Harmful Diseases Research Articles

Pyrene-functionalized mesoporous silica as a fluorescent nanosensor for selective detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution

Selective detection of Hg2+ is in high demand as Hg2+ can cause serious environmental problems and harmful diseases. In the present work, a pyrene- functionalized organic-inorganic hybrid nanosensor was synthesized by using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as scaffold and pyrene unit as signal output, which could realize selective turn-off detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution. The successful synthesis of the pyrene-functionalized fluorescent nanoparticle was demonstrated by a series of characterization methods including TEM, BET-BJH, FT-IR, TGA, XPS and solid-state 13C NMR. Some measurements also indicated that there could be a grafting process on both the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and the interior of mesopores. The fluorescence measurements showed that the fluorescent nanosensor exhibited selective turn-off responses to Hg2+ over a series of 15 other metal ions, and the selective detection was hardly interfered by the presence of these interfering metal ions even at 10 equiv. amount. Moreover, the nanosensor could semi-quantitatively detect Hg2+ over a concentration range from 1 to 20 μM with a detection limit of 0.62 μM. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements and 1H NMR titration indicated the binding of Hg2+ with the spacer contributed to the selective responses to Hg2+. The obtained pyrene-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles illustrated high sensitivity, high selectivity and reliability in detecting Hg2+, contributing to the development of organic-inorganic hybrid materials for heavy metal ions.

First Report of Enterobacter cloacae Causing Bulb Decay on Garlic in China.

Enterobacter cloacae is a symbiotic bacterium, which is one of the species in intestinal microbiota in many humans and animals. In some cases, it causes harmful diseases in humans. More and more studies showed that E. cloacae caused disease on plants, such as macadamia, ginger, mulberry, onion, chili pepper and rice. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of crops with economic importance in the world. It is also widely grown in China. During 2018 to 2020, the naturally infected garlic bulbs from garlic fields in Kaifeng of Henan Province (34.55° N; 114.78° E) showed dry brown discoloration and rot symptoms. The diseased garlic seriously affected its edible value. Voucher specimens collected on June, 2019 were deposited in Plant Disease Laboratory of Tianjin Agricultural University under accession no. PATAU190620. To identify the causal agent of this disease, the bulb tissues of infected garlic were surface-disinfested in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite, dipped in75% ethanol, and then dipped in sterile distilled water. These bulbs were plated on LB medium and incubated at 37℃. A number of white colonies grew on the medium after plating for 16 h. All colonies were round, white, opaque, smooth, and gram-negative, which is a typical characteristic of Enterobacter. To confirm the initial identification of the isolated bacterium, the fragments of 16S rRNA gene and gyrA gene of 6 colonies were amplified, respectively. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. All 16S rRNA and gyrA sequences were identical to each other. The sequences of 16S rRNA gene and gyrA gene were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MW730711 and MW768876, respectively. BLAST searches were conducted using the sequences of 16S rRNA and gyrA. The results showed 99.72%, and 96.91% identity with the corresponding sequences of E. cloacae strain CBG15936 (CP046116.1), respectively. Phylogenetic trees were performed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method of MAGA X based on the sequences of 16S rRNA gene and gyrA gene. Phylogenetic tree indicated that isolates are most likely E. cloacae. Pathogenicity tests were performed by puncturing garlic bulbs with a hypodermic needle, followed by dipping in bacterial suspension with the concentration of 2×108 CFU for 5 minutes. As control, the garlic bulbs were treated with sterile water. The inoculated and control were incubated at 30°C. 7 days after inoculation, brown discoloration and rot were developed on all inoculated garlic bulbs. No symptoms were observed in the control group.The symptoms were similar to that observed on the original diseased garlic bulbs. The garlic bulbs in inoculated and control were ten replicates in each independent biological experiments. The pathogenicity tests were conducted three times with similar results. The bacteria were re-isolated from the symptomatic diseased garlics and confirmed as E. cloacae by morphological and sequence analyses as above. The re-isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical and physiological characteristics using API 20E strips. The results of the identification were identical to those of the edible ginger strains and the chili pepper strains. As far as we know, this is the first report of bulb decay on garlic caused by E. cloacae. The results are of great significance not only for the management of garlic bulbs during postharvest handling and storage, but also for the further research of opportunistic human pathogens E. cloacae.

