possible to simultaneously observe the concentrations of several pollutants in the atmosphere, calculate this concentration and analyze the state of the surface air layer. Modeling allows forecasting the possible concentration of pollutants in certain areas at certain times of the year.

Improving the efficiency of using water radiant heating systems.

Now, the issue of protecting the environment and reducing the use of fossil non-renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly important. For modern heating and air conditioning systems, it is imperative to reduce emissions of harmful substances, especially CO2. This can be realized by significantly reducing the use of fossil non-renewable fuels and reconstructing engineering systems to the current level of energy saving. The annual growth in demand for fossil fuels will be reduced through the optimization of substations and heat distribution devices, which is a necessary step for the development of the country's industry and economy. Therefore, today the main task is to increase the energy efficiency of the use of resources and increase the potential of alternative types of energy in combination with modern low-temperature energy-efficient heat distribution systems, one of which is radiant water panels. The article presents the results of improving the method of mounting beam-ceiling fixtures with respect to their orientation in space. The results of numerical calculations indicate the efficiency of mounting the equipment at an angle of 45 degrees, which increases the efficiency by 10% in relation to the 0° orientation. The results of calculations and measurements show that the use of radiant heating in a lateral or longitudinal direction at different angles allows to significantly reduce the cost of energy resources for heating at low temperatures and at the same time not to lose the speed of operation to changes in external temperature parameters. The most effective of the variants of the experiment turned out to be the variant of suspension at an angle of 45°, in which an increase in efficiency by 10% in terms of final temperatures was found, which in turn makes it possible to reduce the use of thermal energy and reduce the amount of necessary equipment in design calculations. At the same time, installation difficulties were not detected.

Подходы к оценке безопасности перевозок грузов железнодорожным транспортом

Purpose: To develop tools for assessment of the effects from cargo transportation safety improvement which provide for qualitative implementation of projects aimed at minimization of negative impact on natural environment including atmospheric emissions cut. The study object constitutes the activity of JSC “Russian Railways” which policy is aimed at meeting the goals of stable development with the use of stable financing tools in its practice. Methods: Analysis basic methods are applied — statistical analysis of target indicators of traffic safety level and of intensity of harmful substance emissions into the atmosphere. An index approach is used for to calculate environmental safety level. Results: Comprehensive evaluation of environmental factors, which takes into account volume of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, and of safety at railway transport infrastructure is given. The components of cargo transportation safety on railway transport infrastructure are systematized to ensure jobs proper quality and efficient operation of transport units. Algorithm for the assessment of environmental safety level has been developed which accounts for emission types into the atmosphere. Analysis and processing of data array on emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere underlies the algorithm. Practical importance: The obtained results are of applied character since they propose and substantiate series of measures aimed at stirring up the efficiency of “green” measures by JSC «Russian Railways».

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE HYDROSTATIC-MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF VEHICLES

The paper considers ways to increase the efficiency of two-stream hydrovolume-mechanical transmissions (GOMT) of vehicles through the rational choice of transmission mode and the introduction into the design of the recovery system of circulating parasitic power of the closed circuit. The proposed direction of development of two-stream GOMT type with differential "output" aims to expand the range of operating speeds where the transmission efficiency is high, in particular in the area of ​​low "creeping" speeds. Global trends to increase the efficiency of transmissions and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere have led to the creation of hybrid and fully electric power plants. Hybrid transmissions, which include electric machines and internal combustion engines, are the most attractive from the point of view of operation, as they do not limit the distance of movement. In case of discharge of batteries, when there is no charging station, they will be powered by a standard engine. One of the ways to increase the technical and economic performance of wheeled and tracked agricultural tractors equipped with HOMT with an differential "output" is to coordinate the optimal modes of transmission with the main technological speeds at the design stage