Harmful Diseases Research Articles

Local Wisdom Fly Trap Effectiveness in the Culinary Area of Bantul Beach Tourism, Yogyakarta

Background: Flies are insects that can contaminate food with various harmful disease agents. It is not yet known which fly trap is the most effective at trapping flies. There are three types of fly traps as local wisdom for the culinary area of Bantul Beach, which is used to control fly populations: sticky paper, plastic bowls, and plastic bottles. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of sticky paper, plastic bowls, and plastic bottles in trapping flies. Method: This research was an experimental study with three fly traps: sticky paper, plastic bowls, and plastic bottles. Measurements were made by placing fly traps in 12 seafood stalls in the culinary area of Bantul Beach. The number of trapped flies was counted by hand counter. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test, significance level (α) = 0.05, and Post Hoc Test Multiple Comparison advanced test. Results: Sticky paper could trap 297 flies (69.4%), followed by 121 plastic bowls (28.3%) and ten plastic bottles (2.3%). The analysis showed that sticky paper had significantly different effectiveness in trapping flies compared to plastic bowls (p = 0.032) and plastic bottles (p = 0.004). In contrast, the efficacy of plastic bowls and bottles was not significantly different (p = 0.130). Conclusion: The effectiveness of sticky paper in trapping flies was significantly different from that of plastic bowls and plastic bottles, while the efficacy of plastic bowls and plastic bottles was not significantly different.

The main directions and tasks of pumpkin crop breeding of the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»

Pumpkin crops are an important segment in the structure of cultivated vegetable crops. Their selection is mainly aimed at precocity, increased resistance to adverse climatic factors and the most harmful diseases (true and downy mildew, olive, angular and brown spots, anthracnose, viruses and other diseases). The article presents the main directions of selection work on cucumber, squash, zucchini and pumpkin in the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center". A network of branches of FSBSI "FSVC" engaged in the creation of new varieties, with specified parameters, for the above crops is presented. The features of breeding work on pumpkin crops in various regions of the Russian Federation are shown.

Melon breeding for disease resistance in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is the most spread melon crop in Uzbekistan. More than 130 local varieties of melon are cultivated in various regions of the republic. Every year melons and gourds are cultivated on the area of 150 thousand hectares. The most harmful diseases of the melon are powdery mildew and Fusarium wilt. All local varieties of melon are susceptible to these diseases. Annually from these diseases, the yield of melon is reduced by 20-25%. The most effective way to combat these diseases is to develop resistant varieties. The Research Institute of Vegetable, Melon Crops and Potato has carried out long-term selection work to create melon varieties resistant to powdery mildew and Fusarium wilt. Breeding local varieties of melon with economically valuable traits and high test quality with genes for resistance to these diseases have been created and included in the State Register of Uzbekistan.

Evaluation of Hematological, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Profile in Cattle Infected with Brucellosis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan.

Brucellosis is a well-known and harmful zoonotic disease that poses a severe threat to public health and wild and dairy animals. Due to a lack of monitoring and awareness, disease incidence has increased. Therefore, this study was conducted for the first time to ascertain the status of seroprevalence of brucellosis, hematological, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in different breeds of cattle reared under tropical-desert conditions in Pakistan. This study comprised 570 cattle of different breeds. We recorded some epidemiological traits, including age and gender. The blood samples were obtained from all the cattle, screened with RBPT, and then confirmed by ELISA and PCR. The results recorded an overall 11.75%, 10.7%, and 9.64% prevalence of brucellosis based on RBPT, ELISA, and PCR. We obtained nonsignificant results in different age and sex groups of cattle. The results showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower values of erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin quantity, hematocrit, lymphocytes, and monocytes in infected cases. The results showed that the total leukocyte and neutrophil cells significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased. The lipid peroxidation parameters (MDA- and NO-scavenging activity of erythrocyte) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in infected cattle, whereas significantly reduced antioxidant enzymes like SOD, RGSH, and CAT were. Similarly, significantly lower serum albumin levels and total serum proteins were recorded in infected cattle.

