Harm Threshold Research Articles

Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine — 75 years

Goal. Research of the history of formation and stages of activity of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, its role in increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial production of the country, in the scientific and business world.
 Methods. Analysis of archival data on the establishment of the modern Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS, articles on the activities of the institution, scientific works of scientists.
 Results. At all stages of its history, the Institute has successfully solved important tasks related to the development of effective plant protection measures from the most dangerous pests and diseases, in particular the improvement of the chemical method of protection, development and implementation of biological protection measures. The economic expediency of the use of insecticides is theoretically substantiated; the economic thresholds of harmfulness of phytophages, indicators of ecological safety of the chemical method of protection and the theoretical foundations of integrated plant protection from harmful organisms are developed. A huge work on scientific provision of breeding of agricultural plants to resistance against pathogens of diseases and pests is carried out. A set of scientific researches on improving ecological and safe methods of protecting cultures under radioactive contamination are carried out. Systems of monitoring and controlling the number of parasitic phytonematodes on wheat winter, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetable cultures of greenhouse are developed. Numerous scientific researches on quarantine of plants are carried out. There are developments on the forecasting of the beans of field crops and improvement of techniques of use of herbicides. Large-scale researches on wheat genetics are carried out.
 Conclusions. The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS has always played and now plays a huge role in improving the efficiency of agro-industrial production. It is firmly established in the scientific and business world.

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

Influence of mineral nutrition on yield yield and quality of winter wheat surflower

Influence of mineral nutrition on yield yield and quality of winter wheat surflower

DRIVING RESTRICTION AND EARLY ARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING A SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR (DREAM SICD STUDY)

BACKGROUND Subcutaneous defibrillators (SICD) are being used increasingly for selected patients. Although there are established Canadian driving guidelines post transvenous ICD implantation, none exist for SICDs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of appropriate and inappropriate therapies and sudden cardiac incapacitation (SCI) after implantation of a SICD in contemporary practice. These data will help ascertain current driving guidelines in Canada following SICD implantation. The primary endpoint was incidence of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapy within 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 180 days and one-year post SICD implantation. The secondary variable was annualized risk of harm (ARH) while driving; ARH < 0.00005 while driving is considered acceptable in Canada. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed retrospective chart reviews of consecutive patients who received a SICD at eight Canadian centers between January 1st, 2016 and May 31st, 2020, including 198 patients in the final analysis. Both primary and secondary prevention SICDs were included. We reviewed device clinic electronic medical records and charts from immediate post-implant and subsequent follow-up visits. The baseline patient demographics are described in table 1. The overall incidence of syncope was 2.5%. The adjusted incidence rate of any ICD therapy and ARH while driving remained below the acceptable risk of harm for secondary prevention patients, except in the first 7 days post implantation (Figure 2a). The ARH while driving remained below the acceptable risk for primary prevention patients at all of the time periods (Figure 2b) till 12 months of follow up. CONCLUSION The rate of appropriate ICD therapy in a contemporary patient population implanted with an SICD is very low and the ARH while driving remains below acceptable harm threshold, except in first seven days for secondary prevention population. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the risk of harm while driving in a contemporary patient population with SICDs. Subcutaneous defibrillators (SICD) are being used increasingly for selected patients. Although there are established Canadian driving guidelines post transvenous ICD implantation, none exist for SICDs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of appropriate and inappropriate therapies and sudden cardiac incapacitation (SCI) after implantation of a SICD in contemporary practice. These data will help ascertain current driving guidelines in Canada following SICD implantation. The primary endpoint was incidence of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapy within 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 180 days and one-year post SICD implantation. The secondary variable was annualized risk of harm (ARH) while driving; ARH < 0.00005 while driving is considered acceptable in Canada. We performed retrospective chart reviews of consecutive patients who received a SICD at eight Canadian centers between January 1st, 2016 and May 31st, 2020, including 198 patients in the final analysis. Both primary and secondary prevention SICDs were included. We reviewed device clinic electronic medical records and charts from immediate post-implant and subsequent follow-up visits. The baseline patient demographics are described in table 1. The overall incidence of syncope was 2.5%. The adjusted incidence rate of any ICD therapy and ARH while driving remained below the acceptable risk of harm for secondary prevention patients, except in the first 7 days post implantation (Figure 2a). The ARH while driving remained below the acceptable risk for primary prevention patients at all of the time periods (Figure 2b) till 12 months of follow up. The rate of appropriate ICD therapy in a contemporary patient population implanted with an SICD is very low and the ARH while driving remains below acceptable harm threshold, except in first seven days for secondary prevention population. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the risk of harm while driving in a contemporary patient population with SICDs.