PROSPECTS FOR BREEDING WINTER COMMON WHEAT FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST USING MOLECULAR MARKERS

Wheat leaf rust is a harmful disease whose epiphytotics lead to serious grain yield losses. Severe epiphytoties of leaf rust are observed once every 3-4 years in the Volga Region. Despite numerous breeding achievements, many modern wheat varieties in the Russian Federation are not resistant to leaf rust. Studies of the newest assortment of soft wheat, carried out by Russian researchers, show that the genotypes of 93% of the studied varieties contained Lr genes individually or in various combinations; the Lr34 gene is widely represented in combinations with the ineffective juvenile genes Lr3, Lr10 and Lr26, which provides an acceptable level of field resistance to leaf rust. Selection for resistance is hampered by the constant change in the race composition of the pathogen, which goes hand in hand with the introduction of highly expressed genes of vertical resistance into the wheat genotype by breeders. The priority in breeding is the use of "field" or long-term resistance. There are suggestions that this type of resistance is due to the additive effects of several genes that cause the effects of age resistance and "slow rusting”. Development of cultivars possessing "pyramids" of genes will produce a long-term effect of resistance. However, the use of classical methods of hybridological analysis and phytopathological tests for gene pyramiding is time-consuming and labor-intensive and not always effective. Marker-assisted selection makes it easy to identify the right alleles in both starting material and breeding lines, making it an indispensable tool in immunity breeding. The use of molecular markers makes it possible to quickly and successfully create varieties with multiple resistance genes if donors of resistance genes and specific molecular markers of these genes are available. The breeding program for winter soft wheat at the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture uses donors of genes Lr3, Lr9, Lr10, Lr26, Lr34, Lr39(41) and others, as well as a replaced chromosome 6Agi2 of wheatgrass intermediate, whose direct donors are spring soft wheat varieties ‘Tulaikovskaya 10’ and ‘Tulaikovskaya Zolotistaya’. As a result of hybridization and subsequent individual selection, promising breeding material of winter soft wheat was created in Samara Research Institute of Agriculture for further identification of valuable genotypes that contain genes of resistance to leaf rust and chromosome 6Agi2, using molecular markers.

Perspectives of metal-organic framework nanosystem to overcome tumor drug resistance.

Cancer is one of the most harmful diseases in the world, which causes huge numbers of deaths every year. Many drugs have been developed to treat tumors. However, drug resistance usually develops after a period of time, which greatly weakens the therapeutic effect. Tumor drug resistance is characterized by blocking the action of anticancer drugs, resisting apoptosis and DNA repair, and evading immune recognition. To tackle tumor drug resistance, many engineered drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one kind of emerging and promising nanocarriers for DDS with high surface area and abundant active sites that make the functionalization simpler and more efficient. These features enable MOFs to achieve advantages easily towards other materials. In this review, we highlight the main mechanisms of tumor drug resistance and the characteristics of MOFs. The applications and opportunities of MOF-based DDS to overcome tumor drug resistance are also discussed, shedding light on the future development of MOFs to address tumor drug resistance.

Covid-19: A Pandemic Outbreak

A pandemic disease which is widely spreading all over the world leading to deaths of millions of people. A novel coronavirus (CoV) known as COVID-19 or nCoV-2019 or 2019 novel coronavirus identified by World Health Organization (WHO) is currently maintaining all the data of COVID-19 and it was started in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Coronavirus is a harmful disease and fastly spreading disease. The WHO declared coronavirus as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The first case was occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province, china which showed the first symptom of respiratory illness. The family of SARS is MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. MERS-CoV is an epidemic; SARS-CoV is also a pandemic which was long lasted in the year 2009 now SARS-CoV-2 which has been started in the year 2019 and still it is going on. The symptoms which reflects that a person he/she who is suffering from COVID-19 is respiratory illness, fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, change in taste of mouth, fatigue. The coronavirus is affected to all age groups but especially to those people who are old in age and are suffering from diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, hypertension, and chronic liver diseases. It can spread from one person to another person very easily through droplets or aerosols or particles and transfer from hands. People who are 6 feet to infected people have 100% chances of being affected to virus. The incubation period for an infected person should be atleast 2-14days. If the normal person meets the infected person the person should see for 14 days if he/she is not infected then he/she is not confirmed with COVID-19. The preventive measures are get vaccinated as soon as possible, should keep physical distance from every person at least 1 m, should wear mask and gloves compulsory, while cough or sneeze bent your elbow. The COVID-19 is tested or diagnosed by RT-PCR test. It is available in the form of kits and it is developed and is available in all clinical labs. RT-PCR results shows just 30-75% accurate because it shows incorrect use of kits or shows not enough virus in our blood at the starting stages of infection. The current outbreak has much importance in bioinformatics in drug designing. Some databases and tools are used to design drug-using lopinavir and remdesivir.