A review on synthesis methods and recent applications of nanomaterial in wastewater treatment: Challenges and future perspectives

Freshwater has been incessantly polluted by various activities such as rapid industrialization, fast growth of population and agricultural activities. Water pollution is considered as one the major threatens to human health and aquatic bodies which causes various severe harmful diseases including gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, cancer, etc. The polluted wastewater could be treated by different conventional and advanced methodologies. Amongst them, adsorption is the most utilized low cost, efficient technique to treat and remove the harmful pollutants from the wastewater. The efficiency of adsorption mainly depends on the surface properties such as functional group availability and surface area of the adsorbents used. Since various waste-based carbon derivatives are utilized as adsorbents for harmful pollutants removal; nanomaterials are employed as effective adsorbents in recent times due to its excellent surface properties. This review presents an overview of the different types of nanomaterials such as nano-particles, nanotubes, nano-sheets, nano-rods, nano-spheres, quantum dots, etc. which have been synthesized by different chemical and green synthesis methodologies using plants, microorganisms, biomolecules and carbon derivatives, metals and metal oxides and polymers. By concentrating on potential research difficulties, this study offers a new viewpoint on fundamental field of nanotechnology for wastewater treatment applications. This review paper critically reviewed the synthesis of nanomaterials more importantly green synthesis and their applications in wastewater treatment to remove the harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.

A Secondary Metabolite Secreted by Penicillium citrinum Is Able to Enhance Parastagonospora nodorum Sensitivity to Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin.

Parastagonospora nodorum causes glume and leaf blotch of wheat, a harmful disease resulting in serious losses in grain yield. In many countries including Russia, fungicidal formulations based on triazoles and on triazoles combined with strobilurins are used to control this fungus. However, their prolonged application may promote the selection of fungicide-resistant strains of P. nodorum leading to significant attenuation or even loss of fungicidal effect. Chemosensitization of plant pathogenic fungi with natural compounds represents a promising strategy for mitigating fungicide resistance and other negative impacts of fungicides. In this work, we applied a chemosensitization approach towards P. nodorum strains non-resistant or resistant to tebuconazole or azoxystrobin using 6-demethylmevinolin (6-DMM), a metabolite of Penicillium citrinum. The resistant strains were obtained by the mutagenesis and subsequent culturing on agar media incorporated with increasing doses of Folicur® EC 250 (i.e., tebuconazole) or Quadris® SC 250 (i.e., azoxystrobin). Test strains m8-4 and kd-18, most resistant to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, respectively, were selected for sensitization experiments. These experiments demonstrated that combining 6-DMM with Folicur® enhanced fungicidal effectiveness in vitro and in vivo in addition to attenuating the resistance of P. nodorum to tebuconazole in vitro. 6-DMM was also found to augment Quadris® efficacy towards kd-18 when applied on detached wheat leaves inoculated with this strain. Experiments on P. nodorum sensitization under greenhouse conditions included preventive (applying test compounds simultaneously with inoculation) or post-inoculation spraying of wheat seedlings with 6-DMM together with Folicur® at dose rates (DR) amounting to 10% and 20% of DR recommended for field application (RDR). Combined treatments were run in parallel with using the same DR of the fungicide and sensitizer, alone. A synergistic effect was observed in both preventive and post-inoculation treatments, when the sensitizer was co-applied with the fungicide at 10% of the RDR. In this case, disease reduction significantly exceeded the protective effect of Folicur® at 10% or 20% of the RDR, alone, and also a calculated additive effect. Collectively, our findings suggest that 6-DMM is promising as a putative component for formulations with triazole and strobilurin fungicides. Such new formulations would improve fungicide efficacy and, potentially, lower rates of fungicides needed for plant pathogen control.