Toxicity assessment and underlying mechanisms of multiple metal organic frameworks using the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii model

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of materials which have garnered increasing attention for their utility as adsorbents and photocatalysts in water treatment. Nevertheless, the environmental risks of MOFs, especially their underlying impacts on aquatic organisms, are not fully explored. Herein, the toxicity of multiple representative MOFs was systematically assessed using a freshwater green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) model. Six typical MOFs with different metal nodes or organic linkers, including four transition metal incorporated aluminum-based porphyrin MOFs [pristine Al-PMOF, Al-PMOF (Cu), Al-PMOF (Ni), and Al-PMOF (Co)], one amine-functionalized MOF NH2-MIL-125 (Ti), and one bimetallic Hofmann MOF (NiCo-PYZ), were successfully synthesized and characterized. All the tested MOFs significantly reduced the chlorophyll content and inhibited the algal growth, with the most toxic materials being NiCo-PYZ and Al-PMOF (Cu). Distinct toxic mechanisms were observed for the tested MOFs. Metal ion release was the primary cause for algal toxicity induced by NiCo-PYZ. The algal toxicity induced by porphyrin MOFs could be explained by the combined effects of metal ion release and nutrient adsorption, agglomeration and physical interactions, and reactive oxygen species generation. NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) showed higher stability and more biocompatibility than the other tested MOFs. MOFs concentrations with no harmful effects to algae can be taken as the threshold values for safe use and discharge of MOFs. The ecotoxicological risks of MOFs should be considered as the applied concentrations of MOFs at mg/mL levels in environmental remediation were much higher than the no harmful effect thresholds.

Parasitic activity of plant pathogens at the underground organs of spring wheat in the West Siberia

The purpose of the research was to determine the factors of soil phytopathogens parasitic activity at the underground organs of spring wheat varieties, to clarify the etiology of root rot during the growing season. The studies were carried out in 2020-2021 in the northern forest-steppe of the Ob region (West Siberia) using generally accepted methods. A high parasitic activity of soil phytopathogens was established during the entire growing season of spring wheat: the zonal threshold of harmfulness was exceeded at seedlings up to 2.8 times, at bloom stage to 5 times, and at ripeness stage up to 4 times. The host plants susceptibility to infection with phytopathogens increased during the growing season due to abiotic (drought) and biotic (cereal flies) stresses, which neutralized varietal differences. The main phytopathogens at the underground organs of 20 spring wheat varieties were Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. Shom. and Fusarium Link. fungi, the occurrence of which at all underground plant organs (primary roots, secondary roots, stem bases) during the growing season was 100%. The dominance of Fusarium fungi increased during the growing season of plants. The biological diversity of Fusarium fungi was maximal in the bloom phase (up to 7 species on secondary roots of one variety). The species composition of Fusarium fungi was represented by permanent species-F. poae (Peck.) Wollenw. and F. oxysporum Schltdl., additional species-F. sambucinum Fuck., F. graminearum Schwabe and F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., rare-F. solani Koord., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., F. culmorum Sacc., F. heterosporum Nees., F. acuminatum Ellis & Verh. The succession of Fusarium fungi in the system of plant organs and in the phases of vegetation was revealed, and the parameters of realized ecological niches overlap of Fusarium fungi species were determined.

Irrigation Recommendation for Water Saving and Salinity Control in Horticulture in the Semi-arid Lower Cheliff Plain (Algeria)