The efficacy of various fungicides against tomato Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)

The tomato is one of the most popular vegetables farmed worldwide. One of the most harmful tomato disease is Fusarium wilt, which is a disease that the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici causes. Disease causes about 30% to 40% losses in yield. The poisoned food technique was used to assess the fungitoxic activity of the fungicides Blitox 50, Aliette, Roko, Amistar, Avtar, and Cabrio Top at the plant pathology department of the college of agriculture at LPU, Punjab, throughout the years 2021-2022. Six different fungicides were tested in the lab at various concentrations such as 50, 100, and 150 ppm. Thiophanate Methyl (Roko) show the best result in laboratory. Same fungicides were checked at field. Among this fungicides Copper Oxychloride (Blitox 50) shows the best result in field condition.

The comparison of two approaches for detecting and locating abnormalities on coronary artery images

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is believed to be one of the most harmful fatal diseases in the world. An experienced doctor needs a lot of time to diagnose CAD in a patient. We proposed two methods to detect abnormal positions from coronary artery imaging to improve efficiency and performance in diagnostic abnormalities. In the first method, we introduce the vessel wall browsing algorithm to locate abnormalities on the blood vessels by comparing the distances from baseline to points under consideration. This algorithm reached 71.4%. We apply a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict whether a coronary image is normal or abnormal in the second method. The result from the experiment using our private dataset shows that our methods have an accuracy of 67.7%.

Ensemble Deep Learning Models for Lung Cancer Diagnosis in Histopathological Images

Computed Tomography, widely known as CT scan, is used for the detection of lung cancers. However, sometimes doctors cannot detect such harmful diseases based on the CT scan images; hence they recommend a manual biopsy. A manual biopsy is very tedious and exhausting and can also consume much time, and there is a chance of medical error in it. So, it is high time for researchers to develop a Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) System that can help detect lung cancer in minimal time and effort with the highest accuracy. Lung biopsy reports are collected, and histopathological images are generated out of it. Image processing and data augmentation techniques are applied upon a collected histopathological image to prepare a dataset. Three different models are trained by using this dataset, Convolutional Neural Networks and its variants- Inception-V3 and ResNet50. These developed models suffer from high variance on unseen data as they are measured on training and validation datasets. As there is no obvious indication of which model is better than another toward the conclusion of the training period, picking the final model is dangerous based on the results. Ensemble learning techniques help to reduce high variance and give better accuracy than a single model. Ensemble learning provides many strategies to overcome such problems. This research demonstrates approaches to ensemble deep learning models to reduce high variance and improve predictive accuracy on unseen data.

Detection and identification of “black foot” pathogens of grapes in Crimea

At the present stage of development, stable economic efficiency of viticulture is possible if a decrease in the viability of grape plants, accompanied by a decrease in their productivity and lifecycle reduction, is prevented. Progressive grapevine weakening can be caused by both climate change and affection of perennial wood by the complexes of phytopathogenic fungi. In the last two decades, in all major grape-cultivating states, the root rot or “black foot” of grapes has been attributed to the most harmful diseases of perennial wood, especially in nurseries and young plantations. Presently, 30 fungal species are known to be associated with this disease, with the most common genera being Campylocarpon, Cylindrocladiella, Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria, Pleiocarpon, and Thelonectria. The article presents the results of laboratory researches and field experiments aimed at studying the etiology of inhibition of grape plant development in the conditions of Crimea. For the period from 2017 to 2021, in the vineyards of Mountain-Valley, South-Western and Central-Steppe Crimea, the affection of bushes of grape varieties ‘Moldova’, ‘Aligote’, ‘Arcadia’, ‘Lora’, ‘Rkatsiteli’ with the disease "black foot" or root rot of grapes was diagnosed for the first time. Using of molecular biological approach based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) made it possible to establish that “black foot” pathogens in Crimean vineyards include Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) L. Lombard & Crous, 2014 and Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, 2015.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A CAT WITH FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE

Feline lower urinary tract disease is a common and significant harmful disease in cats. In this paper, to investigate the etiology, clinical signs, and treatment of feline lower urinary tract syndrome, a case of feline lower urinary tract syndrome encountered in clinical practice was collected and recorded. The case was examined by clinical questioning, ultrasonic, routine blood tests, and biochemical blood tests, including Serum amyloid A and blood gases analyses. The cat was finally diagnosed with lower urinary tract syndrome and was treated conservatively with bladder irrigation and catheterization, followed by daily catheterization and infusion therapy. After 3-5 days of treatment, the cat was discharged with fair results and a good prognosis. It provides some references for the clinical management of the feline lower urinary tract disease.

Basic concepts in clinical immunology: A review

Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist of innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates the initial protection against infections, and adaptive immunity (specific/acquired immunity), which develops more slowly and provides more specialized and more effective defence against infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms against pathogens. The body is protected against pathogens by a variety of effector cells and molecules that together make up the immune system. All the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells of the immune system, ultimately derive from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. The cells of the adaptive immune system consist of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and effector cells that eliminate microbes. Strategies of avoidance, and tolerance represent different ways of dealing with pathogens. Anatomic barriers and chemical barriers e.g complement and antimicrobial proteins may be considered as primary forms of avoidance.Macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells are important cells that that detect infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns. Some PRR are transmembrane proteins e.g Toll like receptors (TLRs). Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Inappropriate immune responses can result into hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease or immune deficiency.

Isolating QTL controlling sugarcane leaf blight resistance using a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy

Sugarcane leaf blight (SLB), caused by Stagonospora tainanensis, is one of the most harmful fungal diseases, threatening the sugarcane industry and causing high losses of cane yield and sugar in susceptible cultivars. Using a two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy in combination with array genotyping, two high-density genetic maps were constructed for sugarcane cultivars YT93-159 and ROC22 with mean densities of respectively 3.0 and 3.5 cM per marker, and covering respectively 4485 and 2720 cM of genetic distance. The maps showed highly conserved colinearity with the genome of the ancestral species Saccharum officinarum, supporting the reliability of the linkage configurations of the maps. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of SLB resistance revealed six QTL (qSLB-1–qSLB-6). The major QTL qSLB-1 explaining 16.4% of phenotypic variance was assigned as the main QTL, and the total percentages of phenotypic variance explained in YT93-159 and ROC22 were 37.9% and 17.6%, respectively. Nine transcription factor and seven pathogen receptor genes lying in the qSLB-1 interval were highly expressed and are proposed as candidate causal genes for SLB resistance.

Highly Efficient Capture and Quantification of the Airborne Fungal Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Employing a Nanoelectrode-Activated Microwell Array.

In this study, we present a microdevice for the capture and quantification of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum spores, pathogenic agents of one of the most harmful infectious diseases of crops, Sclerotinia stem rot. The early prognosis of an outbreak is critical to avoid severe economic losses and can be achieved by the detection of a small number of airborne spores. However, the current lack of simple and effective methods to quantify fungal airborne pathogens has hindered the development of an accurate early warning system. We developed a device that remedies these limitations based on a microfluidic design that contains a nanothick aluminum electrode structure integrated with a picoliter well array for dielectrophoresis-driven capture of spores and on-chip quantitative detection employing impedimetric sensing. Based on experimental results, we demonstrated a highly efficient spore trapping rate of more than 90% with an effective impedimetric sensing method that allowed the spore quantification of each column in the array and achieved a sensitivity of 2%/spore at 5 kHz and 1.6%/spore at 20 kHz, enabling single spore detection. We envision that our device will contribute to the development of a low-cost microfluidic platform that could be integrated into an infectious plant disease forecasting tool for crop protection.

Wheat Yellow Rust Disease Infection Type Classification Using Texture Features.