Optimum inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by efficient targeting of the macropinocytosis using optimized paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles

AimsBreast cancer (BC) is the third leading cause of death among other cancer types. Worldwide, it is the most common harmful disease in women, representing 1/4 of all cancers. Treatment of BC remains an ongoing challenge to most researchers. Understanding how cancer cells differ from normal cells can enhance drug targeting and overall disease progression. Endocytosis is a major physiological process modified in cancer cells and affects the cellular uptake of chemotherapeutic agents. MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibit constitutive macropinocytic activity in comparison to normal non-macropinocytic MCF-10A breast cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that blocking the macropinocytosis mechanism in MCF-7 cells may inhibit the cancer progression while maintaining the safety of normal cells. Main methodsUsing nano-precipitation technique, paclitaxel-PLGA-NPs were successfully prepared in the size range and charge required to opt for macropinocytosis in MCF-7 cells. Key findingsUptake and endocytosis inhibitor assays indicated that the developed NPs acquired size and surface charges that efficiently target macropinocytosis of MCF-7 cells. Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA-NPs showed higher efficacy against MCF-7 cells, while providing no toxicity on normal MCF-10A cells. Metabolomics analysis indicated the nutrients deprivation because of occupying the macropinocytosis. However, treatment of fresh MCF-7 cancer cells by metabolites secreted from PLGA-NPs-treated MCF-7 cells showed a potential metastatic activity. Thus, co- administration with an anti-metastatic drug is advised. SignificanceCollectively, adjusting the size and surface characteristics of a drug can critically control its cellular uptake, affecting the efficacy of drugs and the microenvironment of cancer cells.

A hydrogel-based chemosensor applied in conjunction with a Griess assay for real-time colorimetric detection of nitrite in the environment

Nitrite ions (NO2-) are Type A inorganic contaminants, and they exert significant effects and greatly threaten human health and the environment. In addition, excessive intake of this anion might cause harmful diseases. In this study, we have successfully developed a novel hydrogel-based chemosensor for sensing nitrite ions. We first synthesized a hydrogel, 2-naphthylacetic acid-L-phenylalanine-L-phenylalanine (Nap-FF), which was based on a naphthyl acetic moiety made by a liquid-phase synthetic strategy and then investigated its characteristics and the conditions required for hydrogelation. To detect nitrite ions affecting water quality, facile synthesis of the Nap-FF hydrogel and sulfanilamide were used. Then, based on the Griess mechanism for the reaction between NO2- and NapFF-sulfanilamide, a colorimetric Griess-based reaction was performed on the hydrogel. The results confirmed visually that our chemosensor showed extremely high sensitivity to nitrite, and a significant color change from transparent to yellow/orange was observed. Correspondingly, a linear relationship was observed between the NO2- concentration and the color difference value (ΔE*), the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.72 μM and the working concentration for NO2- ranged from 8.3 μM to 16.7 mM. Furthermore, interference testing of this sensor confirmed its high selectivity toward NO2- in the presence of environmentally relevant competing ions.

Leaf spot resistance in sweet and sour cherries

Background. Cherry leaf spot (caused by the fungus Coccomyces hiemalis Higg.) has been one of the most harmful diseases of stone fruits for many years. The increasing genetic homogeneity of plant forms used in breeding promotes the acceleration of the pathogen’s adaptive microevolution and the overcoming of previously effective resistance genes. The structure of C. hiemalis populations from Krasnodar Territory in terms of their virulence to a set of differentiators and the effectiveness of new leaf spot resistance donors were studied.Materials and methods. The polymorphism in three populations of the fungus was assessed by the frequencies of virulence phenotypes which were identified using six differentiators. The resistance of new distant hybrids to 50 monopustular isolates was assessed in laboratory experiments.Results and conclusions. Five phenotypes of the fungus, differing in virulence to six cherry genotypes, were identified. An increase was observed in the frequencies of virulence phenotypes capable of strongly affecting donors used in breeding for resistance. Five hybrids are proposed to expand the genetic diversity of sour and sweet cherry cultivars resistant to C. hiemalis: 3-61-4-139, 3-39-5-47, 3-107-6-28, AI 5 B-D-2-4-27, and 3-76. They are protected by the leaf spot resistance genes that have been transferred from Prunus serrulata Lindl. The alleles of the resistance genes in these plants are not identical to the resistance alleles in the genotypes Seyanets No. 1, Mutant 561, ‘Almaz’, Kusumkent 8, Vetrovoe 11 (P. kurilensis Miyabe), and BG-35 (P. sargentii Rehd.), all used in breeding. Seedling 3-20-5-23 (P. serrulata × Northstar) was not resistant to a number of C. hiemalis clones. It is assumed that this genotype and Vetrovoe 11 (P. kurilensis) are protected by identical alleles of resistance genes, which differ from the alleles present in the five new hybrid forms.