Salinity and water deficit are two major issues for agricultural development in Algeria. The Lower Cheliff plain, northwestern Algeria, is, furthermore, characterised by semi-arid Mediterranean climate, and soils with high clay content. Our study area was a 4 ha farm located in Oued Rhiou and another 1 ha farm located in Ouarizane, both upstream in the Lower Cheliff plain, and irrigated with waters of different salinities: 1.8 and 5.5 dS m-1, respectively. The plots were equipped with drip irrigation and subsurface drainage systems. Farmer’s irrigation management of artichoke and melon were observed during the respective cropping seasons from September 2010 till June 2011, and from April till July 2011. The total irrigation amounts were, respectively, 364 mm and 240 mm, while the precipitations were 367 mm and 67 mm. The soil properties were determined in the entire rooting depths down to 80 cm for artichoke and 60 cm for melon. In addition to these, irrigation water composition, and crop development parameters were used to simulate soil salinity using the SALTIRSOIL_M model. Simulations and observations of soil pH, main ion concentrations and ECe showed reasonable agreements for June 2011. Next, the irrigation schedules that would have met the water needs of both crops, while simultaneously keeping soil salinity below harmful levels were estimated using the model. For the artichoke plot, a lower irrigation rate (290 mm yr-1) could have kept water deficit and soil salinity below their respective harmful thresholds. For the melon plot, on the contrary, a higher irrigation rate (480 mm yr-1) is able to neutralise the water deficit, though not completely the salinity stress would have been adequate. Farmers’ irrigation practices in the context of the climate, water quality and soil properties of the Lower Cheliff plain can be analysed and improved with the aid of soil salinity modelling.

Biotic Factors in the Phytosanitary Technology of Green Pea Cultivation in the Trans-Urals

This article presents the results of studying the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of 10 varieties of green pea in the Trans-Urals. We noted that the economic threshold of harmfulness by the soilborne and leaf-and-stem disease agents was crossed in the majority of the varieties. All varieties of the peas were affected by root rot above the economic threshold of damage (15%). In 2018, the level of root rot development was 55.5% on average in the varieties, or an excess of EPR by 3.7 times; and in 2019, the development of rot was 44.6% or an excess of EPR by 3 times. High rates of Fusarium blight were evident in the Zauralskiy 4, Kulon, Krepysh, and Samarius varieties, and bacterial blight in the Krepysh and Tomas varieties. Rust development varied on average over the two years from 10.5% to 16.5%, and 12% of the standard cultivar Aksayskiy Usatii 55 was affected. 11% of Samarius 13% of Agrointel and 11.5% of Zauralskiy 3 were affected. For all varieties, the development of powdery mildew was below the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV = 15%). A higher percentage of disease development was noted in the Zauralsky 4 variety (11.0%) and in the Yamalsky 305 variety (13.5%). The productivity of the seeds treated with chemical fungicide increased 1.2-1.9 times as compared to the reference sample. The productivity growth of the seeds treated with biofungicides amounted to 1.09-1.11 times the reference. The authors recommend a pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds with preparations of symbiotrophic nitrogen fixers (such as nitragin, rhizotorfin), combined with their treatment with microelements: ammonium molybdate with 50% content of the active ingredient (250 g / t of seeds) and boric acid (250-300 g / t of seeds). Keywords: green pea, varieties, diseases, fungicide, yield.This article presents the results of studying the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of 10 varieties of green pea in the Trans-Urals. We noted that the economic threshold of harmfulness by the soilborne and leaf-and-stem disease agents was crossed in the majority of the varieties. All varieties of the peas were affected by root rot above the economic threshold of damage (15%). In 2018, the level of root rot development was 55.5% on average in the varieties, or an excess of EPR by 3.7 times; and in 2019, the development of rot was 44.6% or an excess of EPR by 3 times. High rates of Fusarium blight were evident in the Zauralskiy 4, Kulon, Krepysh, and Samarius varieties, and bacterial blight in the Krepysh and Tomas varieties. Rust development varied on average over the two years from 10.5% to 16.5%, and 12% of the standard cultivar Aksayskiy Usatii 55 was affected. 11% of Samarius 13% of Agrointel and 11.5% of Zauralskiy 3 were affected. For all varieties, the development of powdery mildew was below the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV = 15%). A higher percentage of disease development was noted in the Zauralsky 4 variety (11.0%) and in the Yamalsky 305 variety (13.5%). The productivity of the seeds treated with chemical fungicide increased 1.2-1.9 times as compared to the reference sample. The productivity growth of the seeds treated with biofungicides amounted to 1.09-1.11 times the reference. The authors recommend a pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds with preparations of symbiotrophic nitrogen fixers (such as nitragin, rhizotorfin), combined with their treatment with microelements: ammonium molybdate with 50% content of the active ingredient (250 g / t of seeds) and boric acid (250-300 g / t of seeds).&#x0D; Keywords: green pea, varieties, diseases, fungicide, yield

Compensation for Energy Infrastructures: Can a Capability Approach be More Equitable?

