Harmful Gas Emissions Research Articles

Enfoques microbiológicos para el tratamiento de catalizadores agotados

Los catalizadores, homogéneos o heterogéneos, son ampliamente utilizados para una gran variedad de procesos industriales, con el fin de producir combustibles limpios y muchos otros productos valiosos, siendo los catalizadores agotados provenientes del hidroprocesamiento los mayores residuos sólidos de la industria de la refinería y la contribución principal a la generación de catalizadores agotados. Debido a su naturaleza peligrosa, el tratamiento y la recuperación de metales de este tipo de residuos han ganado cada vez más importancia, debido al agotamiento de los recursos naturales y a la contaminación ambiental. Aunque ya existen técnicas disponibles para estos fines, éstas generan grandes volúmenes de desechos potencialmente peligrosos y producen emisiones de gases nocivos. Por lo tanto, las técnicas biotecnológicas pueden representar una alternativa promisoria para el biotratamiento y la recuperación de metales contenidos en los catalizadores agotados. Con este fin, se han analizado diversos microorganismos, que comprenden bacterias, arqueobacterias y hongos, capacitados para facilitar la eliminación de losmetales contenidos en estoscatalizadores. En estarevisión se presenta un amplio escenario sobre los avances con respecto al manejo de los catalizadores agotados y su tratamiento tradicional, seguido de una descripción detallada sobre los enfoques microbiológicos reportados hasta la actualidad.

Analysis of the Use of Electric Drive Systems for Crew Transfer Vessels Servicing Offshore Wind Farms

The article presents issues related to the possibility of using electric propulsion systems in units used to transport crews servicing wind towers at sea. Offshore wind energy issues are discussed. Proposals for electric propulsion systems that could be used on units for transporting crews servicing offshore wind farms are presented. The possibility of using purely electrical drive systems or hybrid drive systems operating in a diesel-electric configuration is analyzed. By observing the motion of real CTV units, based on the data from the MarineTraffic service, a mathematical simulation model was developed, for which a number of simulations were carried out in the Modelica environment. The developed mathematical model takes into account the dynamic loads acting on the ship’s hull, hydrodynamic resistances, electric and diesel propulsion systems’ properties together with their individual elements’ characteristics. The tests of the electric propulsion system showed reduced fuel consumption (approx. 60%) and harmful gas emissions to the atmosphere (approximately 70%) in relation to conventional, internal combustion engine propulsion.

Ударно-волновые и пульсационные аспекты эффекта Ранка-Хилша в вихревых трубах, используемых при стратификации газов

Vortex tubes based on Rank-Hilsch effect are widely used in gas separation technologies, cleaning of harmful gas emissions in the atmosphere protection, capture of oil-associated gas, cooling systems in chemical, petrochemical and other industries. However, up to the present moment in their design the calculation methods produce significant errors and require experimental improvement. Until now, existing theories of vortex effect don’t provide an adequate response to phenomena observed in experiments. In this paper have been presented examples of enthalpy balance disorders during operation of three-flow vortex tubes on hydrocarbon gases, as well as two-flow vortex tubes on air, based on analytical and critical analysis of a large number of various authors’ studies. Has been proposed shock wave and pulsation hypothesis for description of vortex effect and its main demonstrations. It has been shown that the proposed hypothesis can complement existing theories of vortex effect, and its accounting allows explain these processes. Have been presented thermodynamic characteristics of a bench double-flow vortex tube in laboratory experiment. Have been performed measurements of amplitude-frequency characteristics of vibrations performing external (mechanical) work under effect of gas-dynamic pulsations in vortex tubes. It has been demonstrated that vibration leads to gas kinetic energy dissipation into environment, resulting in enthalpy imbalance on the vortex tube. Has been performed analysis of additional cooling capacity, as well as heating of the vortex pipe mixed flow compared to throttling effect. The mechanism of shock wave and pulsation processes has been explained qualitatively based on analysis of a large number of various authors’ works and own experimental studies. It is emphasizing that the proposed qualitative mechanism requires further development and mathematical description based on the developed physical model.