Modern trends in the development of selection of vegetable and melon crops

The article reflects the issues of the current state of scientific research in the FSBSI FSVC, directions and prospects for the development of selection and seed production of vegetable crops are shown. Varieties have been created that realize the bioclimatic potential of the cultivation zone, meet market requirements, and are capable of producing high yields under the influence of biotic and abiotic stressors. Selection is carried out in a combination of classical methods with innovative technologies.Biotechnologists have improved the basic protocol for in vitro microspore culture for the Brassicaceae, stages of technology for obtaining doubled haploids in microspore culture in vitro for the Apiaceae are being developed. For the first time, an effective protocol for obtaining double haploids of European radish has been developed. Doubled haploids of vegetable crops of the Cucurbitaceae, Amarantháceae, Amaryllidáceae were obtained in vitro in the culture of unpollinated ovules. The Center conducts research on the increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants. An important place is occupied by immunological studies on the resistance of vegetable crops to harmful diseases. The institution develops systems of protective measures against pests, diseases and weeds for vegetable crops based on the use of new environmentally friendly preparations. On the basis of fundamental and priority applied research of previous years, the creation of 21 varieties and hybrids of cabbage, table beet, tomato, sweet pepper, onion, chives, leek, cucumber, melon, lettuce, chervil, potato, aster, lychnis has been completed. Along with the creation of new breeding achievements, technologies for their cultivation are being improved through the use of new agricultural practices, microfertilizers, biological products and humates on vegetable crops in various soil and climatic zones of Russia. New agricultural methods are being developed in the cultivation of mushrooms. In the field of seed production, methods are being developed to increase the germination of seeds, seed production, elements of the technology for the production of mother liquors and seeds of various vegetable and melon crops; zonal seed production technologies that increase their yield. In 2021, a team of scientists received an award from the Government of the Russian Federation for scientific work "Development and implementation of innovative technologies for growing vegetables and potatoes to provide the population with environmentally friendly food".

Diseases of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance. Conducting research on the resistance of hybrid tea roses to phytopathogenic harmful organisms and determining the species composition of pathogens and factors affecting their developmen.Methods. The objects of the study were the causative agents of fungal diseases of varieties of hybrid tea roses from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The research was carried out using the Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops.Results. The results of studying the species composition of mycosis pathogens on varieties of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden are presented. The nature and degree of damage to plants is described, the causes are established and methods of containment of diseases are developed. The most harmful and common diseases on hybrid tea roses in growing conditions are: powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa Lew. var. rosae Voron.); downy mildew (Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan.); rust (is caused by 2 pathogens — Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., Phragmidium tuberculatum Mϋll. Hal.); gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and leaf spotting of different types: black spot (Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf. = Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Diet.); septoria (Septoria rosae Desm.); cercosporiasis (Cercospora rosiola Pass.), the development of which was facilitated by meteorological conditions over the years of research. Evaluation of hybrid tea cultivaris of roses for resistance to fungal diseases was carried out in 2019-2021 in the collection of the Stavropol botanical garden on a natural infectious background on a 5-point scale during the period of mass spread of diseases. Despite the fact that all cultivaris of hybrid tea roses are affected by fungal diseases, it has been found that different cultivaris are affected differently. According to the degree of resistance to the complex of diseases, 4 cultivaris received 1 point (practically resistant), 52 cultivaris received 2 points (weakly affected), 74 cultivaris received 3 points (mediumly affected), 33 cultivaris received 4 points (strongly affected). Regular monitoring of the phytosanitary state of the studied cultivaris, biological and chemical protection measures made it possible to reduce the massive spread of fungal diseases and preserve the decorative effect of plants.