ABSTRACT In this article, we deal with the evaluation of the losses suffered by persons living in urban areas as a result of energy services. In the first part, we analyse how by adopting different informational foci we obtain contrasting interpersonal evaluations regarding the same loss. In the second part, we distinguish between a diachronic and a hypothetical/moralised threshold for harm in order to assess whether individuals are benefiting from or being harmed by a given energy service. Our argument is that the most accurate evaluation of an individual damage caused by an energy service can be obtained by using capabilities as informational focus, instead of realised wellbeing or means to wellbeing, and by interpreting the loss in relation to a hypothetical/moralised threshold that corresponds to a list of central capabilities. In the last part, we address monetary and non-monetary compensations for a loss that is evaluated in terms of capabilities. Accordingly, we expound how compensation policies can either restore the capabilities lost due to energy services or monetarily compensate the individual for the fact that a given capability (or set of capabilities) has been irremediably lost.

Development of agrotechnology of spring wheat using an environmentally safe method of disinfection and biostimulation of seeds

The article presents the results of the development of agrotechnology of spring wheat using an environmentally safe method of disinfection and biostimulation of seeds, the impact on field germination and reduction of infection with the most harmful microorganisms. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the use of a physical method of seed treatment effectively affected the reduction of infection of wheat grain with pathogens of phytopathogenic microflora to the established thresholds of harmfulness.

Effective protection of grain crops from pests

Plant protection products are currently the main part of crop cultivation technologies not only in the Krasnoyarsk territory, but also around the world. The most promising way to protect plants from pests is an integrated system that involves the use of chemical control agents only in cases where the pest population exceeds the economic threshold, and the effectiveness increase of natural mechanisms for regulating the number is carried out using agro-technical and biological methods of pest suppression. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that protective measures allowed to reduce crop losses by 10-15 %. During the study period, all pests recorded on grain crops (excluding cereal flies) did not exceed the threshold of harmfulness, but it is necessary to take into account their complex impact on the crop and especially grain pests (aphids, thrips and grain large nutmegs), which revealed themselves massively and spread more widely in grain crops. Pests of ear and grain, cereal aphids and wheat thrips exerted the greatest harmfulness in the experiment especially in the background with zero tillage.

History and main directions of research on plant protection in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens

The article provides information on the history of the creation and development of the Department of plant protection in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens and the results of modern theoretical and applied research on the protection of native and introduced plants for 2000-2020. The main concepts, directions and methods in the development of integrated plant protection systems for fruit and park plantations are considered. There are five stages in solving the main task of plant protection-the rational management of the phytosanitary state of agrobiocenoses: 1. use of agrotechnical methods of control, including mechanical destruction of phytophages; 2. chemical method of plant protection using polytoxic broad-spectrum pesticides; 3. integrated control in the form of the concept of a reduced treatment scheme, taking into account the economic thresholds of abundance and harmfulness and combining all existing methods of control; 4. managing the growth of populations of harmful organisms using biologically active substances of the information type according to integrated indicators; 5. development of a post-genomic approach to limiting the number of phytophages, based on the use of fragments of natural polymers of nucleic acids, development of contact DNA insecticides based on short antisense fragments of genes, as well as preparations based on double-stranded RNA fragments. Modern research has a high theoretical and applied significance for the development of integrated protection systems for fruit, ornamental, and forest crops in the Russian Federation and Crimea. It allows us to objectively assess the phytosanitary state of the garden and park agrobiocenosis, identify the dominant types of pathogens and pests, predict their development trends, and select environmentally safe, cost-effective methods for controlling their numbers.

Efficiency of cultivation technologies for spring wheat with different levels of intensity on chernozem soils of Kursk Region