A study of the effect of air temperature on the possibility and rate of formation of nitrogen oxides in boiler flue gases

We consider the mechanisms of formation of nitrogen oxides in boiler flue gases. Thermodynamic calculations are used to determine the possibility and rate of formation of nitrogen oxides in the temperature range from 25 to 2000°C. We apply the methods of geometric thermodynamics to demonstrate the changes in the Gibbs free energy of nitrogen oxides formation reactions and determine the conditions of achieving the chemical equilibrium for these reactions. An analysis of concentrations of formed nitrogen oxides and temperatures of the jet flame under different conditions of mixture formation was performed. We produced and analyzed a number of diagrams of distribution of the flame temperatures and nitrogen oxide concentrations in the calculation area for the temperatures of the oxidant of 20, 60, 100, 150 and 200°C. Mathematical simulation of the process of gaseous fuel combustion was performed using FlowVision software package. The analysis of the results showed that the decrease in the temperature of the air supplied as an oxidant results in a considerable drop in the concentration of nitrogen oxides in flue gases without any significant impact on the changes of the flame temperature. The results of the study can be used in addressing the problems of optimization of boiler plants in order to reduce harmful flue gas emissions.

A review of hydrogen usage in internal combustion engines (gasoline-Lpg-diesel) from combustion performance aspect

Demand for fossil fuels is increasing day by day with the increase in industrialization and energy demand in the world. For this reason, many countries are looking for alternative energy sources against this increasing energy demand. Hydrogen is an alternative fuel with high efficiency and superior properties. The development of hydrogen-powered vehicles in the transport sector is expected to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution from exhaust emissions. In this study, the use of hydrogen as a fuel in vehicles and the current experimental studies in the literature are examined and the results of using hydrogen as an additional fuel are investigated. The effects of hydrogen usage on engine performance and exhaust emissions as an additional fuel to internal combustion gasoline, diesel and LPG engines are explained. Depending on the amount of hydrogen added to the fuel system, the engine power and torque are increased at most on petrol engines, while they are decreased on LPG and diesel engines. In terms of chemical products, the emissions of harmful exhaust gases in gasoline and LPG engines are reduced, while some diesel engines increase nitrogen oxide levels. In addition, it is understood that there will be a positive effect on the environment, due to hydrogen usage in all engine types.

Geopolymer Concrete: an Emerging Green Material for Modern Construction

Nowadays the environmental health is considered to be the most important topic for concern. The emission of CO2 and other harmful gases to the atmosphere become a serious problem and the root cause of environmental alteration. In other ways, the production of cement is reducing continuously due to the unavailability of resources and a large amount of carbon footprint. To overcome all these problems the low CO2 emitting and alumina silicate rich sources are used as binders instead of ordinary cement. The paper reviews all the recent and experimental works done by the researchers in order to study the physical and mechanical properties of Geopolymer Concrete with different mixtures of binders and additives introduced for increasing the strength and durability. The use of different industrial by-products in concrete development is encouraged and the workability, effects of temperature variation, use of admixture, fibers and effects of water- binder ratio for the Geopolymer Concrete are examined. Reviews indicate that the compressive strength of the Geopolymer Concrete with additional hooked end steel fibers are more than that of controlled Geopolymer Concrete mix.

A Research on Fresh-Keeping Strategies for Fresh Agricultural Products from the Perspective of Green Transportation

This paper studies the impact of fresh-keeping effort (FKE) investment strategies from the perspective of green transportation on a fresh-product supply chain (FSC) system for the purpose of reducing the emission of harmful gases and waste of resources. A supplier–buyer structure in an FSC system is modeled under two approaches consisting of the fixed FKE model and the variable FKE model. Then the paper analyzes the effect of optimal FKE level on retailer’s profit and product freshness under two different approaches, and finds that there is space to be improved in the two approaches which were further optimized. Finally, the proposed models are approved with a dataset from a real-life case study. Under the above two approaches, not only profits can be increased in retail enterprises but also the freshness level of fresh agricultural products (FAP) can be improved and reduced the consumption of resources. The results show that there is an optimal investment level of FKE under different strategies, and the maximum profit could be obtained by keeping fresh at this level. Moreover, the fixed FKE will not increase the average freshness of fresh produce in a sales cycle, and the adjusted FKE can effectively improve the average freshness.

