Harmful Levels Research Articles

Well-defined Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) hollow nanoflower heterostructures for selective dection and monitoring of benzoylurea insecticides from food and water

Developing a platform for the selective detection and effective monitor of toxic contaminants is a major challenge to address organic contaminants contamination in environmental science. Here, for the first time, the thickness-controllable Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) heterogeneous materials with special hollow nanoflower (HFs) morphology had been synthesized. The morphology and shell thickness of the nano-petal could be tuned by changing the reaction time. The resultant Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) HFs exhibited the hollow nanoflower shapes and exposed abundant accessible active sites. The enrichment performance of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) HFs was approximately 1.4–1.7 times that of spherical Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) composite for benzoylurea insecticides (BUs). Furthermore, the optimal sample achieved the wide linearity (0.05–500 ng mL−1) and low limits of detection, (0.003–0.01 ng mL−1) for BUs. The research provides a new strategy for highly sensitive detection and monitoring of harmful pollutant levels in the environment.

The confounding and problematic nexus of defined and perceived bullying

BackgroundTo assess the prevalence of bullying and identify victims in need of support, it is important that researchers, administrators, policy makers and people involved in bullying, all have the same conceptual understanding of bullying. It is not uncommon for individuals to perceive that they have been bullied when, according to the operational definition, they have not technically been bullied. Categorised according to the alignment of perceived and technical bullying, five peer aggression groups were examined for differences in the level of harm experienced. The importance of elements in the definition of bullying for perceived and technical bullying was also investigated. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional survey design, 843 Australian students aged 11–16 completed the Student Aggression and Victimisation Questionnaire (SAVQ – Skrzypiec, 2015). The SAVQ measures the intent, harm, repetition, and relationship and power imbalance between victim and perpetrator, associated with experiences of peer aggression, as well as the perception of being bullied. It enables the identification of perceived and technical bullying experiences. ResultsOnly a small group of youth consistently perceived bullying when they were, by definition, being bullied. Approximately one in three students reported that, based on their perception of being bullied, they were bullied even though they were not according to the criteria defining bullying in the academic literature. Youth consistently reported experiencing harm, even if they were not technically bullied, though technically being bullied was perceived to be especially harmful. Similarly, students who did not recognise their experience of peer aggression as bullying when technically it was, also reported being harmed. ConclusionsThis study addresses an important debate in the literature concerning how best to define bullying; moreover, findings have the potential to inform bullying interventions. Students harmed by peer aggression in any form (technically bullied or not) should not be neglected because of the nature of definitions and tools of measurement being used.

Moderate- and High-Intensity Endurance Training Alleviate Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats.

Exercise training is an encouraging approach to treat cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not understood. We aim to investigate whether and, if so, how moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alleviate adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in rats with T2DM. Male rats received standard chow (n = 10) or Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM. Hereafter, WD rats were subjected to a 12-week sedentary lifestyle (n = 8), running MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 7). Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were assessed during the oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) were evaluated. Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements evaluated cardiac function. Underlying cardiac mechanisms were investigated by histology, western blot and colorimetry. We found that MIT and HIIT lowered insulin resistance and blood glucose levels compared to sedentary WD rats. MIT decreased harmful plasma AGE levels. In the heart, MIT and HIIT lowered end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular wall thickness and interstitial collagen deposition. Cardiac citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial oxidative capacity marker, raised after both exercise training modalities. We conclude that MIT and HIIT are effective in alleviating diastolic dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling in T2DM, by lowering fibrosis and optimizing mitochondrial capacity.