The paper presents the results of research on the efficiency of technologies for cultivating spring wheat at various levels of intensity (extensive, intensive, resource-saving) under the conditions of chernozem soils of Kursk Region. It was found that higher reserves of available moisture and nitrate nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil before sowing spring wheat were provided by technologies with moldboard plowing. Replacing plowing with subsurface methods of tillage led to a decrease in the available moisture and nitrate nitrogen reserves in the soil for all fertilizer systems. The lowest weediness of spring wheat was observed when it was cultivated using technologies with moldboard plowing 52.3-58.3 PCs/m2, depending on the fertilizer system. The replacement of plowing with subsurface and surface tillage increased the weediness of crops to 61.7 and 73.7 PCs / m2, respectively. Application of mineral fertilizers had almost no significant effect on the number of weeds in spring wheat. The highest yield of spring wheat in all the years of studies (4,27 t/ha) was obtained in the intensive cultivation technology involving plowing at 20-22 cm, fertilization at a rate of N60Р60К60, treatment of crops with pesticides based on economic threshold of harmfulness. Yield of spring wheat, cultivated by resource-saving technologies with organic-mineral system of fertilization 0.86-4.25 t/ha depending on the methods of primary tillage. Moldboard plowing of the soil against the background of the organic-mineral fertilizer system increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.18 t/ha in comparison with subsurface tillage and by 0.39 t/ha in comparison with surface tillage. However, due to higher production costs, the best economic indicators were obtained when spring wheat was cultivated using resourcesaving technologies with an organic-mineral fertilizer system and non-moldboard methods of primary tillage.

Вплив систем землеробства та обробітку грунту на основних шкідників пшениці озимої

The intensification of agriculture has a number of negative consequences, and the conservation of land resources during their active exploitation is an important problem nowadays, paying attention to the ever-growing food increase necessity. The world organic farming practice shows that we are very limited in the agricultural crops pests regulation. Artificial natural enemies increasing and the landscape altering to enhance biological control are not popular solutions and have contradictory efficiency. Monitoring of the winter wheat entomocomplex number was carried out according to conventional methods. It was performed at 48 plots, where 12 variants were placed in 4 replicates during 2019 - 2021. The article contains the research results show that farming systems have a significant impact on the main winter wheat pests, and that they can control the ecological system at the level of the economic harm threshold. The way the soil was treated did not change the number of Schizaphis graminum R., Eurygaster integriceps P., and Oulema melanopus L., while chisel cultivation of 20–22 centimeters provided regulation of Anisoplia austriaca H. and Haplothrips tritici Kurd number way more below the dangerous level for years of observation. Whenever the soil was treated to a depth of 6-8 centimeters, the number of these pests increased significantly and varied from 2.0 ind./m2 to 14.4 ind./m2. Therefore, this data shows the efficiency of insecticidal winter wheat treatments multiplicity reduction in an ecological system without the risk of crop loss due to the plant damaged by pests in combination with chisel soil cultivation.

Increasing the efficiency of spring wheat selection for resistance to soil infection

The aim of the research was to substantiate the need to take into account the factors that have a significant impact on the root rot infestation of spring wheat in the process of practical selection for resistance. The studies were carried out in 2019–2020 with the application of generally accepted and author’s methods. A systemic restructuring of work is needed to increase the efficiency of practical breeding for resistance to root rot. The damaging factor is cereal flies which “open the gates” to all soil phytopathogens after the tillering phase. It should be eliminated, and the ability of varieties to induce the suppression of rhizosphere soil to main phytopathogens should be taken into account. According to the results of two years of research, the smallest, within two biological thresholds of harmfulness (PV), the infestation by root rot at the germination phase was shown by the spring wheat varieties Novosibirskaia 15 and Manu. The development of root rot in comparison with the germination phase in 2019 increased by an average of 2.5, and in 2020 - by 5.6 times. There was an equalization of differences in damage between varieties during the growing season. In the germination phase, the coefficient of variation in the development of root rot by varieties was 24.1 ± 4.0, in the phase of maturity, it decreased 2.5 times to 9.4 ± 1.5. The main reason for smoothing out the differences between varieties in terms of root rot infestation was strong (up to 100%) damage by intra-stem pests. The economic threshold of harmfulness for damage to spring wheat stems by cereal flies was exceeded in 2019 up to 4.8 times, and in 2020 up to 7.8 times. The correlation coefficient between the development of root rot and damage by intra-stem pests in 2019 was R = 0.744 ± 0.185 (P &lt;0.01), in 2020 R = 0.713 ± 0.092 (P &lt;0.01). Analysis of variance showed that the power of the influence of the spatial arrangement of plants on their damage by cereal flies was 30.9% and was reliable at the 1% level, while the influence of the variety itself on this indicator was almost 2 times lower (16.8%) and was significant at the 5% level. The induction of soil suppression to phytopathogens by the rhizosphere of spring wheat varieties influenced their representation in the pathogenic complex of root rot. The correlation coefficient of induction by cultivars of suppressiveness to F. poae and its representation in pathogenic complexes was R = - 0.638 ± 0.318 and was significant at the 5% level. The correlation coefficient of induction of suppressiveness to F. oxysporum and its presence in pathogenic complexes of root rot of varieties was R = - 0.844 ± 0.203 (P &lt;0.01).