Optimal Location and Sizing of PV Sources in DC Networks for Minimizing Greenhouse Emissions in Diesel Generators

This paper addresses the problem of the optimal location and sizing of photovoltaic (PV) sources in direct current (DC) electrical networks considering time-varying load and renewable generation curves. To represent this problem, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed. The main idea of including PV sources in the DC grid is minimizing the total greenhouse emissions produced by diesel generators in isolated areas. An artificial neural network is employed for short-term forecasting to deal with uncertainties in the PV power generation. The general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) package is employed to solve the MINLP model by using the CONOPT solver that works with mixed and integer variables. Numerical results demonstrate important reductions of harmful gas emissions to the atmosphere when PV sources are optimally integrated (size and location) to the DC grid.

Green Stock: A Mini-Review

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the literature related to green stock preservation and factors, which affect it. The growing importance of energy resources due to its depletion has increased the interest of researchers. They are trying to find out how to maintain sustainability in the utilization of such resources. Methodology or design: Content analysis has been used to examine the literature and to drive the current situation of research. 25 papers from the high-class journal have been shortlisted for this purpose. 20% of the publication shows the importance of financial management in the preservation of energy resources. 80% of the paper showing that alternative resources must be created, processes should be introduced by which increase soil fertility, forest, and emission of harmful gases like carbon must be decreased. Limitations: The small sample size was the limitation of the research. Future research direction: However, the case of developing countries has not discussed much. Future research can cover developing countries to find out the scenario in them. Originality value: This research will contribute to the literature available on the green stock, it preservation, adverse factors affecting it and its alternate sources. Practical implication: This research will give several suggestion to the business and government in perspective of the management of green stock. Also on the basis of results pollution and green stock wastage control steps can be suggested.

Effect of Thermal Extraction on Coal-Based Activated Carbon for Methane Decomposition to Hydrogen.

After coal is treated by thermal solution of solvent, a certain amount of thermal solution oil and residue can be obtained, and the macromolecular network structure in coal can also be relaxed. These will inevitably affect the emission of harmful gases and distribution of the pore structure when the residue is made into activated carbon (AC). In this paper, the effects of thermal solution pretreatment on the microcrystalline structure, surface properties, pore structure of resultant ACs at different temperatures, and their catalytic performances in methane decomposition to hydrogen were investigated. The results show that the surface oxygen-containing functional groups of the residue-based ACs are changed, and the specific area of ACs increases from 1730 to 2652 m2/g with the increase in activated temperature. The pore diameter distribution of ACs also is changed. In the process of methane decomposition to hydrogen, the residue-based ACs show higher catalytic activity than coal-based ACs. AC-1123-1 and AC-1123 show the best stability, while AC-823-1 has the highest initial activity. With the increase in activated temperature, residue-based ACs show higher activity and stability, and partial fibrous carbon is deposited on the surface of ACs after the reaction. It is thought that increased mesoporosity is beneficial to the catalytic activity and stability of AC in methane decomposition to hydrogen, and the reduction of surface oxygen-containing functional groups contribute to the formation of fibrous carbon on the surface of AC after the reaction.

Modelling, performance improvement and emission reduction of large two-stroke diesel engine using multi-zone combustion model

The main energy source in marine industry is fossil fuel. Diesel engines are main power supply in sea transport at present times and will also be in the future. Energy conservation and environmental protection are the main problems that engine manufacturers are facing. Researchers have been making a lot of effort over the last decades to analyse energy conversion in large two-stroke engines. A 1-dimensional large two-stroke low-speed diesel engine model is developed, along with a multi-zone combustion model (MZCM), in which the losses of exchanging working medium and gas composition are calculated in the whole engine, unlike the preceding 0-dimensional and quasi-dimensional engine models that are only calculated in engine cylinder chamber. The model of a low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine is calibrated and validated with experimental data and is used for simulation and analysis of the engine performance, combustion behaviour and emission of harmful exhaust gases. Large two-stroke marine diesel engines are problematic for modelling due to very few researches on this issue, due to the unsuitability of applying model on a low-speed two-stroke big diesel engines, large number of parameters that affect combustion behaviour, shape of ports and exhaust valves, working medium flow as well as because of shape of combustion chambers in these engines. For the reasons above, this research paper and its experiments contribute to better understanding large two-stroke low-speed marine diesel engine process. Analysis of engine characteristic was done by varying the most important parameters. Optimization of fuel injection characteristic and exhaust timing is achieved. The parameter of changing injection profile from classic to pre-injection was performed, and the effects on engine performance, NOx, CO and soot emissions were showed. With a pre-injection profile it is possible to reduce NOx emission by 9%, but a decrease in engine power is significant.

