Harmful Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

Research and Analysis of Explosion-Proof Diesel Engine Performance Based on Different Exhaust Gas Cooling Systems

As stringent emission regulations and safety standards for explosion-proof diesel engines become more critical, the demand for efficient exhaust cooling systems has increased. Traditional cooling systems, typically relying on cooling and purification water tanks, have limitations in terms of safety, performance, and emissions control. To address these challenges, a novel dry exhaust gas cooling system was developed, incorporating a heat exchanger and exhaust dilution cooling device, replacing the conventional water-based cooling systems. This study explores the performance of the dry exhaust gas cooling system through a series of experiments including explosion-proof testing of the exhaust system, whole machine explosion-proof testing, exhaust temperature measurements, surface temperature evaluations, and exhaust gas composition analysis. The system’s performance was compared to both wet and combined dry + wet exhaust gas cooling systems. Results showed that the dry exhaust cooling system maintained its explosion-proof integrity during all tests, with the highest exhaust temperature at 68.5 °C and a surface temperature of 130.8 °C—both of which comply with safety standards. Notably, the dry exhaust system also demonstrated improved power output and reduced fuel consumption by over 4% compared to the other systems. Furthermore, it significantly lowered harmful exhaust emissions, reducing CO, HC, NOX, and CO2 levels by 55%, 71%, 68%, and 82%, respectively, when compared to the wet exhaust cooling system. In comparison to the dry + wet system, these reductions were even more pronounced—63%, 75%, 66%, and 94%, respectively. The findings suggest that the dry exhaust gas cooling system offers a safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional exhaust cooling systems in explosion-proof diesel engines.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE OF BIODIESEL WITH N-OCTADECANE AND DIETHYLENAMINE ADDITIVE

In diesel-fueled internal combustion engines (ICEs), a preferred method is to add small amounts of additives to the fuel to reduce the negative impact of harmful exhaust emissions without compromising engine performance. The main reasons for preferring this method are the laws and regulations that are made mandatory and its easy applicability. For example, as the sulphur content of diesel fuels has been drastically reduced by legal regulations, the use of lubricity enhancing in diesel fuel additives has become a necessity. In this study, an experimental study was carried out to increase the performance of the diesel engine and reduce the harmful emission values by adding 10% fusel oil, which is ethanol production residue, to biodiesel produced from domestic waste oils. In order to obtain the desired benefits, different amounts of cetane enhancer n-octadecane and lubricity enhancer diethylenamine were added to the fuel mixture. The effects of n-octadecane and diethyleneamine additives added in equal amounts (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) to biodiesel fuel and fusel alcohol mixture (B90F10) on engine performance and emissions were investigated. Engine performance and emission values of these fuel blends were measured between 1400 to 2600 rpm at full load. It was experimentally determined that fusel alcohol can be used as a fuel blend, that the residual material can gain economic value, and a total of 2000 ppm n-octadecane and diethylenamine additive can be added to a mixture of B90F10 by volume at optimum values to reduce harmful exhaust emissions.

Investigation of bioethanol low-carbon fuel for diesel engines under idling conditions: Combustion, engine performance and emissions

Investigation of bioethanol low-carbon fuel for diesel engines under idling conditions: Combustion, engine performance and emissions

Effectiveness of dimethylethynylcarbinol and methyl tert-butyl ether on octane number increase of gasoline compositions

Despite the significant increase in requirements to the quality of motor fuel, harmful exhaust gases from gasoline combustion are still a major environmental problem. Today gasoline occupies one of the leading positions among primary energy sources. The problem of improving the quality of gasoline is one of the urgent problems of the chemical industry. In order to reduce harmful exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines, improve the detonation resistance of fuels and utilize renewable fuels, many different oxygen-containing additives are added to base gasoline. The research and development of new oxygen-containing additives for gasoline based on tertiary acetylene alcohols is an important and urgent task. The influence of dimethylethynylcarbinol (DMEC) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) on the increase of octane number of gasoline compositions was evaluated by the increase of octane number of straight-run gasoline and reforming gasoline blends in the ratios of 30:70 and 20:80. Aliphatic acetylene alcohol DMEС was obtained by condensation of acetone and acetylene under Favorsky reaction conditions. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized DMEС correspond to the literature data. Straight-run gasoline and reforming gasoline produced by “Atyrau Oil Refinery” LLP were used for the study. Determination of octane number of gasoline compositions containing the proposed additives was carried out by express method on the gasoline detonation resistance meter on the octanometer SHATOX SX-100K. It was determined that DMEС is an effective oxygenate additive for increasing the octane number of gasoline compositions compared to MTBE. The research of influence of oxygenates as MTBE and DMEС on increase of octane number of gasoline compositions consisting of straight-run gasoline and reforming gasoline in different ratios showed that increase of octane number at addition of DMEС is higher than at addition of MTBE. According to the results of research, tertiary acetylene alcohol - DMEС can be proposed as an oxygencontaining additive to motor gasoline.