Wheat is a staple crop of Pakistan that covers almost 40% of the cultivated land and contributes almost 3% in the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan. However, due to increasing seasonal variation, it was observed that wheat is majorly affected by rust disease, particularly in rain-fed areas. Rust is considered the most harmful fungal disease for wheat, which can cause reductions of 20–30% in wheat yield. Its capability to spread rapidly over time has made its management most challenging, becoming a major threat to food security. In order to counter this threat, precise detection of wheat rust and its infection types is important for minimizing yield losses. For this purpose, we have proposed a framework for classifying wheat yellow rust infection types using machine learning techniques. First, an image dataset of different yellow rust infections was collected using mobile cameras. Six Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features and four Local Binary Patterns (LBP) texture features were extracted from grayscale images of the collected dataset. In order to classify wheat yellow rust disease into its three classes (healthy, resistant, and susceptible), Decision Tree, Random Forest, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and CatBoost were used with (i) GLCM, (ii) LBP, and (iii) combined GLCM-LBP texture features. The results indicate that CatBoost outperformed on GLCM texture features with an accuracy of 92.30%. This accuracy can be further improved by scaling up the dataset and applying deep learning models. The development of the proposed study could be useful for the agricultural community for the early detection of wheat yellow rust infection and assist in taking remedial measures to contain crop yield.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ВНЕШНЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ К БОЛЕЗНЯМ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ГОРОХА

To increase the efficiency and safety of phytosanitary measures, it is necessary to combine all available methods and means aimed at long-term suppression of the number of pests below economic threshold of harmfulness. In this regard, the article provides data on the influence of external environmental factors (weather conditions, preparations for pre-sowing seed treatment) on disease susceptibility and yield of peas. The hydrothermal conditions corresponded to climatic conditions of the Trans-Urals during the period of the experiments and were favorable for cultivation of agricultural crops. It was established that the most common and harmful diseases of peas are fusarium (in the forms of root rot and wilting) and ascochitis. Pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides was effective not only against root rot and wilting of peas, the development of the disease decreased by 1.2-1.6 times, but also against a group of leaf-stem diseases, susceptibility to ascochitosis decreased by 1.4-1.7 times. The influence strength of pre-sowing seed treatment on susceptibility of peas to Fusarium was 9.5-74.6 %, and weather conditions - 4.0-76.9 %. The development of leaf-stem infections was largely influenced by weather conditions of the growing season, the share of this factor was 13.7-88.7 %. Treatment of pea seeds with all the studied preparations provided a significant increase of yield by 9.7 ... 23.4 %. The influence of "Weather conditions of the year" factor in yield formation of peas was 72.8 ... 76.1 %, while the share of "Preparations" factor influence did not exceed 15.9 ... 18.3 %.

Characterization of Zymoseptoria tritici populations in Belarus by morphologic and cultural features

Septoria leaf blotch caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most harmful diseases in Belarus. Isolates of the pathogen were obtained from northern, central and southern populations: in 2018–2019, whichvaried significantly among in the structure of colonies. The rate of fungal isolates forming yeast-like colonies decreased from 55.0 % in the North of Belarus to 6.7 % in the South, whereas incidence of filamentous isolates increased from 31.3 % to 80.0 %, respectively. In the northern population, phenotypic diversity was high, while in the southern population it was the lowest (Shannon’s index was 1.53 and 1.14, respectively).

Histological Atlas of the Internal Anatomy of Female Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) Mites in Relation to Feeding and Reproduction

Abstract Histochemical staining of histological sections of Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman, 2000) mites reveal the internal body plan and are used to contrast the internal organs associated with feeding and reproduction of starved versus recently fed female mites. The gnathosoma is comprised of a powerful sucking pharynx, which employs 11 alternating dilator and constrictor muscles, the chelicerae, the salivary ducts, and the salivarium. Coronally, the esophagus is visible through the synganglion between its supraesophageal and subesophageal regions and connects posteriorly to the midgut. The midgut is devoid of food particles in starved mites, but in fed mites, the midgut epithelial cells are filled with innumerable globular spheroids replete with lipoproteins, including polyunsaturated lipids, whereas the lumen is filled with saturated lipids or other unidentified nutrients. In the opisthosomal body region of the fed female, the bilobed lyrate organ lies adjacent to the midgut on one side and the ovary on the opposite side, with very close cell to cell linkages that appear to form a syncytium. The fed female ovary contains an enormously enlarged ovum, and numerous elongated nurse cells extending from the lyrate organ. Dyes staining selectively for lipoproteins suggests rapid incorporation of neutral and polyunsaturated lipids and lipoproteins. Also evident near the ovary in fed females is the spermatheca filled with elongated, fully capacitated spermatozoa. The histological and histochemical findings reported in this study provide a fresh insight into the body structure, nutrition, and reproductive activity of the female of this harmful honey bee parasite and disease vector.