Obsessive Love Turns to Violence: A Textual Analysis in Edwin’s Posesif

Relationship violence refers to any attempt to control or dominate another person physically, sexually, or psychologically, causing some level of harm (Wekerle & Wolfe, 1999). According to the Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia, almost half of the perpetrators are boyfriends or friends. This concerning phenomenon is what Edwin, Posesif’s director, tries to portray in his film. He represents this reality as a means to raise awareness of obsessive love that turns to violence among teenagers, who just left their childhood and are going to a romantic relationship by seeing the signs of such a relationship. However, without proper understanding on why the characters in this movie are involved in violence relationships, it will not be easy for the audience to learn from the movie. We need to acknowledge the characters’ background and purposes in the romantic relationship to reveal why they are trapped in relationship violence. Therefore, the question is why obsessive love happened to them. Why is the male character, Yudhis, obsessed with Lala, the female character, and why does Lala not end her relationship despite what has happened to her? Bandura’s social learning theory and Bowlby’s attachment theory are used as a framework to unfold their background and behaviors. Both theories include the role of caregivers to the young ones that set templates in their behaviors’ responses in life. In this study, it is known that Diana, Yudhis’s mother, and Lala’s father are both failed in giving adequate attention to their children that causes Yudhis and Lala trapped in a co-obsessive relationship, putting Yudhis as the perpetrator and Lala as the victim. By understanding this, this film can encourage adults and teenagers to be aware of obsessive love and prevent violence in any relationship.

Thermal Runaway Early Warning and Risk Estimation Based on Gas Production Characteristics of Different Types of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Gas production analysis during the thermal runaway (TR) process plays a crucial role in early fire accident detection in electric vehicles. To assess the TR behavior of lithium-ion batteries and perform early warning and risk estimation, gas production and analysis were conducted on LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2/graphite and LiFePO4/graphite cells under various trigger conditions. The findings indicate that the unique gas signals can provide TR warnings earlier than temperature, voltage, and pressure signals, with an advanced warning time ranging from 16 to 26 min. A new parameter called the thermal runaway degree (TRD) is introduced, which is the product of the molar quantity of gas production and the square root of the maximum temperature during the TR process. TRD is proposed to evaluate the severity of TR. The research reveals that TRD is influenced by the energy density of cells and the trigger conditions of TR. This parameter allows for a quantitative assessment of the safety risk associated with different battery types and the level of harm caused by various abuse conditions. Despite the uncertainties in the TR process, TRD demonstrates good repeatability (maximum relative deviation < 5%) and can be utilized as a characteristic parameter for risk estimation in lithium-ion batteries.

Assessing children’s potential exposures to harmful metals in tire crumb rubber by accelerated photodegradation weathering

Whether a tire crumb rubber (TCR) playground would expose children to potentially harmful chemicals such as heavy metals is an open question. The released metals available for pickup on the surface of TCR tiles was studied by accelerated 2-year aging of the TCRs in the NIST-SPHERE (National Institute of Standards and Technology Simulated Photodegradation via High Energy Radiant Exposure). The dermal contact was mimicked by a method of composite surface wiping from US Environmental Protection Agency throughout the weathering process. The surface release of ten most concerned harmful metals (Be, Cr, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb) was monitored through the course of aging. The cumulative release of Cu, As, Tl, and Sb reached potentially harmful levels at various times within 3 years, although only Cr was found at a harmful level on the surface of the tiles. Taking the cleansing effect of precipitation or periodic cleansing with rain into account, TCR playgrounds may still be safe for use.

Modeling the Nexus Between Perceived Value, Risk, Negative Marketing, and Consumer Trust with Consumers' Social Cross-Platform Buying Behaviour in India Using Smart-PLS

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the need for research on the relationship between consumer value, risk, and trust in the context of social cross-platform perceptions, specifically in India. The study aims to provide insights into how these factors influence consumers' cross-platform buying behavior, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of online shopping dynamics and informing strategies for building trust and enhancing consumer experiences in the online shopping environment. Methodology: The research methodology involved conducting a survey among 320 online shoppers in India. The objective was to investigate the relationship between social cross-platform perceptions of consumer value, risk, and trust in the context of online shopping. The researchers developed a questionnaire to collect data on perceived value, risk propensity, trust, and cross-platform buying behavior. Partial least squares (PLS) path modeling were used to analyze the data, revealing significant effects of perceived value, risk propensity, and trust on consumers' cross-platform buying behavior. Finding: This research focuses on the rise of social cross-platform buying behaviour in India and examines the influence of perceived risk, perceived value, trust, and marked negative reporting on consumer behaviour. The study found that consumers' perceptions of perceived risk and perceived value significantly impact their likelihood of using social e-commerce platforms like Meesho. Perceived risk refers to the level of uncertainty or potential harm associated with a purchase, while perceived value refers to the benefits or worth a consumer perceives from a product or service. Marked negative reporting refers to negative reviews or news articles that can impact a consumer's trust in a platform. Managerial implication: The study's managerial implications highlight the importance of reducing perceived risk, increasing perceived value, and building trust to improve social e-commerce marketing strategies. Organizations should be cautious of negative reporting and its impact on consumer behavior. Researchers can gain insights into consumer behavior and the significance of trust and perceived risk in driving purchase decisions in the context of social e-commerce marketing. To encourage cross-platform purchases, companies should address negative reports from other platforms, establish trust with consumers, and find ways to minimize perceived risk associated with social media purchases. Value: A significant contribution to the body of knowledge is achieved through testing and subsequent confirmation of the effects of online purchasing in the study model. This research enhances our understanding of the factors influencing online purchasing in the context of social cross-platform interactions. By investigating the relationship between Risk, Trust and various constructs within the social cross-platform framework, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of consumer behavior in the digital era.