Visualization of Injected Fuel Vaporization Using Background-Oriented Schlieren Method

In this experimental study, ethanol, an eco-friendly fuel used to reduce harmful exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines, was blended with gasoline. To optimize the combustion and the shape of the combustion chamber, the spray development and spray behavior of ethanol and gasoline were visualized and compared. Droplets of injected fuel were visualized using a high-speed camera. Because it is difficult to experimentally observe fuel vaporization using only high-speed cameras, the vaporization characteristics of the spray were compared and analyzed by using the background-oriented schlieren (BOS) method with density variation and image displacement in the spray flow field to visualize the vaporized fuel. The experimental results indicate that the fuel vaporization phenomenon could be observed during the spray development and that more fuel vaporization occurred at higher ambient temperatures and lower ambient pressures. Additionally, the dependence of the differences in the vaporization characteristics of the fuel and the wall-wetting phenomenon caused by the vaporized fuel was analyzed.

Experimental investigation of performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using blends of waste cooking oil-ethanol biodiesel with MWCNT nanoparticles

Experimental investigation of performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using blends of waste cooking oil-ethanol biodiesel with MWCNT nanoparticles

Pengaruh Modifikasi Permukaan Piston terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Motor Bakar Kapasitas 100 cc

Technological advances in motorized transportation are progressing rapidly, making motorized vehicles the main mode of transportation. The increasing number of motorized vehicles in society results in a significant increase in exhaust emissions. Combustion in vehicle engines is not always perfect, producing exhaust gases containing compounds harmful to human health, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This study investigates the effect of variations in piston dome shape on exhaust emissions in a 100cc internal combustion engine using RON 90 fuel. The goal is to find the optimal compression ratio to produce cleaner exhaust emissions. The research data are presented in tabular form and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and graphs. The results showed a significant reduction in CO and HC emissions at all engine speeds (1000, 2000, 4000, and 5000 rpm) with variations in piston dome shape. The reduction in CO emissions ranged from 55.07% to 85.73%, while the reduction in HC emissions ranged from 54.14% to 86.10%. These results suggest that variations in piston dome shape can be an effective solution to minimize harmful exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines.

Intensification of valorization of cooked rice water through energy-efficient synthesis of drop-in biofuel (butyl levulinate): engine performance, emission profile, and environmental impact assessments.

For the first time, an energy-efficient and eco-friendly technology for the conversion of abundantly available kitchen waste, specifically waste cooked rice water (WCRW) to drop-in- biofuels, namely, butyl levulinate (BL), has been explored. The synthesis of BL was accomplished employing butyl alcohol (BA) and WCRW in an energy-efficient UV (5W each UVA and UVB)-near-infrared (100W) irradiation assisted spinning (120rpm) batch reactor (UVNIRSR) in the presence of TiO2-Amberlyst 15 (TA15) photo-acidic catalyst system (PACS). The optimal 95.81% yield of BL (YBL) could be achieved at 10 wt% catalyst concentration, 60°C reaction temperature, 80min time, and 1:10 WCRW: BA concentration as per Taguchi statistical design. Moreover, additional combination of different PACS such as TiO2-Amberlyst 16, TiO2-Amberlyst 36, and TiO2-Amberlite IRC120 H rendered 86.72% YBL, 90.04% YBL, and 93.47% YBL, respectively, proving superior efficacy compared to individual activity of the acidic catalysts and photocatalysts. The heterogeneous reaction kinetics study for TA15 PACS suggested Langmuir-Hinshelwood model to be the best fitted model. A significant 63.33% energy could be saved by UVNIRSR as compared to conventional heated reactor at the optimized experimental condition using PACS TA15. An overall alleviation in environmental pollution with 59.259% reduction in GWP, 15.254% decline in terrestrial ecotoxicity, 18.238% diminution in marine ecotoxicity, 17.25% decrease in ozone formation affecting human health, 5.865% reduction in human non-carcinogenic toxicity, 18.65% diminution in ozone formation affecting terrestrial ecosystem, 55.17% significant decrease in terrestrial acidification, and 25.619% mitigation in fresh water ecotoxicity could be observed. Furthermore, BL-biodiesel-diesel blends (3% BL, 7% biodiesel, and 90% diesel) exhibited significant reduction (25.45% and 36%, respectively, for CO and HC) in harmful engine exhaust emissions demonstrating environmental sustainability of the overall process.