INFEKTIVITAS MIKORIZA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guinennsis Jack.) YANG TERSERANG GANODERMA

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important plantation crop in Indonesia as a producer of vegetable oil and several other derivative products. Palm oil (CPO) production is 47.18 million tons and PKO 4.6 million tons (GAPKI 2019). One of the main obstacles in palm oil cultivation is the presence of biotic stress in the form of Stem Root Disease (BPB) caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense Pat. is the most harmful disease. In several palm oil plantations in Indonesia, this disease has caused the death of up to 80% or more of the entire population of oil palm plantations. Several factors that influence the development of BPB disease in the field are plant age, soil type, nutrient status and replanting technique. The characteristics of Ganoderma include soil borne, necrotropic and have various means of self-defense, therefore, BPB disease control must be carried out in an integrated manner between the use of resistant palm oil plants, the use of superior biological control agents and technical culture measures. One of the prevention alternatives that can be done is by utilizing soil microbes that can be in symbiosis with palm oil roots, such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Mycorrhizae play a role in improving soil health, are environmentally friendly and able to improve soil nutrient status and agricultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the infectivity of mycorrhizae on healthy plants and plants that are attacked by Ganoderma. Keywords : Ganoderma, Infectivity, Oil palm

Concept and Guidelines of Consuming Halal-Tayyiban Food from Islamic and Health Perspectives: A Meaningful Lesson from COVID-19 Outbreak

The first outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China proves consuming non–halal and non-tayyib food leads to widespread diseases and viruses. Since this occasion, the Covid-19 virus has widespread worldwide and has left negative impacts on the economic development, health quality, and social development of human beings. Therefore, this paper reports on the concept and guidelines of consuming halal-tayyiban food following the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of practicing a healthy lifestyle with an ideal selection of food to maintain a good immune system and preventing from harmful diseases. The data and information were gathered from electronic sources such as journal articles and trusted websites. It is hoped that the outcome of the paper will assist other researchers to come out with new ideas for a healthy lifestyle such as practicing a good Halal lifestyle and consuming Halalan Tayyiban products.

Regulatory Effect of Sea-Buckthorn Procyanidins on Oxidative Injury HUVECs.

As society develops and aging populations increase, the incidence of arteriosclerosis, a seriously harmful cardiovascular disease (CVD) which mostly results from endothelial cellular oxidative damage, has continuously risen. Procyanidins from sea-buckthorn is a powerful antioxidant, although its protective effect on the cardiovascular system is not yet clearly understand. In this study, oxidative damaged HUVECs induced by palmitate acid (PA) were used as a model and the regulatory effect of procyanidins from sea-buckthorn (SBP) on HUVECs were investigated. The results showed SBP can be used for 12 h by HUVECs and had no detective cytotoxicity to them under 400 μg/L. Also, different concentrations of SBP can increase mitochondrial membrane potential and NO level and decrease LDH leakage in a dose-effect relationship, indicating SBP can improve oxidative damage. In addition, western blots and qPCR results showed SBP regulation on oxidative injured HUVECs is probably through p38MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway. This study revealed the molecular mechanism of procyanidins in decreasing endothelial oxidative damage, providing a theoretical foundation for further research on natural bioactive compounds to exert antioxidant activity in the body and prevent and improve cardiovascular diseases.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition target dysbiosis to treat fatty liver in obese mice.