Does it really matter that I do not remember my night? Consequences related to blacking out among college student drinkers.

Alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) are experienced frequently by college student drinkers and are more likely to occur on days with high-intensity drinking (HID; 8+ for females/10+ for males) than non-HID days. Research suggests that AIBs are associated with experiencing other alcohol-related consequences (ARCs), including more serious ARCs (SARCs; e.g., legal and sexual consequences), but we do not know whether individuals experience more ARCs and more SARCs on occasions when they black out than when they do not black out. This study examines the associations between AIBs and the total number of both ARCs and SARCs. Students (N = 462, 51.7% female, 87.7% White, Mage = 20.1) were assessed across 6 weekends via e-surveys (80%-97% response rate). Multilevel models were used to test for main effects, controlling for drinking (HID or estimated blood alcohol concentration; eBAC) and sex. Drinking days when an AIB was experienced were associated with more total ARCs (b = 3.54, 95% CI: 3.10, 3.99) and more SARCs (b = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.95) per day than non-AIB days. The more frequently a person experienced an AIB, the more total ARCs (b = 5.33, 95% CI: 4.40, 6.25) and SARCs (1.05, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.30) they reported on average. Alcohol-induced blackout days were associated with higher levels of harm than non-AIB days, even at the same levels of drinking. Interventions that focus on reducing the occurrence of AIBs and factors that contribute to them, in addition to reducing alcohol consumption, may help reduce total harm associated with drinking among college students.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate: improving broiler health by reducing harmful microbial levels in the waterline.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is commonly used for treating drinking water, industrial water, and wastewater. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of NaDCC-treated waterline drinking water on the growth of AA+ broilers by reducing microbial levels in the waterline. A total of 480 healthy 1-day-old AA+ broilers (46.77 ± 0.50 g) were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates of 20 birds each. The control group received regular drinking water, while the test groups received drinking water with NaDCC concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg/L. The test groups consumed the treated water on specific days throughout the 42-day experimental period. Results showed that NaDCC treatment significantly reduced the levels of E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and Moulds in the drinking water at the waterline (p < 0.05). Drinking water with NaDCC also led to reduced broiler fecal emissions of NH3 and H2S, as well as reduced counts of E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and Moulds (p < 0.05), particularly at 30 mg/L and 50 mg/L concentrations. Broilers consuming NaDCC at 50 mg/L exhibited a significant increase in ADG from days 1-42 (p < 0.05). The levels of E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and Moulds in the drinking water at the waterline were significantly and positively correlated with the bacterial count in the feces (p < 0.05, R > 0.6). Additionally, bacterial levels in drinking water and broiler feces were negatively correlated with broiler production performance indicators, including ADG, ADFI, F/G and AWC. In conclusion, NaDCC can indirectly enhance broiler performance by reducing the levels of harmful bacteria in the waterline without affecting normal drinking water. The addition of 30 mg/L or 50 mg/L of NaDCC to the waterline in poultry production can effectively control harmful microorganisms and improve poultry health. Based on the experiment's results, it is recommended to preferentially use 30 mg/L NaDCC in the waterline to reduce farming costs.