Shape/penetration analysis and comparisons of isolated spray plumes in a multi-hole Diesel spray

Fuel injection systems significantly impact the combustion process and play a key role in reducing harmful exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines. For dual-fuel (DF) engines operating in gas mode, ignition of the main fuel is typically controlled by directly injected liquid pilot fuel. Liquid pilot fuel’s initial penetration and total mass considerably impact exhaust emissions and combustion stability. We investigated the spray morphology of a multi-hole diesel fuel injector within a constant-volume spray chamber using high-speed shadowgraphy and Mie-scattering measurements. Two methodologies were employed. The first one utilized a nozzle equipped with a thimble structure to isolate a single plume. The second methodology known as plume-blocking, involved sealing the orifices of the multi-hole nozzle to generate a single-spray plume. Our findings revealed that the plume-blocking approach demonstrated greater penetration than the thimble-equipped nozzle. The rapid penetration of this method may restrict its applicability to single-spray studies. Sprays generated from this partially sealed nozzle exhibited noticeable disparities compared to an unblocked nozzle, whereas a nozzle equipped with a thimble produced similar outcomes to the standard nozzle. The orifices when sealed, modify the flow distribution within the sac volume, which consequently affects the spray characteristics. In summary, this research provides insights into the impacts of various plume isolation methods on spray morphology, thereby enhancing the understanding of spray behaviour in transient conditions by comparing plume variations and disturbances under various fuel pressure and ambient conditions.

Corrosion of copper exposed to water-in biodiesel-diesel emulsion fuel stabilized with polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier

Corrosion of copper exposed to water-in biodiesel-diesel emulsion fuel stabilized with polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier

Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsion with Hydroxy (HHO) Gas Fuel Enrichment for Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Application

The rising issue of the depletion of fossil fuels opened a new pathway to seek alternative fuels to fulfil World Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The application of high-blending biodiesel is possible however, it causes the diesel engine to perform poorly due to high viscosity, high fuel consumption, and increased NOx emission. To comply with the strict regulation, the idea of combining alternative fuels of high blending biodiesel, water-in-biodiesel emulsion, and hydrogen is seen as possible to solve the issue of each alternative fuel. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of high blending of biodiesel, water-in-biodiesel emulsion with hydroxy (HHO) enrichment in single-cylinder diesel engines on engine performance and exhaust emission. The fuel tested for this study are B10, B50, and an emulsion of B50 with the addition of HHO known as B50H and tested on engine speeds of 2400rpm under various loading conditions of 1kW, 2kW, 3kW, and 4kW. The result showed the B50H showed improvement in Fuel Consumption (FC) by 4%, 5% for Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and reduced Nitrogen oxide (NOx) by 23% compared to B10 fuel. Thus, the combination of high blending of biodiesel, water-in-biodiesel emulsion, and HHO gas successfully improved diesel engine performance and reduced harmful exhaust emissions to promote clean and renewable energy, without depending on current diesel fuel.

Efficiency Evaluation of Using Water-Fuel Emulsion as Fuel for Automobiles

Road transport is the main consumer of petroleum fuel as well as a source of toxic substances. Therefore, reducing fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in road transport is one of the most important problems facing modern engine construction. One of the ways to solve this problem is through the use of mixed fuels, including water-fuel emulsions. Water-fuel emulsion is a promising alternative fuel that could fulfill such requests in that it can improve the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines and reduce harmful exhaust emissions, especially nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Up to now, there have been many studies on water-fuel emulsions, especially on performance, emissions and micro-explosion phenomena. Using water-fuel emulsion as fuel for ships worldwide was studied and applied to the 80-ies of the last century, but using it for automobiles is still limited by the emulsion stability and economic difficulties to calibrate engine parameters for a new fuel. This article provides an overview of the mechanism and performance operating cycle of internal combustion engines using water-fuel emulsions and the efficiency, economy, and environmental friendliness of this fuel type for automobiles. Hence, conclusions are drawn about the possibility and effectiveness of using emulsions as fuel for automobiles, especially under conditions in Vietnam.