AMA FROM AYURVEDIC AND MODERN PERSPECTIVE

Agni is one of most powerful transformative principles of Ayurveda. Deranged Agni leads to the formation of Ama. Ama is responsible for causing most of the diseases in human beings. The disease produced, clinically mani- fests itself in form of various signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms are the principal tools for a physi- cian to diagnose the disease and treat it promptly. On the basis of these symptoms, all diseases can be classified in Samavastha and Niramavastha. If an objective Parameter that could measure the severity of Ama is searched, it will prove to be an advantage for the physician, who could then catch the cause (Ama) and save patients from this harmful disease entity. A definite line of treatment of Ama can be planned after considering the symptoms and severity of the condition. Keeping this approach, the review is carried out to understand Ama from Ayurvedic and Modern perspectives. After reviewing it can be concluded that Ama has no direct correlation in modern science but can best be equated to 'toxins'. They may be endotoxins like enzymes, hormones, catalysts, etc. when these are unable to function properly or entirely, different metabolites are formed which are not acquired by the body. On further process these go on accumulating in different systems, affecting the normal mechanism of that respective system or exotoxins produced by some bacteria or micro-organism when they enter into the body. Keyword: Agni, Ama, Toxin

Medidas de prevenção e controle de infecção associadas ao uso de cateter venoso periférico e central

Objective: To analyze the risk factors that cause catheter infections, as well as to permeate the action of nursing professionals and their effectiveness in preventive control. Method : This is a basic research; descriptive and bibliographic as to data collection procedures. Results: Through the information collected from more than 40 selected articles, it became clear the negligence in an expressive and accelerated way in punctures in hospital environments and in the assistance offered to nursing professionals. In this sense, with appropriate prevention and promotion, it would be possible to adequately promote the qualification of these procedures, reducing the risks of infection in the hospital environment. Conclusion : The use of these devices, sometimes, becomes indispensable in the treatment for short or long periods, however the risks of using this equipment in an imprudent way cause persistent and harmful diseases. Therefore, the nurse's participation is necessary as a risk minimizer agent, with paramount importance in maintaining quality care for the patient since these professionals need to base their care actions on proven scientific evidence.

Nanomaterials as Promising Theranostic Tools in Nanomedicine and Their Applications in Clinical Disease Diagnosis and Treatment.

In recent decades, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been widely used in the medical field, showing great potential due to their unique physical and chemical properties including minimal size and functionalized surface characteristics. Nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively studied in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that seriously threaten human life and health, and are regarded to significantly improve the disadvantages of traditional diagnosis and treatment platforms, such as poor effectiveness, low sensitivity, weak security and low economy. In this review, we report and discuss the development and application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases based mainly on published research in the last five years. We first briefly introduce the improvement of several nanomaterials in imaging diagnosis and genomic sequencing. We then focus on the application of nanomaterials in the treatment of diseases, and select three diseases that people are most concerned about and that do the most harm: tumor, COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases. First, we introduce the characteristics of nanoparticles according to the excellent effect of nanoparticles as delivery carriers of anti-tumor drugs. We then review the application of various nanoparticles in tumor therapy according to the classification of nanoparticles, and emphasize the importance of functionalization of nanomaterials. Second, COVID-19 has been the hottest issue in the health field in the past two years, and nanomaterials have also appeared in the relevant treatment. We enumerate the application of nanomaterials in various stages of viral pathogenesis according to the molecular mechanism of the complete pathway of viral infection, pathogenesis and transmission, and predict the application prospect of nanomaterials in the treatment of COVID-19. Third, aiming at the most important causes of human death, we focus on atherosclerosis, aneurysms and myocardial infarction, three of the most common and most harmful cardiovascular diseases, and prove that nanomaterials could be involved in a variety of therapeutic approaches and significantly improve the therapeutic effect in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we believe nanotechnology will become more widely involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the future, potentially helping to overcome bottlenecks under existing medical methods.