BACKGROUNDObesity and comorbidities onset encompass gut dysbiosis, altered intestinal permeability, and endotoxemia. Treatments that target gut dysbiosis can cope with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) management. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha activation and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition alleviate NAFLD, but the mechanism may involve gut microbiota modulation and merits further investigation. AIMTo address the effects of PPAR-alpha activation and DPP-4 inhibition (isolated or combined) upon the gut-liver axis, emphasizing inflammatory pathways in NAFLD management in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice. METHODSMale C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (C, 10% of energy as lipids) or a high-fat diet (HFD, 50% of energy as lipids) for 12 wk, when treatments started, forming the groups: C, HF, HFA (HFD + PPAR-alpha agonist WY14643, 2.5 mg/kg body mass), HFL (HFD + DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin, 15 mg/kg body mass), and HFC (HFD + the combination of WY14643 and linagliptin). RESULTSThe HFD was obesogenic compared to the C diet. All treatments elicited significant body mass loss, and the HFC group showed similar body mass to the C group. All treatments tackled oral glucose intolerance and raised plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. These metabolic benefits restored Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, resulting in increased goblet cells per area of the large intestine and reduced lipopolysaccharides concentrations in treated groups. At the gene level, treated groups showed higher intestinal Mucin 2, Occludin, and Zo-1 expression than the HFD group. The reduced endotoxemia suppressed inflammasome and macrophage gene expression in the liver of treated animals. These observations complied with the mitigation of liver steatosis and reduced hepatic triacylglycerol, reassuring the role of the proposed treatments on NAFLD mitigation.CONCLUSIONPPAR alpha activation and DPP-4 inhibition (isolated or combined) tackled NAFLD in diet-induced obese mice by restoration of gut-liver axis. The reestablishment of the intestinal barrier and the rescued phylogenetic gut bacteria distribution mitigated liver steatosis through anti-inflammatory signals. These results can cope with NAFLD management by providing pre-clinical evidence that drugs used to treat obesity comorbidities can help to alleviate this silent and harmful liver disease.

Characterization of ground water using spectroscopic techniques

Water is most essential natural resource on earth and we cannot live without it. Contamination of water is increasing day by day. In Punjab, India water is not safe for drinking, it can be cause of many harmful diseases. It mainly affect human kidney. In present research, work is done to find the characteristics of the ground water collected from Phagwara Region, Punjab. Analysis was done using different spectroscopic techniques, mainly - Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Fluorescence spectroscopy. It was observed that the sample contained strong narrow C-C triple bond, N-H bond is also present. The two spectroscopic techniques were successful in characterizing the bonds present in the sample under research.

Dissecting the Mechanism of Allosteric Regulation of SIRT1

The enzyme SIRT1 is a lysine deacetylase that plays a part in various pathways in the body, including insulin secretion and neurodegeneration, rendering it as a potential drug target for common diseases such as Type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The activity of SIRT1 can be modulated allosterically by Sirtuin Activating Compounds (STACs), such as resveratrol, which bind to the STAC Binding Domain (SBD) of SIRT1 in the N‐terminus. End‐point activity assays have shown that resveratrol can have different effects on SIRT1 activity depending on the acetylated peptide substrate used, including an increase, decrease, or no change in deacetylation activity. The goal of our project is to dissect the activity of SIRT1 with and without resveratrol against different acetylated peptide substrates. Rather than only examining the overall catalytic efficiency, our goal is to assess the effect of resveratrol on the catalytic rate (kcat) and substrate recognition (KM) of SIRT1 against different acetylated peptide substrates. Upon addition of resveratrol, a large change in the KM of SIRT1 with a select peptide would imply that resveratrol had an effect on the substrate recognition of the enzyme, whereas a large change in the kcat may indicate that resveratrol caused an alteration in the catalytic rate of the enzyme for that specific peptide. We hypothesize that resveratrol allosterically alters SIRT1 activity by changing the conformation of the SBD region relative to the catalytic core, which would likely result in a large change in the KM, such as a two‐fold change in KM or higher, indicating a change in the efficiency of SIRT1 substrate recognition. To test this hypothesis, enzyme‐coupled assays involving SIRT1 acting on the peptide substrates Ac‐p300, Ac‐H4, and Ac‐p53 with and without resveratrol have been performed. Previous end‐point assay studies have shown that resveratrol decreases SIRT1 deacetylation activity against Ac‐p300, but increases activity against Ac‐H4, and does not affect SIRT1 activity against Ac‐p53. The Michaelis‐Menten parameters for SIRT1 activity with and without resveratrol were compared, allowing observation of the effects of resveratrol on SIRT1’s KMand kcat values. Understanding how resveratrol affects SIRT1 deacetylation activity will provide further insight into the development of drugs that can alter SIRT1 activity in a specific way to mitigate the effects of harmful diseases in humans.