Usage of biopesticides in agriculture practices

Using pesticides is the first method to control diseases and kill pests and weeds, which are the most menacing and the biggest problem facing agriculture. It is commonly used by developing since it is the solution to increase yields and solve agriculture problems. A part from big farmers, the majority of peasant farmers are unable to pay for synthetic pesticides because of their high price. Moreover, the small fields cultivated by subsistence farmers making the use of such pesticides uneconomic. In morocco, peasant farmers use even pesticides, which are over dose or they use non-certified products. It is understood that it is very harmful for human health and environment as well. Therefore, pesticide plants do not eliminate all pests, but keep their populations under the threshold of harm, and have more advantages than synthetic pesticides. Moreover, pesticide plant extracts decompose rapidly in the environment; which limits the risk of environmental pollution and improves the sanitary quality of cultivated products; also, it controls insect pests by protecting their natural enemies rather than by spraying crops with synthetic pesticides. The aim of this study is to record all products used by farmers to control Bruchus rufimanus especially the use of bio pesticides around Meknes city (Mejjat and Sebet jahjouhe area). It was established that most of big peasant farmers use synthetic pesticides. While small farmers have only access to traditional methods such as Capsicum frutescent, Urtica dioica, salt and ash wood, if not using non-certified products among which rodenticides.

Population and harmfulness of phytophages in peach orchards in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the number and harmfulness of the main phytophages on peach cultivars of different ripening terms in order to plan measures to protect the crop from pest damage.&#x0D; Methods. Laboratory-field. The research was carried out in peach orchards of the Scientific and Production Site «Naukova» of Melitopol Fruit Growing Research Station named after M.F. Sydorenka of Institute of Horticulture of NAAS according to generally accepted methods. Monitoring of the number of phytophages was performed on peach cultivars of different ripening terms: Iiun`s`kyi rannii, Melіtopol’s’kyi iasnyi, Charivnyk, Zlatodar, Vireneia, Redhaven, Spokusa, Zolotystii, Mriia and Yuvileinyi Sydorenka during bud swelling, inflorescence opening (pink tip), flowering, growth and maturations of the fruits.&#x0D; Results. Entomoacarocenosis of peach plantations has 15 species of insects pests and 2 species of mites. During the flowering period, the main harmful species was Epicometis hirta Poda., the number of imagoes in different cultivars was 0.3—5.8 specimens/100 flowers. Population intensity of peach trees with green peach aphids (Myzodes persicae Sulz.) for certain cultivars reached the level of 1.9 points, mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.) — did not exceed 0.8 points. Density of mites, Thrips fuscipennis Haliche and Typhlocyba rosae L. varied in the range of 0.4—2.5; 0.8—2.4; 0.5—1.6 specimen/leaf, respectively. The main fruit-damaging pests in peach orchards were oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta Busck.) and peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.). The degree of fruit damage by Lepidoptera pest oriental fruit moth on early-ripening peach cultivars was 3.0—4.0%, increased on medium- and late-ripening cultivars to 6.8% and 11.7%, respectively. The level of fruit damage by peach twig borer compared to the eastern fruit moth was 2.8—10.7 times lower, depending on the cultivar.&#x0D; Conclusions. In the conditions of the South of Ukraine, 15 insect pests and 2 species of mites were recorded in peach orchards. During the growing season, the number of most species of phytophagous, including weevils, leafroller moths, mites, thrips, Typhlocyba rosae on different peach cultivars did not exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness. During the flowering period, Epicometis hirta was the threat to peach orchards. In the summer of 2019, the harmful effects of sucking phytophages, in particular aphids, led to delayed growth and development of shoots, deformation of leaves. The main species of pests that reduced the yield and fruit quality were oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer.