Faz Değişim Malzemesi Olarak Parafinin Bir Batarya Termal Yönetim Sisteminin Soğutma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are largely dependent on fossil fuels, and both the risk of depletion of fossil fuels and the harmful exhaust emissions emitted by ICEs have led researchers to become interested in electric vehicles (EVs). As the EV industry develops day by day, battery thermal management systems (BTMS) have become indispensable in solving the high-temperature problem of batteries, which are the most important component of EVs. The cost and reliability of electric vehicles are affected by parameters such as the life cycle, capacity, charging time, durability, and warranty cost of the battery pack used. The heat produced in the battery pack is removed by gas or liquid cooling in active cooling, and by phase change materials (PCM) in passive cooling. The high energy storage density of PCMs and the fact that there is no need for fan or pump power in cooling using PCMs are some of the reasons why PCMs are preferred for BTMSs. In this study, a battery pack consisting of 18 lithium-ion batteries, 6 in series and 3 in parallel, was first charged and discharged without any cooling system and then with the addition of PCM at a current strength of 1C, and the effect of the BTMS was examined. It has been observed that the BTMS has a positive effect of approximately 8% for charging experiments and 23% for discharge experiments in terms of the maximum temperature value in the battery pack.

Reducing the Harmful Exhaust Emissions from the Diesel Engine of the Tractor CASE JX75T by using the EFWP Filter at Different Engine Speeds

In this investigation, the influence of using the EFWP filter on the tractor exhaust emissions was determined. A Water and paper filter is a filter designed to operate as a filter for the exhaust for the reduction of the harmful gas (CO, CO2, NOx, and HC) emission from the engine of the tractor. Emissions experiments were carried out on CASE JX75T tractor at different engine speeds are 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, and 2250 rpm. All engine speed of the tractor underwent experimentation before the installation of the EFWP filter and after installation it. The noises and Bsfec also were measured when the two cases. Each engine speed was tested for approximately 20 minutes in two cases. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decreasing in carbon monoxide CO (51.40%), carbon dioxide CO2 (25%), nitrogen oxides NOx (43.43%) and hydrocarbons HC (60.98%) emissions and also, the noises reduced by 25.38% and there was no significant increase in the BSFC (5.34% only) after the EFWP filter was put in the tractor exhaust. The results also showed that increasing the engine speed from 750 to 2250 rpm led to significant increases in CO2, NOx, and HC emissions, while decreased the CO emission. Also, the increased by a percentage of 155.88 and 159.38 % in the case using the EFWP filter and without using it (the ordinary case) respectively. Using the EFWP filter reduced the noises not overridden internationally permitted standards (65 dB).

Comprehensive Analysis of Compression Ratio, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, and Pilot Fuel Injection in a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Tamarind Biodiesel

The global automotive industry is facing significant challenges, including dwindling fossil fuel reserves, rising crude oil prices, and increasingly strict emission regulations. To address these concerns, this study investigates the impact of the compression ratio (CR) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance and emissions of a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fuelled with a 20% blend of tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) biodiesel. The study employed an open-type electronic control unit to implement pilot fuel injection at a rate of 30%, 23° before the top dead centre (TDC), and at a higher pressure of 600 bar. Three CRs (16:1, 18:1, 20:1) and two types of EGR (hot and cold EGR at 10%) were evaluated. Diesel fuel at CR 18 was used as a baseline for comparison. The experimental procedure involved conducting tests with TSME 20 at CR 16, 18, and 20. Subsequently, TSME 20 at CR 20 + Hot EGR 10% and TSME 20 at CR 20 + Cold EGR 10% were examined. The results showed that TSME 20 operated at a higher CR (CR 20) exhibited improved diesel engine performance and significant reductions in harmful exhaust emissions. Additionally, cold EGR at 10% was more effective in reducing CO, CO2, and NOx emissions from TSME 20 than hot EGR. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into optimizing diesel engine operation to achieve a balance between performance enhancement and emission reduction through tamarind seed biodiesel blends and different EGR techniques. The implementation of these strategies holds considerable potential in addressing the automotive industry’s challenges, including ecological considerations and fuel price fluctuations.