A study on Cr incorporation to enhance performance of CZTSSe solar cells via optimizing selenization condition

Annealing Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor films in selenium atmosphere has been demonstrated to be an available means to enhance the quality of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) absorber. Therefore, it is important to further explore the selenization conditions during annealing. Herein, Cr-doped CZTSSe absorber was synthesized using solution-processed, and the effects of different selenization conditions on the morphology, structure and photoelectrical performances of Cr-doped CZTSSe thin films were investigated firstly. Research shows that morphology of CCZTSSe films was greatly affected by different selenization conditions. By optimizing the selenization conditions, the crystallinity of CCZTSSe absorber was significantly optimized, and the compactness of the absorber was improved. It was further confirmed that the band gap of CCZTSSe absorber can be adjusted via changing the annealing conditions. The CCZTSSe under the optimum selenization conditions showed a better constituent composition, which further inhibited the harmful defects level of CuZn and [2CuZn + SnZn] in the absorber. Finally, the Cr-doped CZTSSe device at optimum selenidation condition of 520 ℃ for 15 min showed the best conversion efficiency of 5.86 %, in which VOC is 394 mV and FF is 54.07 %, respectively. A new strategy for high efficiency Cr-doped CZTSSe solar cells was proposed by optimizing selenization conditions.

Expected and actual responses to minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol of people drinking at harmful levels in Scotland

Background This paper considers the extent to which people drinking at harmful levels responded to minimum unit pricing (MUP) in Scotland in the way they, family members and those providing services anticipated they would. It examines data taken from a larger evaluation of the impact of MUP on people who are drinking at harmful levels. Methods Qualitative interview data, (utilizing interviews and focus groups, with individuals, treatment services, and family members) was generated prior to the implementation of MUP in Scotland to provide insights into anticipated responses and comparable data generated across an extended 19-month period post-implementation and provided insights into actual responses. Results Overall, the data showed consistency between anticipated and actual responses, with fewer differences observed. In line with anticipated responses, many drinkers switched from cheap, strong ciders to other alcohol products, notably vodka. They consistently responded to the decrease in alcohol affordability by utilizing existing behavior such as managing finances and prioritizing spends on alcohol, including borrowing money, foregoing essentials, and using savings. There was less evidence of anticipated harmful consequences of MUP occurring, such as increased crime, switching to other drugs, or examples of acute withdrawal. Conclusions Drinkers and those living and working with them, have a good command of how alcohol affordability is maintained or impacts on expenditure and other choices, and how they respond to any decrease in affordability including the introduction of minimum price policies.

Microbial degradation and transformation of PPCPs in aquatic environment: A review

The Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) presence at harmful levels has been identified in aquatic ecosystems all over the world. Currently, PPCPs are more common in aquatic regions and have been discovered to be extremely harmful to aquatic creatures. Waste-water treatment facilities are the primary cause of PPCPs pollution in aquatic systems due to their limited treatment as well as the following the release of PPCPs. The degree of PPCPs elimination is primarily determined by the method applied for the remediation. It must be addressed in an eco-friendly manner in order to significantly improve the environmental quality or, at the very least, to prevent the spread as well as effects of toxic pollutants. However, when compared to other methods, environmentally friendly strategies (biological methods) are less expensive and require less energy. Most biological methods under aerobic conditions have been shown to degrade PPCPs effectively. Furthermore, the scientific literature indicates that with the exception of a few extremely hydrophobic substances, biological degradation by microbes is the primary process for the majority of PPCPs compounds. Hence, this review discusses about the optimistic role of microbe concerned in the degradation or transformation of PPCPs into non/less toxic form in the polluted environment. Accordingly, more number of microbial strains has been implicated in the biodegradation/transformation of harmful PPCPs through a process termed as bioremediation and their limitations.

Safety reporting of Essure medical device: a qualitative and quantitative assessment on the FDA manufacturer and user facility device experience database in 2018.

There have been numerous cases of adverse events since the introduction of Essure medical devices for sterilization in 2002. This study analyzed the safety event reports of the Essure reported in the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE). A retrospective analysis examined the MAUDE reports between Jan-1, 2018, and Oct-31, 2018 and focused on safety reports related to the Essure device. Safety reports were categorized and analyzed by their event type, device problem, patients' symptoms and the level of harm. Of this study cohort, 10% of samples were randomly selected for quantitative analyses. Thematic analysis was conducted for reports included death cases. A total of 4,994 eligible reports were analyzed. There were ten reports associated with individuals' deaths, and the main themes of safety reports from qualitative analysis were pains, bleeding, surgery, migraine, and infection. Quantitative analysis of 500 randomly selected samples showed that 98% of adverse event reports were associated with different injuries such as surgery, pain, bleeding, hysterectomy, and menorrhagia. Additionally, more than 90% of reports were submitted by the manufacturer. These findings indicated several safety issues of Essure. More meaningful pre- and post-marketing surveillance and regulation are warranted in the medical device market to ensure safety and effectiveness, including investigating complaints, promptly sharing relevant information with regulators and users, and implementing corrective actions.