Thermal effects of various drill materials during implant site preparation-Ceramic vs. stainless steel drills: A comparative in vitro study in a standardised bovine bone model.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate thermal effects of ceramic and metal implant drills during implant site preparation using a standardised bovine model.Material and MethodsA total of 320 automated intermittent osteotomies of 10‐ and 16‐mm drilling depths were performed using zirconium dioxide‐based and stainless steel drills. Various drill diameters (2.0/ 2.2, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2 mm ∅) and different cooling methods (without/ with external saline irrigation) were investigated at room temperature (21 ± 1°C). Temperature changes were recorded in real time using two custom‐built multichannel thermoprobes in 1‐ and 2‐mm distance to the osteotomy site. For comparisons, a linear mixed model was estimated.ResultsComparing thermal effects, significantly lower temperatures could be detected with steel‐based drills in various drill diameters, regardless of drilling depth or irrigation method. Recorded temperatures for metal drills of all diameters and drilling depths using external irrigation were below the defined critical temperature threshold of 47°C, whereas ceramic drills of smaller diameters reached or exceeded the harmful temperature threshold at 16‐mm drilling depths, regardless of whether irrigation was applied or not. The results of this study suggest that the highest temperature changes were not found at the deepest point of the osteotomy site but were observed at subcortical and deeper layers of bone, depending on drill material, drill diameter, drilling depth and irrigation method.ConclusionsThis standardised investigation revealed drill material and geometry to have a substantial impact on heat generation, as well as external irrigation, drilling depth and drill diameter.

Entomocomplex of peach plantations in the vegetation period

Goal. Study of the entomocomplex of peach plantations in order to plan appropriate measures to limit their harmfulness.&#x0D; Methods. Laboratory field. The population of peach trees by pests was determined according to generally accepted methods in the Research Garden of the Dmytro Motorny Tavriya State Agrotechnological University. Census counts were conducted in peach plantations of the Crimean Fireworks, Jubilee Sidorenko, Redhaven, Skazka, Vireney and Ambassador of Peace varieties.&#x0D; Results. It was found that in the agrocenosis of peach plantations during 2018—2019, three permanent species of pests were registered: California thymus (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), Turkestan mite (Tetranychus turkestani Ud. Net Nik.) And eastern fruit eater (Grapholitha molesta Busck). The adult age of the last phytophagous began with the beginning of flowering peach trees and lasted until September. The number of butterflies in pheromone traps varied during the growing season from 24.7 to 48.5 specimens / trap, ie significantly exceeded the economic threshold of harmfulness. It should be noted that despite the very high age of the pest in the experiment, damage to peach shoots in all varieties (except Crimean fireworks and the Ambassador of Peace) was below the economic threshold of harmfulness (0.1—1.0%). The population of peach leaves by Turkestan mite on different varieties was 0.1—1.5 specimens / leaf. Studies on the peculiarities of the development of the Californian thyroid have shown that the beginning of the flight of males of the first generation was recorded in pheromone traps in the second decade of May. In 2019, this phase of development is marked a week later. The revival of traveling larvae also occurred at different times, with slight fluctuations. The number of California thyme on peach varieties ranged from 0.8 to 17.2 specimens / shield.&#x0D; Conclusions. On peach cultivars the California thyme (up to 17.2 specimens/shield), oriental fruit fly (from 0.3 to 2.5 specimens/shoot) and Turkestan spider mite (up to 23.8 specimens / leaf) were noted, depending on The high potential of California thyme reproduction in peach plantations on the Crimean Fireworks, Virenea and Ambassador of Peace varieties has been recorded.

Bareback Sex in the Age of Preventative Medication: Rethinking the ‘Harms’ of HIV Transmission

The experiences of people living with HIV have been transformed over recent years. Advances in medical science have made the virus a manageable chronic condition, while eliminating the risk of onward transmission for those with access to treatment, something referred to as TasP (treatment as prevention) or U=U (undetectable equals untransmissible). More recently, the availability of PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), alongside PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis), through the NHS has created the conditions for condomless sexual encounters to take place without the fear of HIV transmission associated with previous decades. Despite this, the criminal law has continued to frame HIV in terms of personal responsibility and bodily autonomy within the dominant narratives of danger, disease, and out-dated science. Doctrinal law has failed to keep pace with social and scientific change. Therefore, in this article, we provide a re-examination of the criminal issues relating to HIV transmission within this new landscape, arguing that it necessitates a shift in attitude, policy and doctrine. We specifically argue that HIV transmission does not meet the appropriate harm threshold to constitute GBH and that if criminal law is ultimately about preventing or regulating harm, the ongoing criminalisation of HIV transmission is counter to that aim.