Abstract
The paper presents the results of research on the efficiency of technologies for cultivating spring wheat at various levels of intensity (extensive, intensive, resource-saving) under the conditions of chernozem soils of Kursk Region. It was found that higher reserves of available moisture and nitrate nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil before sowing spring wheat were provided by technologies with moldboard plowing. Replacing plowing with subsurface methods of tillage led to a decrease in the available moisture and nitrate nitrogen reserves in the soil for all fertilizer systems. The lowest weediness of spring wheat was observed when it was cultivated using technologies with moldboard plowing 52.3-58.3 PCs/m2, depending on the fertilizer system. The replacement of plowing with subsurface and surface tillage increased the weediness of crops to 61.7 and 73.7 PCs / m2, respectively. Application of mineral fertilizers had almost no significant effect on the number of weeds in spring wheat. The highest yield of spring wheat in all the years of studies (4,27 t/ha) was obtained in the intensive cultivation technology involving plowing at 20-22 cm, fertilization at a rate of N60Р60К60, treatment of crops with pesticides based on economic threshold of harmfulness. Yield of spring wheat, cultivated by resource-saving technologies with organic-mineral system of fertilization 0.86-4.25 t/ha depending on the methods of primary tillage. Moldboard plowing of the soil against the background of the organic-mineral fertilizer system increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.18 t/ha in comparison with subsurface tillage and by 0.39 t/ha in comparison with surface tillage. However, due to higher production costs, the best economic indicators were obtained when spring wheat was cultivated using resourcesaving technologies with an organic-mineral fertilizer system and non-moldboard methods of primary tillage.
Highlights
The most important problem of modern agricultural production is the transition to environmentally safe and economically sound technologies for crop cultivation which allow to increase the yield and quality of products and at the same time reduce environmental pollution
Technologies of cultivation of spring wheat with different levels of intensity had a significant impact on the content of available moisture and nitrate nitrogen in the soil, the weediness of crops, the yield and quality of grain
The yield of spring wheat cultivated according to resource-saving technologies with an organic-mineral fertilizer system and non-moldboard tillage methods was 4.08–3.87 t/ha, or 0.180.39 t/ha lower than when it was cultivated by plowing
Summary
The most important problem of modern agricultural production is the transition to environmentally safe and economically sound technologies for crop cultivation which allow to increase the yield and quality of products and at the same time reduce environmental pollution. This requires significant changes in the applied technologies in the direction of biologization and resource conservation, while ensuring the profitability of agricultural production [1, 2, 3]. The development of technologies for the cultivation of crops should be carried out in accordance with their agroecological requirements and environmental influence in relation to specific agro-landscapes within this agroecological group of lands, a certain level of intensity (production and resource potential of the producer), various forms of labor organization based on the planned yield and product quality in the system of environmental restrictions of technogenesis [7]
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