Accusing the opponent of divinity violations in intergroup conflicts: Bystander reactions to harmfulness and underdog status as a function of the autonomy–divinity discrepancy

We experimentally investigated psychological responses of bystanders to violations of moral codes to find out why divinity violations may be more effective for gaining victimhood status than autonomy violations in real-world intergroup conflicts. In particular, we considered how anger versus disgust responses are differentially invoked by violations of autonomy versus divinity ethics. Two experiments compared autonomy versus divinity violations in interaction with two other parameters known to produce different effects: level of harm (Experiment 1) and differential intergroup power (Experiment 2). Overall, we found support for the proposed dissociation in anger versus disgust responses to autonomy versus divinity violations in a way that the anger responses to autonomy violations were amplified but disgust responses to divinity violations were not affected when the moral violation was more harmful and the perpetrator was more powerful than the victim. We discuss the implications of the cognitive processes involved in considering autonomy versus divinity violations, and the functionality for parties to intergroup conflict of accusing the opponent of divinity violations.

Scheduling of Leaching Requirements to Prevent the Secondary Salinisation in the Root Zone

Leaching scheduling techniques are one of the suggested solutions for water scarcity problems .The aim of the study is to show the possibility of using leaching scheduling, when applying the irrigation scheduling program for a certain irrigation project, which was prepare by Water Resources Engineering –University of Baghdad with some modifications to generalized it and it make applicable to various climatic zone and different soil types.The objectives of this research is to build a system that concerns the prediction of the leaching scheduling (depth and date of leaching water), illustrating the main problems (soil salinity, save the amount of leaching requirement, and to maintain crops growth).The other objective is to compare between the calculated amount of leaching water with the amount of water that is suggested by designers. The program includes, the calculating of predicted daily soil salinity ,the depth of leaching water that should be applied to remove the salt from the soil when it reaches a harmful level, and the total annual volume of leaching water. The results showed, that the use of predicted leaching scheduling with its applicable constrains require high attention when choosing the cropping pattern for each climate zone. Also, it was found that the leaching program is a useful tool for saving irrigation water if cropping pattern has been adapted carefully. This means the leaching water depth should be added only when needed, and may not be necessary with each irrigation event.

Smoking and mental health conditions: What you need to know

Smoking is the largest single cause of preventable death and accounted for 74,600 deaths in 2019–20. One of the targets in the England Tobacco Control Plan is that the population prevalence of smoking will reach less than 5% of the population. The key to achieving this will be addressing smoking in societal groups where rates are stubbornly high, such as people with mental health conditions. People with mental health problems experience disproportionate levels of tobacco-associated harm, alongside wider social and economic impacts. Primary care can help tackle this health inequality.

Mitigating Air Pollution in Indian Cities with the Use of Bio Facades

Abstract: Today, the biggest issues facing the planet are air pollution and, as a result, global warming. These problems may affect the climate, human health. To mitigate air pollution frequently concentrate on reducing the sources of the pollutants. This approach can significantly lower the amount of new air pollutants, but it has little impact on the air's already-existing contaminants. By recognizing the current situation, this study seeks to limit the level of harm to humans by regulating air pollution through municipal engineering, facade structures, and architectural design. The air quality of the urban environment can be significantly influenced by the façades of buildings. The ability of nature to manage air pollution has been used to the realm of architecture. Therefore, this study compares three different forms of bio-façades (namely, Water façade, Green façade, and Microalgae) by utilizing nature's capacity to manage carbon dioxide. These facades do not harm human health and do not require any special technology. . Then, after identifying the aforementioned biological façade kinds, we compared their strength and weaknesses, cost, environmental stability and chose the best one. Which façade system is best according to Delhi and luck now’s air pollution condition. Purpose: The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of how can we improve air quality and reduce pollutants with the help of bio facade.