Methodology for determining ecological benefits of advanced tolling systems

Toll plazas are places on the road network where increased emissions of exhaust gases occur due to changes in vehicle driving regime in their corresponding impact areas. Therefore, they provide a great potential in terms of the ability to significantly reduce the emission of pollutants by using advanced technologies. In light of this, this paper aims at getting the most accurate quantification of pollutant emission (CO, CO2, HC and NOx) for the various vehicle categories which use Manuel System (MS), Electronic toll collection (ETC) with mechanical barriers and Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF) system, for determining ecological benefits that can be achieved using advanced tolling systems. The measurement of the emission of harmful gases was carried out in real field conditions for the five most common classes of passenger cars, light truck and semi-trailer-truck. Vehicle speed, fuel consumption and emission of pollutants were recorded every second, in various driving processes in the impact areas of toll plazas, as well as in numerous scenarios that involve a different number of vehicles in a queue. The obtained results show that the use of the MLFF system, compared to the MS, can achieve a reduction in CO2 in the range of 25%–45% and the reduction in NOx in the range of 32%–98%, depending on the type of vehicle and the considered scenario. The case study of the tolling system in the Republic of Serbia, on a sample of 77,408,112 vehicles, has shown that moving from the existing to an advanced MLFF tolling system allows for annual ecological benefits ranging from 1,349,862 € to 1,491,391 €.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Powered Water Pumping System

Analytical study of solar photovoltaic water pumping system can be performed on the basis of technical, economical and environmental phenomenon. Use of solar energy to generate off grid electric power has been enhanced in these days and it is continuously increasing day to day due to the active interest of government and people. Numbers of applications are available in the solar energy field and amongst its various applications solar photovoltaic water pumping system is best utilized for agriculture and community water supply. It has increased agriculture productivity due to the power availability when needed for irrigation. This technology has improved the living standard of farmers and villagers who have not proper electrical supply as per their requirement for water pumping. This technology is helping to complete the mission of government and helps farmers to get water pumping system without any need of grid connection. The use of fossil fuels was common earlier for the pumping system and mostly diesel generator based systems are used which causes emission of CO2 and other harmful gases. Fossil fuels increase pollution and causes global warming, health problems and many more while solar energy based applications are helping to reduce CO2 emission and making a step toward green environment. This manuscript presents study of technical and economic analysis of solar water pumping system useful for various water supply applications especially in agriculture sector.

A Blockchain-Based Load Balancing in Decentralized Hybrid P2P Energy Trading Market in Smart Grid

Local energy generation and peer to peer (P2P) energy trading in the local market can reduce the energy consumption cost, emission of harmful gases (as renewable energy sources are used to generate energy at user's premises) and increase the smart grid resilience. However, local energy trading with peers can have trust and privacy issues. A centralized system can be used to manage this energy trading but it increases the overall cost of the system and also faces several issues. In this paper, to implement a hybrid P2P energy trading market, a blockchain-based system is proposed. It is fully decentralized and allows the market members to interact with each other and trade energy without involving a third party. Smart contracts play a very important role in the blockchain-based energy trading market. They contain all the necessary rules for energy trading. We have proposed three smart contracts to implement the hybrid electricity trading market. The market members interact with the main smart contract, which requests P2P and prosumer to grid smart contracts for further processing. The main objectives of this paper are to propose a model to implement an efficient hybrid energy trading market while reducing cost and peak to average ratio of electricity.

Integration of Green Lean Six Sigma: a novel approach for sustainable development

The increased awareness about sustainability, health issues associated to the emission of greenhouse gases, and changed customer quality perception has forced the industries to rethink their operational methods. Green Lean Six Sigma (GLS) is a sustainable development approach that reduces negative environmental effects and delivers products of near true value. Individual Green, Lean, and Six Sigma approaches have their associated drawbacks that can be overcome by one other. So, there is a need for an integrated approach that reduces wastes, rejection, and emission of harmful gases. The present study provides integration of Green, Lean, and Six Sigma based on theoretic found elements i.e., readiness measures, barriers, toolset, etc. This study will facilitate the practitioners and industrial organisation managers to implement a sustainable GLS approach in the business organisations for improved productivity and environmental sustainability.