Screening of the world winter bread wheat collection for leafstem disease resistance in the Lower Volga region

The current paper has presented the study results of collection winter bread wheat samples. The purpose of the study was to screen the world collection of winter bread wheat for disease resistance in the Nizhnevolzhsky region. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the South-East” (Saratov). In 2017–2021 there was conducted an estimation of the resistance of 152 winter bread wheat samples to the main pathogens. The samples were sown at the optimal time with the SSFC-8 seeder on plots of 3 m2 in a single repetition. The seeding rate was 450 germinating seeds per m2 . There have been studied the world collection varietal samples of winter bread wheat VIR (from breeding centers of the USA, Canada, Ukraine, Slovakia, Latvia, Hungary, etc.), as well as the samples of domestic breeding (FANC of the South-East, NTsZ named after P.P. Lukyanenko, Severokavkazsky FNATS, etc.). There have been identified the most harmful leaf-stem diseases, such as brown rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici), septoria (Septoria tritici Rob. et Desm.) and yellow leaf blotch (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler). There has been characterized the resistance of the winter bread wheat collection to the complex of leaf-stem diseases. There have been identified two samples with group resistance to brown and stem rusts, septoria and pyrenophorosis; one sample resistant to leaf rust and stem rust; three samples resistant to stem rust and septoria; one sample resistant to leaf and stem rust and septoria; six samples resistant to septoria and pyrenophorosis.

Brown rust (Puccinia triticina) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) resistance of the winter durum wheat varieties at ARC “Donskoy”

In order to increase food grain production of winter durum wheat, which is of high quality for producing cereals and pasta, it is necessary to increase the sown areas, which require varieties that meet the requirements of modern production to develop highly productive varieties with specified grain quality parameters and resistance to diseases. Both for bread wheat and durum wheat the harmful diseases are leaf rust and powdery mildew. The generally accepted methods of fighting them is the development of pathogen resistant varieties. Breeding for the resistance of this crop has been carried out at the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” since the middle of the last century, as a result of which there were developed the varieties with the constantly increasing level of resistance. Through different years, there were developed and sown the varieties ‘Novinka 5’, ‘Donchanka’, ‘Donskoy yantar’, ‘Terra’, ‘Agat Donskoy’, ‘Lazurit’ which were not infected by brown rust and powdery mildew. The purpose of the study was to identify new reliable sources of resistance to these diseases in order to use them in breeding programs for immunity. The study was carried out on infectious backgrounds in 2015–2021, using the North Caucasian populations of leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens. In the trials there were identified 63 winter durum wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origin from inter-station variety testing, 26 powdery mildew resistant varieties, 20 leaf rust resistant varieties and 17 varieties resistant to both pathogens. Among the identified varieties with group resistance there are both the Russian varieties ‘Krucha’, ‘Kermen’, ‘Krupinka’, ‘Dobryana’ and others, and foreign varieties ‘Akveduk’, ‘Andromeda’, ‘Kassiopeya’, ‘Afina’, Pributkova and others.

Performance Analysis of Neural Network Based Classifiers for the Prediction of Diabetes

Diabetes is the most harmful diseases to consider in recent years since it causes severe damage to human beings in the form of elevated sugar levels. In a recent survey, it was projected that over 385 million public were affected in the entire world. Several investigators were conducted various experiments for prediction of diabetes using various classification techniques. This paper deals with a neural classifier based prediction system to recognize diabetes. Two learning algorithms namely, Levenberg Marquardt back propagation (LM), and gradient descent with variable learning rate are is investigated for different architecture and the best architecture with good accuracy was identified. The data are together from the Government Hospital of Pondicherry and it is formed as a database. Totally, datasets of 500 have been together, out of which 350 datasets as training sets for training process and 150 datasets as testing sets for the testing process. The recognition accuracy is obtained. For comparison, k-Nearest Neigourhood and the K- nearest neighbor and Radial Basis Function (RBF) network are also implemented and it is trained and tested with the same datasets. The result shows that Neural Network outperforms well with other classifiers.