Gadusol is a maternally provided sunscreen that protects fish embryos from DNA damage

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is harmful to living cells, leading organisms to evolve protective mechanisms against UVR-induced cellular damage and stress.1,2 UVR, particularly UVB (280-320nm), can damageproteins and DNA, leading to errors during DNA repair and replication. Excessive UVR can induce cellulardeath. Aquatic organisms face risk of UV exposure as biologically harmful levels of UVB can penetrate >10m in clear water.3 While melanin is the only known sunscreen in vertebrates, it often emerges late in embryonic development, rendering embryos of many species vulnerable during the earlier stages. Algae and microbes produce a class of sunscreening compounds known as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs).4 Fish eggs contain a similar compound called gadusol, whose role as a sunscreen has yet to be tested despite its discovery over 40 years ago.5 The recent finding that many vertebrate genomescontain a biosynthetic pathway for gadusol suggests that many fish may produce and use this molecule as a sunscreen.6 We generated a gadusol-deficient mutant zebrafish to investigate the role of gadusol in protecting fish embryos and larvae from UVR. Our results demonstrate that maternally provided gadusol is the primary sunscreen in embryonic and larval development, while melanin provides modest secondary protection. The gadusol biosynthetic pathway is retained in the vast majority of teleost genomes but is repeatedly lost in species whose young are no longer exposed to UVR. Our data demonstrate that gadusol is a maternally provided sunscreen that is critical for early-life survival in the most species-rich branch of the vertebrate phylogeny.

Do Meditation, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion Impact Utilitarian Moral Judgment?

ObjectivesMeditation practices, mindfulness, and self-compassion have been found to affect our physical and mental well-being in many ways. However, can they also affect our moral judgment, for example, what we think about right and wrong? This study aims to explore the potential influence of meditation, mindfulness and self-compassion on utilitarian moral judgments.MethodIn Study 1 (n = 316), we measured participants’ frequency of meditation, their level of mindfulness, self-compassion, and their utilitarian moral judgment through two well-known moral dilemmas (switch and bridge) and using a two-dimensional model of moral psychology (the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale with negative, i.e., instrumental harm, and positive, i.e., impartial beneficence dimensions). In Study 2 (n = 41), we conducted a psychological 8-week mindfulness course and measured the same variables as in Study 1 before and after the course.ResultsIn Study 1, we observed that participants who meditated more often exhibited lower levels of instrumental harm. In Study 2, we found that participants had a lower level of impartial beneficence after the 8-week mindfulness course.ConclusionsPractices such as meditation may be related to moral judgment, specifically to lower acceptance of harming others (instrumental harm), but they may also reduce the concern for the welfare of as many people as possible (impartial beneficence). Further research is needed to understand better if and how moral judgments may change when people meditate and develop their mindfulness and self-compassion.PreregistrationThe studies were not pre-registered.

Approaches to Regulating Relations in the Sphere of Developing and Using the Artificial Intelligence Technologies: Features and Practical Applicability

Objective: to review the modern scientific approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of using the artificial intelligence technologies; to reveal the main features and limitations of using the risk-oriented and technological approaches in order to determine the directions of their further development.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific cognition methods, including the general scientific dialectic method and the universal scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, comparison, summarization, structural-functional, and formal-logical methods).Results: it was determined that the use of the risk-oriented approach implies building constructive models of risk management. A significant issue in using this approach is the bases of referring the artificial intelligence technologies to high-risk ones. When determining the risk level of using the artificial intelligence technologies, the following criteria should be applied: the type of artificial intelligence technology, its sphere of use, and the level of potential harm for the environment, health and other fundamental human rights.In turn, the central issue of using the technological approach is the necessity and limits of regulation in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies. First, interference into this sphere must not create obstacles for developing technologies and innovations. Second, a natural reaction of a regulator towards newly emerging objects and subjects of turnover is the “imperfect law syndrome”. At the same time, a false idea about a lack of legal regulation may produce an opposite effect – duplication of legal norms. To solve the problem of duplicating legal requirements, it is necessary, first of all, to solve the issue of the need to regulate the artificial intelligence technologies or certain types of software applications.Scientific novelty: a review was carried out of the main approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies; the opportunities and limitations of their use are revealed; further directions of their development are proposed.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used for determining the optimal approaches to regulating the sphere of digital technologies and for improving the legal regulation of the studied sphere of social relations.