Hadoop Paradigm for Satellite Environmental Big Data Processing

The important growth of industrial, transport, and agriculture activities, has not led only to the air quality and climate changes issues, but also to the increase of the potential natural disasters. The emission of harmful gases, particularly: the Vertical Column Density (VCD) of CO, SO2 and NOx, is one of the major factors causing the aforementioned environmental problems. Our research aims to contribute finding solution to this hazardous phenomenon, by using remote sensing (RS) techniques to monitor air quality which may help decision makers. However, RS data is not easy to manage, because of their huge amount, high complexity, variety, and velocity, Thus, our manuscript explains the different aspects of the used satellite data. Furthermore, this article has proven that RS data could be regarded as big data. Accordingly, we have adopted the Hadoop big data architecture and explained how to process efficiently RS environmental data.

Integration of Green Lean Six Sigma: a novel approach for sustainable development

The increased awareness about sustainability, health issues associated to the emission of greenhouse gases, and changed customer quality perception has forced the industries to rethink their operational methods. Green Lean Six Sigma (GLS) is a sustainable development approach that reduces negative environmental effects and delivers products of near true value. Individual Green, Lean, and Six Sigma approaches have their associated drawbacks that can be overcome by one other. So, there is a need for an integrated approach that reduces wastes, rejection, and emission of harmful gases. The present study provides integration of Green, Lean, and Six Sigma based on theoretic found elements i.e., readiness measures, barriers, toolset, etc. This study will facilitate the practitioners and industrial organisation managers to implement a sustainable GLS approach in the business organisations for improved productivity and environmental sustainability.

Effect of the temperature of waste cooking oil methyl esters on the value of nitrogen oxides emission from the self-ignition engine

Combustion of diesel oil and liquid biofuels in self-ignition engines is related to the emission of harmful gases to the atmosphere (i.e. nitrogen, carbon or sulfur oxides). These compounds, emitted in significant quantities, pose a threat to human life and health, as well as to the natural environment. The goal of our research was to investigate the influence of temperature of the waste cooking oil methyl ester on the nitrogen oxides emission in the self-ignition engine. This is to help determine if the use of biofuel thermal activation can be used to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions. Experiments carried out on the test bench in relation to harmful nitrogen compounds (NOx). The emission of exhaust gases from a diesel engine fed with methyl esters of the cooking oil was measured. The measurements were made in accordance with ISO 8178-4. From the obtained test results it can be concluded that it is worth equipping the engine with installation for preheating the fuel before its injection, but the optimal value of fuel temperature reducing emissions is at least 70°C.

IOT-based monitoring of lab scale constitutive landfill model of food waste

Landfill are engineered dumpsite that are capable of the processing waste after undergoing proper form of degradation. In India around 55–60 landfills were constructed and operated and it will be twice and thrice in upcoming decades owing to the Emerging population growth in our country. On another side, the source of landfill, Solid waste were dumped in huge quantities in and around the country on daily basis with or without proper knowledge of processing it. One of the Major kinds of waste produced is the kitchen and it is vulnerable of releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Municipal Solid waste is generated every day and increasing in alarming rate, in our study area Trichy is produced about 0.3–0.7 Kg/day for an individual. If we properly degrade and utilized the waste, the methane gases obtained were used in the production of Biogas rather than taking methane from the earth and simultaneously reducing the emissions of harmful gases. The lab scale model of Landfill was designed and fabricated as Box shape model with measurement of 15 * 30 * 15 cm. The waste was collected and kept for Decomposition using citric acid which acts as a catalyst to speed up the Entire process of degradation in a confined environment and it will be transfer to the landfill setup. The setup will be provided with the sensors will detected the presence of methane gas coming out from the setup and it will display the analog value as an output. It will be converted as levels of gases from the Dumpsite in real time studies without accessing the landfill site directly.

Performance analysis of Al2O3 and C18H34O2 with Kappaphycus Alvarezil-Brown algae biodiesel in CI engine

The effect of using an additive based on alumina nanoparticles and oleic acid to reduce the environmentally harmful gas emissions from biodiesel and its blends in diesel. Of all this, the physic-chemical properties of the blended fuels were calculated with the help of correlations of colloidal particles and blending rules, setting additive levels of 10, 20, and 50 ppm. The results showed with the implementation of the specific concentrations of nanoadditives; these were illustrated by improvements in the delay of the ignition times and reduced cylinder temperature, which would be appropriate for proper operation of the engine.