Analysis of Hybrid Nano-Emulsified Jatropha Methyl Ester-Diesel Blend (B20) in a Direct Injection Engine: An Experimental Study

<p>The purpose of this research was to comprehensively evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using a novel fuel blend comprising a hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The fuel blend consisted of a mixture of 50 ppm of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The engine's performance and emissions were investigated under different load conditions ranging from 0 to 100%. This study involved conducting a series of experiments on an engine to evaluate the engine's efficiency (BTE) and fuel consumption (BSFC). Additionally, emissions in exhaust including NOx, CO, HC, and excess O2 were measured to assess the environmental impact of the hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The results obtained from the experimental investigations revealed that the adding of nano Fe2O3 and SiO2 to the JME-Diesel blend improved the engine's performance and reduced emissions. An increase in the proportion of nanoparticles 50 ppm led to a significant improvement in BTE, while simultaneously reducing BSFC. Regarding emissions, the hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20) demonstrated a considerable reduction in CO2, CO, and HC emissions than neat diesel . Notably, the emission reductions were more pronounced as the nanoparticle proportion increased. This indicates the potential of the hybrid nano-emulsified fuel blend to contribute towards environmental sustainability and mitigate the adverse effects of diesel engine emissions. In insinuation, the results demonstrate the promising characteristics of an engine fueled with a hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The findings suggest that the inclusion of nano Fe2O3 and SiO2 in the fuel blend can enhance engine efficiency while reducing harmful exhaust emissions.</p>

Monitoring of electricity generation from exhaust waste heat and wireless data recording from a mobile phone in real driving conditions of a vehicle.

In this study, a system is designed to generate electrical energy from the exhaust waste heat of vehicles using a thermoelectric generator. Electronic hardware that can communicate wirelessly, firmware, and mobile software specific to the system have been developed to control and monitor this system. The system comprises hexagonal aluminum components, thermoelectric generators, a cooler, sensors, software, and electronic hardware. The easily removable hexagonal modular aluminum component is designed to transmit heat from the exhaust pipe to thermoelectric generators. It used a thermoelectric generator (TEG-SP1848) on each edge of this hexagonal component and a heatsink to cool the generator. The voltage and current values of the electrical energy produced in the observations made under real driving conditions are recorded on the SD card on the system. In addition, system-specific mobile software has been developed by the work team. With this software, the system can be controlled, as well as visualizing the instantaneous parameters of the system. According to the results obtained from the test drives, electrical energy was obtained at a maximum voltage of 9.8 V and a current of 0.32 A. This electrical energy from the exhaust waste heat can be stored in the vehicle's existing battery. In this way, since the alternator used for the vehicle's electricity generation will be activated less, fuel savings will be achieved in the engine, and harmful exhaust emissions will be reduced. In addition, the electrical energy obtained by this method can be stored in an external battery independent of the vehicle battery and used for various purposes. In contrast, the vehicle is stationary or has a portable battery.

Effects of clogged air filter on power, torque, fuel consumption and emissions of diesel engines in tractors

In this study, The pressure drop in the intake system when the new air filter is -1mbar, then -21mbar, −40 mbar depending on the pollution, and −65 mbar in a fully clogged state, were investigated. While the pressure drop in the intake system was -1mbar, the maximum power produced in the engine was initially 64.2 kW, and the maximum torque was 386 Nm. When the pressure drop reached −65 mbar, the engine’s maximum power dropped to 58.1 kW and its maximum torque to 360 Nm. When the engine is at maximum torque (1400 rpm), the pressure drop in the system is −1 mbar, while the fuel consumption is 16.4 L/h, and when the pressure drop reaches −65 mbar, the fuel consumption increases to 34.3 L/h. Similarly, at maximum engine power (2200 rpm), the pressure drop in the system is −1 mbar, while fuel consumption is 14.8 L/h. When the pressure drop reaches −65 mbar, fuel consumption increases to 31.2 L/h. At the same time, it has been observed that while all the performance values of the engine have decreased depending on the air filter pollution level, harmful exhaust emissions CO, NO, and NOx increased significantly.

Design and optimization of engine top mounted aftertreatment mounting bracket

Design and optimization of engine top mounted aftertreatment mounting bracket

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine

The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO2, NOX, as a sum of NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, NH3, and CH2O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased.